工业设计专业英文文献及翻译
'Green design' and emotional return
'Green design' is a late 20th century, there at the moment 80 international design trends. As early as the late 20th century, 60 well-known industrial designer and educator-dimensional multi-Peipanike on the publication aroused strong repercussions in the design world works 'is designed for real-life', presented in the book and the public at the time different points of view, he considered that the things around us are created by designers, designers in the Marketing
and customer satisfaction is not only just play 'beautify' the role of the designer should also be emphasized that the social and moral ethics Worth . Far-reaching impact of this book has continued to this day.
Into the 21st century, because of the world's governments on environmental issues seriously. The establishment of laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, competition among enterprises, making with the idealism of 'green design' step by step with the trend of practical significance. Based on the attention and understanding of environmental issues, people from the 20th century,
60's too radical a 'green movement', developed to present a relatively mature 'green consumption' behavior, which is 'green design' has brought new opportunities.
The main planning as a product designer and creator of the product
at all stages of the environmental issues will have a direct and
indirect effects. In particular,often by their decision to use the product key materials, products, how to make? Adopt in a special surface treatment method to achieve the final surface effect? Products How to use? How to deal with the waste after use? Whether to use recyclable or re-use of materials? design players a decisive role in many issues.
More importantly, designers connecting link between the product and people. They can lead and change the way people use products, while responsible for these products and services.Designed to influence
people's lifestyles and sociol-cultural changes. It has gradually grown accustomed through the design to reflect their social status and personal taste. Design is 'consumerism' of the promoter of products from style 'planned obsolescence', speed up the pace of product replacement. Design is also involved in advertising activities, thus further boosting consumer spending. Is designed to make social and cultural changes took place, while the majority of them represents a certain lifestyle, so in theory, 'green lifestyle' could also be that people praise and follow, this lifestyle is not unusual to be frugal, but is to promote a low-key and simple way of life as much as possible.
The commercial value of Industrial Design increasingly recognized and valued by a
number of manufacturers, designers in a number of the company's R
& D department has been entrusted with the task, all this allows
designers to have the opportunity to demonstrate their ability to deal with environmental issues, as well as environmental issues, ethical a sense of responsibility.'Green design' from the scope of non-mainstream areas to expand into the mainstream.
With the 'Green Design' approach and the associated name of the many people in this article follow the common concepts, collectively referred to as the design from an environmental point of view of the design method for 'green design'. 'Green design' focuses on the impact of nature and the resolution of certain individual issues, such as resource and
energy efficiency, reducing waste through recycling and so on. In some developed countries, abandoned most of metals and plastics can now be sorted and recycled, or re-use of the sorting carried out. To enhance household garbage sorting and 'emerged' in the product design, waste management has become one of the hot contemporary industrial design.
Eco-design, also known as life cycle design, namely the use of ecological thinking, in the product life cycle, to give priority products environmental attributes, in addition to considering the product performance, quality and cost, but also take into account the product recovery and processing. The product must also take into account the economic, functional and aesthetic factors.Product eco-design its basic theoretical foundation of industrial ecology in the theory of industrial metabolism and life cycle assessment.
Sustainable design is a broader design approach than the earlier ones. Involved in more aspects, such as the nation's future development phase and the sharing of resources in the development of future generations, how to ensure the functionality of the product at the same time, reducing the burden on the entire planet. A typical theory is to improve the efficiency of products, while promoting the services associated with development of the system: To study the products of the necessary functions for the user to extend the life of the product; for product development of the sustainability of the overall system design, rather than just the design of the product itself is more important.The focus of sustainable product design, product life-cycle impact of external factors analysis.
In addition, there is other product design optimization method. Such as environmental
materials (recyclable and recycled materials) use. Studies have shown that, in order to change the impact on the environment of the wasteful consumption of the status quot to the earth's resources for sustainable development in the consumption level of development, our long-term goal should be to strive to build stronger long-term with the product links. For these originally, in the development of environmentally friendly products to extend the life of the product is more important than other strategies, while also encouraging consumers to form sustainable, long-term consumption patterns.
Designer is also the founder of design style and taste, the product of the visual image of environmental protection will also have an indirect impact.Is mainly reflected in the product lifetime of two aspects of the relative choice of materials. Because people in the past way of life caused by a large number of product varieties obsolete, and the frequent replacement of the speed of products for environmental protection had a bad effect, if they can extend the product life time, we can reduce the unnecessary waste of resources. Studies have shown
that in promoting existing products obsolete, consumers of psychological factors and materials play an important role. Relative prosperity in the material economy of today, often likes and dislikes of consumers for some products directly to determine the 'life'.
In some point of view, 'green design' cannot be seen as a style of performance.The success of 'green design' products from the designer a high degree of awareness of environmental issues, and in the design and development process, designers and relevant organizations to use the experience, knowledge and creativity of crystallization. At present there are several general design themes and trends:
1) The use of natural materials in order to 'raw' form of furniture products, building materials and fabrics to be reflected and utilized.
2) The nostalgia of the simple style, well into the 'high tech' factor, allowing users to find product is amiable, warm.
3) Utility and energy conservation.
4) Emphasized the use of the material economy, get rid of useless features and purely decorative style, and create vivid shape and return to the classic simplicity.
5) The multi-purpose product design, changes can increase the fun by design, to avoid boredom and replacement needs; it can upgrade, update, by as little as possible to use other materials to extend the life; the use of 'add-on smart' or dismantling components.
6) The products and services, the non-materialistic.
7) The combination of design and cycle schemes.
We do not simply believe in a clear recyclable materials, the
product will certainly be a 'green product', because the product recyclability of products may become obsolete to accelerate the speed of an excuse, people have recognized the appearance of recyclable materials, the degree may also be would have an impact on product sales.When the
'Green Design' gradual integration into the mainstream product design, designers face is not only a small number of 'green fanatics', but ordinary consumers. If you only focus on the design functionality, while the neglect of the aesthetic needs of the user, you cannot extend the product life.
People-oriented design ideas from the European Renaissance of the humanitarian ideology. To promote care of people pay attention to people, people-centered world view. In terms of modern product design, human-centered thinking that is the core of the design process, the coordination of product - social - environment relationships between
these three. Of human knowledge and transform the nature, purpose is simply to create a good human being living conditions and environment
for development. However, this simple truth, have repeatedly been vague and misinterpreted. In the past quite a long period of time, people's respect through a variety of activities are acts of science and technology as a means to conquer nature for the purpose, to growth of material wealth as the driving force of the traditional development model, to a certain extent, the destruction of human Lai basis in order to survive, people at the same time trying to conquer nature, often become the object of being a natural punishment. Large industrial era machinery of industrial product is a very typical example, their presence to meet people's material needs, can bring with it more of an emotional loss and the living environment of the hit. Repeatedly by natural warnings, people began to realize that the essence of people-oriented is a real concern of humanity, people started digging people and the harmonious relationship between society and nature. The product design, product-oriented pursuit of emotional and humane products emphasize the purpose of people-oriented under the natural. And people - society - environment, harmonious relations in product design can also be understood as personal qualities - products - emotional harmony. Materials, environmental protection, technology is simple, beautiful shape, making excellent products is the people really psychologically acceptable.
Second, the values of stress also contributed to people for
emotional awareness. In the past quite a long period of time, the design process is seen as an artistic process, the artist's aesthetic choices to replace the more often the user can only be passively accepted. Such an outcome, making the distance between the product and the user has become increasingly
alienated, people even do not feel the product, with any function other than to enjoy. The feelings of the people and therefore become numb up. As the market changes in the mode of operation, the user's thinking of a more active participation in the design process, the designer is no longer an artist, a professional designer should be to reconcile a variety of design factors. The pursuit of good design is the recognition of values, ideas of resonance, emotional touch. Thoughts on design-related emotions also were born in the fertile soil where the values set.
In addition, the design of the regional culture and promote the protection of people also reflects the concern for the feelings. Design is no longer the pursuit of volume, standardization brought about by a single aesthetic, but to diversify into account. The emotional needs of the design was gradually realized that it was multi-directional. Regional differences in the deposition as well as the name of ethnic culture, customs and practices which are in the design to be discussed and explored. In the end, be able to reflect the name of ethnic identity and personality of the product is designed for success stories. This is
the design of emotion-oriented evidence. Of modern product design, product and make people aware of the relationship between communication, the design also focused on how to locate the user object's emotional needs and how to express such feelings, the design of various forms of emotional factors for considerations change is more comprehensive than ever.
If the design theory for the design of the improvement means that people re-think, then the birth of a new design type is the most
realistic and practical needs and the most direct response is all about. More and more on the emotional issues were referred to the process of designing for, so people were the design, interface design, interaction design, accessible design, and so a series of related to the design of communication and emotional way of thinking has been more and more to attention and research, and ultimately applied to the design and production process. Product design and all kinds of psychology,
sociology and other disciplines related to human characteristics of the study of collaborative research between the guidance has become an important part of the design.
Conclusion
Whether the product design and development from the vertical profile view, or from the horizontal status of a modern product design, look at the relationship between the various disciplines, Emotional Design has undoubtedly become a contemporary design, one of the most popular topics. People gradually realize that product design process, designers of the
product of the soul to give the process is essential. Here the soul refers to the expressed product, and can communicate with the user-generated emotions. In other words, modern product design should be a planning activities related to emotion, early stage of development is no longer a simple physical modeling process. Its entire design process, a certain sense, is a physical emotional process. Contemporary designers should also be taken fully into account in the design of emotional factors, grasp the emotional positioning, designed to communicate with the real products. Such a materialistic in the modern information era of rapid change, due to the severe lack of emotional feeling, it is the demand for the emotional satisfaction of a period of time than ever before are obviously urgent. Designers will face more challenges and responsibilities of a good design to meet the function, on the basis of serving other, and more are expected to return is the emotional.
The requirements of sustainable development of society indicates
that 'green design' remains will be the 21st century, one of the hot industrial design. In order to reduce environmental problems, designers should be the product environmental performance improvement, environmental issues and want to have a good understanding of their impact; this was in science and Technology than ever before to learn more about, and needs to
creativity, new thinking and imaginative. 'Green design' to the Industrial Design has brought
additional challenges, it also brings more opportunities.
The impact of "3r" principles to industrial design 1. Introduction Industrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines， it is closely
related to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized: First， it services for industrial mass production， making industrial
products enhance the value and value-added. Second， It leads the fashion， to effectively
stimulate consumption， so that consumers not only use the product at the same time， but
also enjoy the new technology and material; Third， it puts technology to link up with the
market， making products enhance competitiveness; Last but not the least， it can bring
the innovation into the enterprise. Therefore， the economic development needs industrial
design which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction .
However， along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds up
the consumption of resources and energy. What's more ，it dose harm to the ecological
balance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design，
utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit， the implementation of "merchandise has plans to
abolish the system" without taking into account production， use，process waste， such
as the environment， the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life，the industrial design objectively becomes
essential medium to encourage people to uncontrolled consume， which is countered to the
essence of industrial design—creating a science and healthy way of life.
Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development， in the 20th
century， people began to question the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry out
a profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ， the principle of circular economy is "3r" (is Reduce， Reuse，
Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability， sustainable development Against this background， the concept
of sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design， based on this ongoing exploration and practice. "3r" principles intended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role， and attempts to
explore the "3r" principles of industrial design at the extension.
2. Cycle economic model and the principle of "3r"
Economy is engaged in production， consumption and reproduction activities， which
is to meet human material needs of their own material .Recycling economy is considered following the original economy， the agricultural economy， industrial economy after the
time of the post-industrial economy， with the industrial economy is different between the
resources and environment relationship.Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production， resource recycling and efficient recycling characterized
eco-economic development patterns， also known as eco-economy，
green economy.
2.1 The relationship between economic model， environment and the resources
Human survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment.On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system; on the other hand， it
bears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited， even though it must have the ability to purify， however
it is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.
Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy， this openness has led
to a global depletion of resources and waste， as well as the serious deterioration of the
ecological environment.
Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources， one of green products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process， this closed loop system， can maintain economic production of low，
high-quality， low-waste， which will be economic activity of
natural resources and
environmental impacts to minimize damage.
2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode "3r" principle
"3r" principle is the basic manifestation of the economic cycle，
and its specific
contents are as follows:
"Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy，that is the source of
control method， which requires the source of economic activity -
the design stage， pay
attention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas， usually the energy-saving production processes， materials and
conservation of resources， the products of small size and lightweight， and easy and
simple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions;
In the consumer area， reduction of the supremacy of the principle
of a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption. "Reuse" principle is the second principle of circular economy， that is， process control methods， with the
aim to improve the products and resources use efficiency， it calls for product design to
initial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design， to the use of standard-sized parts， repair and upgrade in order to replace， thus
prolonging the service life of products; In the consumer area， to promote the purchase of
durable consumer goods， to reduce the use of disposable products，such as after-sales
service by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste.
"Recycling" principle is the third principle of circular economy，that is， terminal
control method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated， through
the "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product，
put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original and secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products， sub-resource is the waste of
resources into different types of after the new products. To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.
3. The impact of the "3r" principle of to industrial design
"3r" principle is not only on products from the design，
production， sales， use，
disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect， but also on the
industrial design itself， a more extensive and profound changes:
3.1 The impact of design concept
In modern industrial economy， the product design is often to serve the people， just
from the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point， and do not
consider the follow-up products， use of resources and energy consumption and emissions
on the environment and other ecological problems. "3r" principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony between man and nature" of green design， while respecting the needs of people， but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept， put
people and nature live in harmony and common development in the
first place， the use of
systems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design，
from product design at the
beginning of the macro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization. Here， the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points， through the design， efforts to improve and reduce the products in
the production， use， recycling process， such as the adverse impact of the environment.
So Green Design Products are in the "harmony between man and nature" under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature， the principle of human -
machine system one considers the environment， a comprehensive optimization of the
industrial design of a new concept.
3.2 The impact of design style
Simple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style， popular in the
20th century， in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model，
the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people， then in the
recycling economy mode， the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials， the most beautiful modeling， the most pristine appearance simplicity of
product design， sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation. "3r" Products
doctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth，specific， practical
significance.
First， the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled， such as biological materials， so less material on refined， appropriate;
Second， to promote. Small is beautiful ". Less Is More"， the lightweight and pleasant
form of products. Third， the design features of the object collation， evaluation，
definition， must always focus on the merger， to simplify，optimize， and makes the
core functions briefly products; Fourth， the product is intended to be simple and clear
language; Fifth， the structure of simple， easy to create; Sixth，the choice of
degradable material， the structure of easy solutions， such as withholding together.
3.3 The impact of design method
The impact of the "3r" principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are: modular design， removable design， recyclable design， long-life
design.
Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance， different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis，
and design into a series of functional modules， through the selection and combination of
modules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design: First，make products with good performance Recycling
demolition， settled design different types of products and waste of resources; Second，
it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery， enhance
the versatility of the components， once the end-of-life products，they can re-use or
recycling; Third， improve the repair of products can extend the
life of the product.
Product design is removable at the design stage， so that parts of the Products has a
good performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials . The demolition of the design requirements，Product First， connect the various parts and components， as far as possible the use of detachable connection， such as threaded connections， unified type
fasteners， reducing the number of fasteners， try not to use welding， riveting，