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翻译技巧

2.十种翻译技巧

了解完四种翻译方法后,我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技巧,即重复法(repetition),增词法(amplification),省略法(omission),词类转换法(conversion),词序调整法(inversion),拆译法(division),正说反译和反说正译法(negation),语态变换法(voice changes),引申法和句子成分转译法。

2.2.1重复法(repetition)

重复法(repetition)是在翻译中,为了使译文忠实于原文并且产生意义明确,文字通顺、流畅,符合目的语习惯的文字,而将某一部分文字反复使用的翻译技巧。

例子:

1. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the street, the ordinary man in the market and look at their mouth, how they speak, and translate that way; then they’ll understand and see that you’re speaking to th em in German. (重复谓语动词)

你一定要问一问家庭主妇们,问一问街头玩耍的孩子,问一问集市上做买卖的百姓,听听他们说些什么,他们如何说,你就如何译;这样他们就会理解,就会明白:你是在用德语和他们讲话。

2. We have to analyze and solve problems. (重复宾语)

我们必须分析问题,解决问题。

3. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. (重复省略的部分) 无知是畏惧之源,羡慕之根。

4. But we still have defects, and very big ones. (指代内容的重复)

但我们仍有不足,而且是很大的不足。

5. The dog is chasing the cat which is chasing a rat which is having a piece of cheese in its mouth. (指代内容的重复)

那条狗在追着那只猫,而猫又在追着一只老鼠,老鼠的嘴里衔着一块奶酪。

6. 判断我们各方面工作的是非得失,归根到底,要以是否有利于发展社会主义的生产力,是否有利于增强我国的综合国力,是否有利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。

In the final analysis, the criterion for judging the success or failure of our work in various fields is whether it helps to develop the productive forces of socialist society, to strengthen the overall capacity of the country and to improve the people’s living standards.

7. And I did not translate them as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and forms, or as one might say, the ‘figures’ of thoughts, but in language which conforms to our usage.(重复主语)

我翻译这些演说词,不是作为译者而是作为演说家。我保留了原作同样的意思和形式(或者像有人所说的思想的‘形象’),而使用的语言与我们的语言习惯一致。

8. "Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a perilous object.” (重复谓语)

女人是罪恶之门、邪恶之径、毒蛇之牙,总之,女人是件危险的东西。

9. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,认为这些思维过程必须

经过某种专门训练才能掌握。(重复谓语动词)

10. I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.

我曾碰到过,不是氧气设备了故障,就是引擎出故障,或两者都出故障(重复名词)

11. The three most important effects of an electric current are heating, magnetic and chemical effects.

电流的三种最重要的效应是热效应、磁效应和化学效应。

12. Alternating stress not only varies in magnitude but also in direction.

角变应力不仅大小不同,而且方向不同。

13. This is “good” ozone because it protects us from the sun’s UV rays.

这是良性臭氧,因为这部分臭氧保护我们免遭太阳紫外线的伤害。

14. This is “good” ozone because it protects us from the sun’s UV rays. (UV: ultraviolet)

这是良性臭氧,因为这部分臭氧保护我们免遭太阳紫外线的伤害。

2.2增词法(amplification)

在翻译中为了使译文通顺易懂,或是为了行文生动,更符合目的与的语言习惯而采取的增加部分解释性词语、连接词、类属词、概括性词语和代词的做法叫增词法(amplification)。

1. The boxes, being museum quality, would have increased in worth over the years, and made people remember me “with growing appreciation.”

参考译文:九只盒子,都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里,随着岁月流逝,它们的价值还会越来越高,人们也会因而记住我,“越来越欣赏”我。

2. The subsequent generations of this family grew impoverished by a combination of drought, extortion, and too many gifts to opera girls, all of which led to their losing face and their property.

参考译文:在接下来的几代中,因为遭遇旱灾,被人勒索,再加上给优伶的封赏太多,这个家族便最终资财耗尽,风光不再了。

3. The men squatted in their dark-colored logyis, the ever-present cheroots clenched between their teeth.

参考译文:男人们穿着深色的袍裙,蹲坐在那里,嘴里总是叼着烟。

4. His consideration of the Bible with the language of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in terms of focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial in his translation.

他注重使用民众的语言来翻译圣经,注重为目的语和目的语文本的读者考虑,这两点在他的翻译中很关键。

5. Formal education for girls historically has been secondary to that for boys. 历史上,先有男孩子接受正规教育,之后才有女孩子接受正规教育。

6. When she began her career as a nightclub singer, she took the professional name Maya Angelou, combining her childhood nickname with a form of her husband's name. 她的职业生涯是从夜总会的女歌手开始的,那时她给自己起了个艺名——玛雅安琪露,这个名字融合了她孩提时代的绰号以及丈夫的名字。

7.This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best. 尽管有种种不周全之处,这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之一。

8.Flowers bloom all over the yard.

朵朵鲜花满院盛开。

10. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.

读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人严谨。

11. 不要重复叶公好龙那个故事,讲了多少年的社会主义,临到社会主义跑来找他,她又害怕起来了。(《毛泽东选集》,第五卷)

The story of Lord Ye who professed to love dragons should not be repeated. One must not just talk about socialism for years and then suddenly turn pale when socialism comes knocking at the door.

12. 只是晚上躺在床上的时候,她才感到神志清醒。

It is only during the night when she lies in bed that she feels she has a clear mind.

14. Day after day he came to his work——sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.

他每天来干活——扫地,擦桌椅,清理房间。

15. 一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三人帮。

A bamboo fence needs the support of three stakes, and an able man needs the help of three other persons.

Stakes make a bamboo fence stand, and supporters help an able man succeed.

2.3省略法(omission)

省略法(omission)是为了行文的简洁和更符合目的与习惯,将一些重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义省去的翻译方法,而原文的意义并未因此受到任何损失。

1. When she could no longer decide, she became depressed. Whenever Dwight picked up the baby to take him to his place or to the doctor’s for a checkup, she felt relief.

她无法抉择,心情压抑,而前夫马赛一把孩子接走或是送到诊所接受检查,她就会有一种轻松感。

2. Rupert with his flexible young knees sat in a hunch-and-crouch pose in imitation of the natives.

鲁珀特年龄小,双膝柔韧,学着当地人的样子,弓背缩身地跪坐着。

3. Stainless steel possess good hardness and high strength.

译文:不锈钢硬度大,强度高。

4. Penicillin works by not allowing a bacterium to build its cell w all.

青霉素的作用是不让细菌制造细胞壁。

5. This is the solid rocky bottom under the ooze and mud of the ocean floor.

海底软泥和泥层下面是坚硬的岩石层。

6. There is a 30% increase of our installed capacity with this year.

今年,我们的装机容量增加了30%。

7. 在工作中,我们必须避免犯不必要的的错误。

We must avoid making mistakes in our work.

9. 质子带阳电,电子带阴电,而中子既不带阳电也不带阴电。

A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge, but a neutron has neither.

10. He put his hand into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.

他双手插进口袋,耸了耸肩。

10. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.

仓库重地,严禁吸烟。

2.4词类转换法(conversion)

词类转换法(conversion)是基于两种语言习惯的不同,在翻译中保留词语意义而改变此类的做法。

1. Maya Angelou returned to America in 1964, with the intention of helping Malcolm build his new Organization of African American Unity.

玛雅安琪露于1964年返回美国,打算帮助马尔科尔木新建立一个非裔美籍人联合会。

2. Shortly after her arrival in the United States, Malcolm was assassinated, and his plans for a new organization died with him.

马尔科尔木来美不久即遭暗杀,他筹建新组织的计划也随即夭亡。

3. His (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.) assassination, falling on her birthday in 1968, left her devastated(蹂躏,破坏;使荒废).

1968年她生日那天,小马丁路德金被人暗杀,她痛不欲生。

4. There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.

译文:学生家长普遍认为学校不再对教单词拼写感兴趣。

5. He was popular among young people.

译文:他在年轻人中很受欢迎。

6. We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of the illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.

译文:给我们留下极深印象的是:即便那些没有被告知其病情的病人对其疾病的潜在后果也非常清楚。

7. 学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。

All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically.

(名词转副词)

8. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策,我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。

Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)

9. The imitation of living systems, be it direct or indirect, is very useful for devising machines, hence the rapid development of bionics.

对生物系统的模仿,不管是直接的还是间接的,对机械设计都很有用,因此仿生学得以快速发展。

10. Abraham Lincoln wanted to build a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.

林肯想建立一个民有民治民享的政府。

11. A valuable instrument may be damaged beyond repair in a few seconds of carelessness.

由于疏忽大意,贵重的仪表可在几秒钟之内被损坏到无法修复的程度。

疏忽几秒钟,贵重的仪表就可能会彻底损坏,无法修复。

11. Some of my class-mates are good singers.

我的同班同学中有些人唱歌唱的很好。

12. Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. 党的干部吃简陋的饮食,住寒冷的窑洞,靠微弱的灯光,长时间的工作。

党的干部长时间地工作,而他们吃的是粗陋的饭菜,住的是寒冷的窑洞,点的是昏暗的油灯。

13. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—— but soft.

史蒂文森有口才,有风度,但很软弱。

14. The Wilde family were religious.

王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。

15. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.

他不抽烟,可他爸爸却是个老烟枪。

2.5顺序调整法(inversion)

为避免字对字,行对行翻译所产生的弊端,翻译中要根据目的与习惯进行词序和句内结构的调整,但顺序调整后的译文不能偏离原文的句子重心。

1. During the early history of the United States, a man virtually owned his wife and children as he did his material possessions.

在美国早期历史上,男人就像拥有个人物质财产一样完全拥有自己的妻子和孩子。

2. The medical profession is an example of changed attitudes in the 19th and 20th centuries about what was regarded as suitable work for women.

关于什么是适合于女人的工作,19和 20世纪的人们态度发生了转变,其中一例就是对于医疗职业态度的转变。

3.It also plays an important role in making the earth more habitable, as warm ocean currents bring milder temperatures to places that would otherwise be quite cold.

由于温暖的洋流能把温暖的气候带给那些本来十分寒冷的地区并使之变暖, 因此, 海洋在使我们这个地球更适合人类居住方面也扮演一个重要的角色(原因状语从句)

4. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you catch!

当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里,又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇的接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候,如果你懂得什么叫美的话,时间是过得很快的!

要是你和一群可爱的孩子在池塘中捉鱼摸虾,有位天仙般的姑娘站在池边,快活地捡起你们的“战利品”,你若知美,定会觉得时间如白驹过隙,一晃即逝。(逆序法)

5. while the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for a young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour.

(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。在六月的一天早上,天气晴朗,启斯维克林荫道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹马套着锃亮的马具,一个肥胖的车夫戴了假发和三角帽子,赶车的速度是一小时四英里。(分译法)

6. Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eying her sister with a mixture of envy and awe.

麦琪的姐姐不走麦琪就不会不紧张:她会无助的蜷缩在角落里,她相貌平平,双臂双腿上尽是烧伤的疤痕,让她羞于见人。她打量着姐姐,眼神很复杂,既羡慕她又畏惧她。(顺译法)

7. The din of the stall-holders crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.

摆摊的高声吆喝,兜售自己的商品,赶驴的小伙和脚夫扯开嗓门,叫前面的人开道儿让路,买主和店家争来争去、讨价还价,人声喧噪,持续不断,让人头昏脑晕。

8. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.

翻译就是在译入语中用最贴近的自然对等语再现源语信息,首先要考虑的是意思,其次才是形式。(顺译法)

9. Baker is typical of many translation scholars who make detailed use of the terminology of functional grammar and discourse analysis in that she devotes by far the most attention to the textual function.

在详细运用功能语法和语篇分析术语的众多翻译学家中,贝克很有代表性,因为到目前为止她是最关注语篇功能的学者。

10. Linguistic differences are of course indicative of cultural differences, and Venuti is one critic who sees linguistics-oriented approaches as projecting ‘a conservative model of translation that would unduly restrict (translation’s) ro le in cultural innovation and change’.

语言的差异当然表明着文化的差异,韦努提批评语言学导向的研究方法使用的保守翻译模式,它限制了翻译促进文化创新和发展的作用。

11. Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural products can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical property of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.

合成材料通常称为人造材料。许多人造材料正逐步取代某些天然材料,这或许是因为天然制品的数量不能满足人们日益增长的需求,但更多的则是因为人们看中了合成材料的某种物理性能,并充分发挥这些性能,以便使合成材料在其应用领域中最大限度地发挥作用。(综合法)

12. From radio-active water and soil around a nuclear-weapons plant in Colorado to man-made deserts in Soviet Central Asia, the world is peppered with examples of what poor education or unneighborly attitudes can do to the planet that must feed and clothe us all.

如果人们受教育不够或不能善待环境,他们会对人类赖以生存的这个星球做出些什么事来呢?全世界到处都有这样的例子:从科罗拉多州核武器工厂周围幅射活跃的水土到原苏联中亚地区的人为沙漠。(逆译法)

2.6拆译法(division)与合译法(combination)

这种方法是指为符合汉语流水句的习惯而将英语中过长的句子结构进行拆解或合并的翻译方法。

1. This intuition that looks matter little may be another instance of our denying real influences upon us, for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction.

这种认为外貌并不重要的直觉行为,也许是我们否认对我们真正有影响的事物的又一个例子,因为有大量的调查研究的结果表明,外表是最初是否引人注意的重要决定因素。

2. The president, in giving to his most powerful and most distinguished rival the greatest place which a president has in his power to bestow, gave an excellent proof of the nobleness of his own spirit.

译文:那位总统把自己的权力所能授予的职位,给予了他的最有势力、而又最为卓越的敌手。

这便是他的崇高精神的最好证据。

3. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

这种困境将是确定无疑的, 因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方法继续下去了, 而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。

4. .He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.

他不记得他父亲了, 父亲死时他才三岁。

5. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

行为主义者认为,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长,而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力,那么这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。

6. He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.

他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿,每个重达两磅。

7. Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.

阳光射入了它所能透过的地方,赶走了黑暗,驱散了幽影。

阳光所到之处,黑暗尽消,幽影全无。

8. 中国是个大国,百分之八十的人口从事农业,但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一,其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。

China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合译)

9. My father was not wrong in judging me too young to manage business of importance. 父亲认为我太年轻,难当重任。他的判断不错。

10. She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.

她坐在那儿双手托着下巴,眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。

11. The military is forbidden to “kill” the vessel, a relative easy task. (政府)禁止军方“击毁”这艘潜艇,虽然要击毁该艇并不怎么费事。

12. He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.

他来到华盛顿,就国际形势来说,时机正合适。

13. He was very clean. His mind was open.

他为人单纯而坦率。

14. 芸作新妇,初甚缄默,终日无怒容,与之言,微笑而已。

As a bride, Yun was very quiet at first. She was never sullen or displeased, and when people spoke to her, she merely smiled.

15. 如今没奈何,把你雇在间壁人家放牛,每月可以得他几两银子,你又有现成饭吃,只在明日就要去了。(吴敬梓《儒林外史》)

There’s no way out but to set you to work looking after our neighbour’s buffalo. You’ll make a little money every month, and you’ll get your meals there too. You are to start tomorrow.

2.7正说反译和反说正译法(negation)

这种方法是指为照顾目的语习惯,原语中肯定的或否定的表达可以转换成目的语中否定的或肯定的表达。

1. One by one, these friends, acquaintances, and strangers from the different times of my shortened life stood by the casket to say farewell,adieu,zaijen.

参考译文:在我提前结束的生命里,我在不同时期所结交的朋友,认识的熟人,还有一些陌生人,都一一走到我的棺材前,操着不同的语言跟我说“再见”。

2. And before Marlena could lash into him for such a callous remark , he aimed his finger toward the other side of the lobby.

参考译文:不等朱马琳指责他对别人漠不关心,他便朝大厅的另一头指了指。

3. The major reason given was that the girls' own expectations declined because neither their families nor their teachers expected them to prepare for a future other than that of marriage and motherhood.

主要原因是姑娘们对自己的期望降低了,因为无论家人还是老师都只是期望她们将来能找个好婆家,做个好妈妈。

4. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind.

[译文]:科学研究的方法只是人类思维活动的必要表达方式。

5. It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.

(开这么高的价,简直是敲竹杠。)

6. You cannot attach too much importance to the matter.

(你应该非常重视这件事情。)

7. He is no less clever than his brother.

(他和他兄弟一样聪明。)

9. The man over there is none other than our principal.

(站在那儿的人正是我们的校长。)

10. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle like those you see on a ring—they just look like small, blue-grey stones.

钻石在被切割和磨光以前,人像钻戒上的钻石那样闪闪发光——它们看看起来更像一块块深灰色的小石头。

11. 无论如何,她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。

She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译)

She is anything but a bright student. (反译)

12. Yet the process of achieving gender equality is still an on going one.

然而争取男女平等的过程仍是一项未竟之业。

然而争对取男女平等的追求一直未停。

13. I’m blest if I know.

我一点也不知道。

14. He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.

他这个人优柔寡断,而且总是反复无常。

15. Miss Fairlie kept to her room all day.

范俐小姐整日足不出户。

2.8语态变换法(changes of voice)

英语被动句多与汉语,因而翻译是要进行相应的语态调整。

1. In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.

在有些欧洲国家里,人民享受最广泛的社会福利,如医疗保险等。(被动语态转主动语态)

2. The robot sifter has been put into use.

自动筛机已投入使用。

3. The shell parts of reactor pressure vessels have been often fabricated with formed plates welded together.

反应堆压力容器的壳体常常由成型钢板焊接而成。

4. All the sounds are fed into a computer and analyzed.

把所有的声音输入电脑进行分析。

5. It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.

如果人们不强烈地感受到损失,那倒是奇怪了。

6. They were given a hearty welcome.

他们受到热烈欢迎。

7. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我为这些话深深感动,后来我就把它们写在圣诞卡上。

8. Last year the region was visited by the worst drought in 60 years.

去年该地区遭遇了六十年一遇的旱灾。

9. The ship was destined for London.

这艘船开往伦敦。

10. Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.

阳光穿过空气中的小水珠就形成了彩虹。

2.9 引申法( Extension of Meaning)

1. It is not easy to become a member of that club——they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick and Harry.

误译:要加入个俱乐部并不容易——他们要的是有钱花的人,不只是汤姆、迪克和哈利等。

正确译文:要加入那个俱乐部并不容易——他们要的是有钱花的富人,不是随便哪个平民百姓。

2. Dogs don’t speak in the future tense. They live in the moment.

狗不顾将来,只管眼前。

3.I visited various parts of my own country; and had I merely a lover of fine scenery,

I should have felt little desire to seek elsewhere its gratification, for on no country have the charms of nature been more prodigally lavished. Her mighty lakes like oceans of liquid silver; her mountains with their bright aerial tints; her valleys, teeming with wild fertility; her tremendous cataracts, thundering in their solitudes; her boundless plains, waving with spontaneous verdure; her broad deep rivers, rolling in solemn silence to the ocean; her trackless forests, where vegetation puts forth all its magnificence; her skies, kindling with the magic of summer clouds and glorious sunshine, —— no, never need an American look beyond his own country for the sublime and beautiful of natural scenery.

我游遍祖国山河,如果单是为欣赏美景,那我就犯不着去别处寻找这种欲望的满足感;因为

在没有别的国家象美国这样有如此迷人的自然景色了:广阔的湖泊,如银波闪耀的大海;崇山峻岭,铺上空灵爽朗的色彩;深邃的峡谷,繁茂的草木;鸟兽众多,激荡的瀑布在寂静的荒原中轰鸣而下;无边的平原,连绵起伏,蓊蓊郁郁;深而宽阔的河流,浩浩荡荡,无声无息地奔流入海;人迹罕至的森林,处处显露着豪爽的景观;夏日的天空,云朵变幻莫测,阳光灿烂——不,一个美国人永远不必去国外寻找宏伟壮丽的美景!

3. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.

青春不只是人生的一个阶段;它是一种心境。它不是指红润的脸颊,红色的嘴唇和柔软弯曲的膝盖;而是指意志力、丰富的想象力、充沛的情感。它是生命深泉之清新。

青春不是年华,而是心态;青春不是粉面、红唇、柔膝,而是坚强的意志,恢弘的想象,炙热的恋情;青春是生命深泉的自在涌流。

5. Every life has its roses and thorns.

每个人的生活都有甜有苦。

6. New York is not Mecca to me.

纽约不是我心中的圣城。

纽约不是我向往的地方。

2.10 句子成分转译( Conversion of Ingredients)

英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,在具体英译汉时,有时往往需要转换一下句子成分,才能使译达到逻辑正确、通顺流畅、重点突出等目的。句子成分转译作为翻译的一种技巧,其内容和形式都比较丰富,运用范围也相当广泛,共包括五个方面的内容。

1、主语转译技巧,可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语、宾语、状语等。

The wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.

机翼的用途是使飞机在空中保持不坠。(转译成定语)

To get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed.

为了使火箭各级全部离开地面,需要有一个巨大的第一次推力。(转译成宾语)

Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly. 因为有了机械的缘故,工厂里出的产品比起以前来,价格便宜多了。(转译成状语)

2、谓语转译技巧。可以将谓语转译成定语。

Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight .雷达的工作原理和手电筒极为相同。

3、宾语转译技巧。可以将宾语转译成主语。

Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but appear in a variety of forms. 各种自动车床的作用基本相同,但形式不同

4、定语转译技巧。定语可以转译成谓语和状语。

Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.

中子的质量略大于质子的质量。(转译成谓语)

Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,equipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research.

现在已给该县科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手,以保证科研工作的成功。(转译成状语)

Hardened steel contains high carbon content which reacts with the diamond and thus causes serious wear of the diamond tool.

因为淬硬钢材含有高碳成分,从而与金刚石产生化学反应,这样便导致金刚石刀具的严重磨损。

5、状语转译技巧。状语转译一般指的是状语从句的转译。它可分作把时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句,把地点状语从转译成条件状语从句和把原因状语从句转译成困果偏正复句中的主语等三种形式。

These three colors, red, green, and violet, when combined, produced white.

红色、绿色和紫色这三种颜色如果合在一起就变成白色。(时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句)

Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen.

如果光束通道上没有东西,就什么也看不到。(地点状语从句转译成条件状语从句)Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. 他深信这件事正确可靠,因此坚持已见。(原因状语从句转译成因果偏正复合句中的主句)Practice:

1. “Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever. Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself.”

2. I think there are four great motives for writing, at any rate for writing prose. They exist in different degrees in every writer, and in any one writer the proportions will vary from time to time, according to the atmosphere in which he is living. They are:

1. Sheer egotism. Desire to seem clever, to be talked about, to be remembered after death, to get your own back on grown-ups who snubbed you in children, etc. etc.

2. Aesthetic enthusiasm. Perception of beauty in the external world, or, on the other hand, in words and their right arrangement. Pleasure in the impact of one sound on another, in the firmness of good prose or the rhythm of a good story. Desire to share an experience which one feels is valuable and ought not to be missed.

3. Historical impulse. Desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and store them up for the use of posterity.

4. Political purpose - using the word 'political' in the widest possible sense. Desire to push the world in a certain direction, to alter other people's idea of the kind of society that they should strive after.

It can be seen how these various impulses must war against one another, and how they must fluctuate from person to person and from time to time. By nature - taking your nature to be the state you have attained when you are first adult - I am a person in whom the first three motives would outweigh the fourth. In a peaceful age I might have written ornate or merely descriptive books, and might have remained almost unaware of my political loyalties. As it is I have been forced into becoming a sort of pamphleteer.

Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic Socialism, as I understand it. It seems to me nonsense, in a period like our own, to think that one can avoid writing of such subjects. It is simply a question of which side one takes and what approach one follows.

四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧

四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。(张培基) 应当指出,在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.(郭著章) 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。

翻译常用的八种技巧

翻译常用的八种技巧 翻译常用的八种技巧 1.重译法(repetition) 2.增译法(amplification) 3.减译法(omission) 4.词类转移法(conversion) 5.词序调整法(inversion) 6.分译法(division) 7.正说反译、反说正译法(negation) 8.语态变换法(the change of the voices) 第一节重译法(repetition) 在翻译中,有时为了忠实于原文,不得不重复某些词语,否则就不能忠实地表达原文的意思。这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。 重译法实际上也是一种增词法,只不过所增加的是上文出现的词。重译法有三个作用:一是为了明确;而是为了强调;三是为了生动。 一、为了明确,有时需要重复宾语。在英语中,一句话里两个动词 共用一个宾语,宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。而在汉语中,这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。定语后的名词亦是如此。 如: 1.We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题,解决 问题。 2.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep.我想 吃什么就吃什么,想喝什么就和什么,眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。 3.人类利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。People use natural science to understand and change nature. 4.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation often

翻译的八大常用技巧

作用与意义 1. 重译法:为了明确、为了强调、为了生动 2. 增译法:为了更忠实于原文的意思,而又更合乎译文的表达习惯 3. 减译法:源语言与目标语言互换的时候增译法就成了减译法 4. 词类转移法:语言之间表达习惯的差异迫使译文中词类发生改变,词序有时也随之变化 5. 词序调整法:语言之间构成形式并非完全相同,做必不可少的词序改变 6. 分译法:主要用于长句的翻译,有时存在于词语语义的分译 7. 正反翻译法:由于语言的习惯差异---正话反说,反话正说 8. 语态变换法:主要指英汉两种语言间的主动与被动语态的转换 In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediate render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal. 一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或者与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭,因而处于战争状态时,缔约国的另一方即尽全力给与军事及其他援助。 We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们要分析问题,解决问题。 A large family has its difficulties. 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。 Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold. 这几件旧衣服和这些旧家具,当的当了,卖的卖了。 Lightly floats and drifts the boat, and gently flows and flaps my gown. 舟遥遥以轻扬,风飘飘而吹衣。 Ridges of fields grow few and far between, While far away some cottages are seen. 梯田渐渐稀,村舍遥遥对。 寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候,最将难息。 Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart!

英语翻译的十大技巧

英语翻译的十大技巧 英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。那么接下来给大家分享一些关于英语翻译的十大技巧,希望对大家有所帮助。 英语翻译的十大技巧 一、增译法:指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。 二、省译法:这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法,即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词,以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。 三、转换法:指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说,就是在词性方面,把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面,把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。在句型方面,把并列句变成复合句,把复合句变成并列句,把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面,可以把主动语态变为被动语态。 四、拆句法和合并法:这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子,通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句,一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合,结构较松散,因此简单句较多;英语强调形合,结构较严密,因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常

翻译的八大常用技巧

作用与意义 1.重译法: 为了明确、为了强调、为了生动 2?增译法: 为了更忠实于原文的意思,而又更合乎译文的表达习惯 3.减译法: 源语言与目标语言互换的时候增译法就成了减译法 4?词类转移法:语言之间表达习惯的差异迫使译文中词类发生改变,词序有时也随之变化 5?词序调整法:语言之间构成形式并非完全相同,做必不可少的词序改变 6. 分译法: 主要用于长句的翻译,有时存在于词语语义的分译 7. 正反翻译法:由于语言的习惯差异---正话反说,反话正说 8. 语态变换法:主要指英汉两种语言间的主动与被动语态的转换 In the eve nt of one of the con tract ing parties be ing attacked by Japa n or any other state allied with it and thus being in volved in a state of war, the other con tract ing party will immediate ren der military and other assista nee with all means at its disposal. 一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或者与 日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭, 国的另一方即尽全力给与军事及其他援助。 We have to an alyze and solve problems. 我们要分析问题,解决问题。 A large family has its difficulties. 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。 Our old clothes and few sticks of furn iture have bee n paw ned or sold. 这几件旧衣服和这些旧家具,当的当了,卖的卖了。 Lightly floats and drifts the boat, and gently flows and flaps my gown. 舟遥遥以轻扬,风飘飘而吹衣。 Ridges of fields grow few and far betwee n. While far away some cottages are see n. 梯田渐渐稀,村舍遥遥对。 寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候,最将难息。 Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart! Read ing makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writ ing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。 因而处于战争状态时,缔约

翻译常用的八种翻译技巧

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英语翻译技巧总结 英语翻译技巧总结 总结是在某一时期、某一项目或某些工作告一段落或者全部完成后进行回顾检查、分析评价,从而得出教训和一些规律性认识的一种书面材料,它是增长才干的一种好办法,为此要我们写一份总结。你想知道总结怎么写吗?以下是小编精心整理的英语翻译技巧总结,欢迎大家分享。 英语翻译技巧总结1 这里把英语翻译的方法和技巧做个归纳,便于大家记忆和运用。 一、词汇方面 ㈠.词义选择 大多数英语词汇是多义的,翻译时必须选择正确的词义。词义选择的方法有三:根据上下文和词的搭配选择、根据词类选择、根据专业选择。 ㈡.词义转换 在理解英文词汇的原始意义基础上,翻译时可根据汉语的习惯按引伸义译出;或用反义词语译出,即所谓的正文反译、反文正译。 ㈢.词类转换 英语中很多由动词转化而成的名词、以及动名词、非谓语动词等,汉译时可将它们转换成动词。 ㈣.补词 是指原文已有某种含义但未用词汇直接表达,译文中需将这些含义补充进去,这样才更通顺易读,如:英语中数词与名词之间没有量词,而译成汉语时可酌情增加。 ㈤.省略 是指原文中某些词在译文中省略不译,只要并不影响意义的完整。如:上面讲的汉语“量词”,译成英语时则可以省略;又如:英语中大量使用物主代词而汉语中往往省略不用。 ㈥.并列与重复

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