Lesson 3 Ships in the Desert
Ships in the Desert
AL Gore
1. I was standing in the sun on the hot steel deck of a fishing ship capable
of processing a fifty-ton catch on a good day. But it wasn' t a good day. We were anchored in what used to be the most productive fishing site in all of central Asia, but as I looked out over the bow , the prospects of a good catch looked bleak. Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand – as far as I could see in all directions. The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all the way to the horizon . Ten year s ago the Aral was the fourth-largest inland sea in the world, comparable to the largest of North America's Great Lakes. Now it is disappearing because the water that used to feed it has been diverted in an ill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton In the user t. The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishing fleet was now permanently docked. Meanwhile, in the nearby town of Muynak the people were still canning fish – brought not from the Aral Sea but shipped by rail through Siberia from the Pacific Ocean, more than a thousand miles away.
2. My search for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis has led me to travel around the world to examine and study many of these images of destruction. At the very bottom of the earth, high in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, with the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky, I stood in the unbelievable coldness and talked with a scientist in the late tall of 1988 about the tunnel he was digging through time. Slipping his parka back to reveal a badly burned face that was cracked and peeling, he pointed to the annual layers of ice in a core sample dug from the glacier on which we were standing. He moved his finger back in time to the ice of two decades ago. "Here's where the U. S Congress passed the Clean Air Act, ” he said. At the bottom of the world, two continents away from Washington, D. C., even a small reduction in one country's emissions had changed the amount of pollution found in the remotest end least accessible place on earth.
3. But the most significant change thus far in the earth' s atmosphere is the one that began with the industrial r evolution early in the last century and has picked up speed ever since. Industry meant coal, and later oil, and we began to burn lots of it –bringing rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) , with its ability to trap more heat in the atmosphere and slowly warm the earth. Fewer than a hundred yards from the South Pole, upwind from the ice runway where the ski plane lands and keeps its engines running to prevent the metal parts from freeze-locking together, scientists monitor the air sever al times ever y day to chart the course of that inexorable change. During my visit, I watched one scientist draw the results of that day's measurements, pushing the end of a steep line still higher on the graph. He told me how easy it is –there at the end of the earth –to see that this enormous change in the global atmosphere is still picking up speed.
4. Two and a half years later I slept under the midnight sun at the other end of
our planet, in a small tent pitched on a twelve-toot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean. After a hearty breakfast, my companions and I traveled by snowmobiles a few miles farther north to a rendezvous point where the ice was thinner – only three and a half feet thick –and a nuclear submarine hovered in the water below. After it crashed through the ice, took on its new passengers, and resubmerged, I talked with scientists who were trying to measure more accurately the thickness of the polar ice cap, which many believe is thinning as a re-suit of global warming. I had just negotiated an agreement between ice scientists and the U. S. Navy to secure the re-lease of previously top secret data from submarine sonar tracks, data that could help them learn what is happening to the north polar cap. Now, I wanted to see the pole it-self, and some eight hours after we met the submarine, we were crashing through that ice, surfacing, and then I was standing in an eerily beautiful snowcape, windswept and sparkling white, with the horizon defined by little hummocks, or "pressure ridges " of ice that are pushed up like tiny mountain ranges when separate sheets collide. But here too, CD, levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature will rise with them –indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidly in the polar regions than in the rest of the world. As the polar air warms, the ice her e will thin; and since the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world's weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous.
5. Considering such scenarios is not a purely speculative exercise. Six months after I returned from the North Pole, a team of scientists reported dramatic changes in the pattern of ice distribution in the Arctic, and a second team reported a still controversialclaim (which a variety of data now suggest) that, over all, the north polar cap has thinned by 2 per cent in just the last decade. Moreover, scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the spring snowmelt now comes earlier every year, and deep in the tundra below, the temperature e of the earth is steadily rising.
6. As it happens, some of the most disturbing images of environmental destruction can be found exactly halfway between the North and South poles –precisely at the equator in Brazil –where billowing clouds of smoke regularly black-en the sky above the immense but now threatened Amazon rain forest. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef; as I learned when I went there in early 1989, the fires are set earlier and earlier in the dry season now, with more than one Tennessee's worth of rain forest being slashed and burned each year. According to our guide, the biologist Tom Lovejoy, there are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America –which means we are silencing thousands of songs we have never even heard.
7. But one doesn't have to travel around the world to wit-ness humankind's assault on the earth. Images that signal the distress of our global environment are now commonly seen almost anywhere. On some nights, in high northern latitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress. If the sky is clear after sunset -- and it you are watching from a place where
pollution hasn't blotted out the night sky altogether -- you can sometimes see a strange kind of cloud high in the sky. This "noctilucent cloud" occasionally appears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening dark-ness; shimmering above us with a translucent whiteness, these clouds seem quite unnatural. And they should: noctilucent clouds have begun to appear more often because of a huge buildup of methane gas in the atmosphere. (Also called natural gas, methane is released from landfills , from coal mines and rice paddies, from billions of termites that swarm through the freshly cut forestland, from the burning of biomass and from a variety of other human activities. ) Even though noctilucent clouds were sometimes seen in the past., all this extra methane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it condenses at much higher altitudes to form more clouds that the sun's rays still strike long after sunset has brought the beginning of night to the surface far beneath them.
8. What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky? Simple wonder or the mix of emotions we feel at the zoo? Perhaps we should feel awe for our own power: just as men "ear tusks from elephants’ heads in such quantity as to threaten the beast with extinction, we are ripping matter from its place in the earth in such volume as to upset the balance between daylight and darkness. In the process, we are once again adding to the threat of global warming, be-cause methane has been one of the fastest-growing green-house gases, and is third only to carbon dioxide and water vapor in total volume, changing the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. But, without even considering that threat, shouldn't it startle us that we have now put these clouds in the evening sky which glisten with a spectral light? Or have our eyes adjusted so completely to the bright lights of civilization that we can't see these clouds for what they are – a physical manifestation of the violent collision between human civilization and the earth?
9. Even though it is sometimes hard to see their meaning, we have by now all witnessed surprising experiences that signal the damage from our assault on the environment --whether it's the new frequency of days when the temperature exceeds 100 degrees, the new speed with which the -un burns our skin, or the new constancy of public debate over what to do with growing mountains of waste. But our response to these signals is puzzling. Why haven't we launched a massive effort to save our environment? To come at the question another way' Why do some images startle us into immediate action and focus our attention or ways to respond effectively? And why do other images, though sometimes equally dramatic, produce instead a Kin. of paralysis, focusing our attention not on ways to respond but rather on some convenient, less painful distraction?
10. Still, there are so many distressing images of environ-mental destruction that sometimes it seems impossible to know how to absorb or comprehend them. Before considering the threats themselves, it may be helpful to classify them and thus begin to organize our thoughts and feelings so that we may be able to respond appropriately.
11. A useful system comes from the military, which frequently places a conflict in one of three different categories, according to the theater in which it takes place. There are "local" skirmishes, "regional" battles, and "strategic" conflicts. This third category is reserved for struggles that can threaten a nation's survival and must be
under stood in a global context.
12. Environmental threats can be considered in the same way. For example, most instances of water pollution, air pollution, and illegal waste dumping are essentially local in nature. Problems like acid rain, the contamination of under-ground aquifers, and large oil spills are fundamentally regional. In both of these categories, there may be so many similar instances of particular local and regional problems occurring simultaneously all over the world that the patter n appears to be global, but the problems themselves are still not truly strategic because the operation of- the global environment is not affected and the survival of civilization is not at stake.
13. However, a new class of environmental problems does affect the global ecological system, and these threats are fundamentally strategic. The 600 percent increase in the amount of chlorine in the atmosphere during the last forty years has taken place not just in those countries producing the chlorofluorocarbons responsible but in the air above every country, above Antarctica, above the North Pole and the Pacific Ocean – all the way from the surface of the earth to the top of the sky. The increased levels of chlorine disrupt the global process by which the earth regulates the amount of ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is allowed through the atmosphere to the surface; and it we let chlorine levels continue to increase, the radiation levels will al-so increase – to the point that all animal and plant life will face a new threat to their survival.
14. Global warming is also a strategic threat. The concentration of carbon dioxide and other heat-absorbing molecules has increased by almost 25 per cent since World War II, posing a worldwide threat to the earth's ability to regulate the amount of heat from the sun retained in the atmosphere. This increase in heat seriously threatens the global climate equilibrium that determines the pattern of winds, rainfall, surface temperatures, ocean currents, and sea level. These in turn determine the distribution of vegetative and animal life on land and sea and have a great effect on the location and pattern of human societies.
15. In other words, the entire relationship between humankind and the earth has been transformed because our civilization is suddenly capable of affecting the entire global environment, not just a particular area. All of us know that human civilization has usually had a large impact on the environment; to mention just one example, there is evidence that even in prehistoric times, vast areas were sometimes intentionally burned by people in their search for food. And in our own time we have reshaped a large part of the earth's surface with concrete in our cities and carefully tended rice paddies, pastures, wheat fields, and other croplands in the countryside. But these changes, while sometimes appearing to be pervasive , have, until recently, been relatively trivial factors in the global ecological sys-tem. Indeed, until our lifetime, it was always safe to assume that nothing we did or could do would have any lasting effect on the global environment. But it is precisely that assumption which must now be discarded so that we can think strategically about our new relationship to the environment.
16. Human civilization is now the dominant cause of change in the global environment. Yet we resist this truth and find it hard to imagine that our effect on the
earth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the strength of the moon's pull on the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains. And it we are now capable of changing something so basic as the relationship between the earth and the sun, surely we must acknowledge a new responsibility to use that power wisely and with appropriate restraint. So far, however, We seem oblivious of the fragility of the earth's natural systems.
17. This century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physical reality of our relation-ship to the earth: a sudden and startling surge in human population, with the addition of one China's worth of people every ten years, and a sudden acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution, which has allowed an almost unimaginable magnification of our power to affect the world around us by burning, cutting, digging, moving, and trans-forming the physical matter that makes up the earth.
18. The surge in population is both a cause of the changed relationship and one of the clearest illustrations of how startling the change has been, especially when viewed in a historical context. From the emergence of modern humans 200 000 years ago until Julius Caesar's time, fewer than 250 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World 1500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on earth. By the time Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again, to 1 billion. By midway through this century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen to just above 2 billion people.
19. In other words, from the beginning of humanity's appearance on earth to 1945, it took more than ten thousand generations to reach a world population of 2 billion people. Now, in the course of one human lifetime -- mine -- the world population will increase from 2 to more than 9 million, and it is already more than halfway there.
20. Like the population explosion, the scientific and technological revolution began to pick up speed slowly during the eighteenth century. And this ongoing revolution has also suddenly accelerated exponentially. For example, it is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years that. in the entire previous history of science. While no single discover y has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that unclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance -- making the consequences, of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the consequences of unrestrained nuclear war.
21. Now that our relationship to the earth has changed so utterly, we have to see that change and understand its implications. Our challenge is to recognize that the startling images of environmental destruction now occurring all over the world have much more in common than their ability to shock and awaken us. They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have ever faced. Global warming, ozone depletion, the loss of living species, deforestation -- they all have a common cause: the new relationship between human civilization and
the earth's natural balance.
22. There are actually two aspects to this challenge. The first is to realize that our power to harm the earth can in-deed have global and even permanent effects. The second is to realize that the only way to understand our new role as a co-architect of nature is to see ourselves as part of a complex system that does not operate according to the same simple rules of cause and effect we are used to. The problem is not our effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessment of that relationship as well as the complex interrelationship among factors within civilization and between them and the major natural components of the earth's ecological system.
23. The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization now posed by changes in the global environment present us with a similar set of challenges and false hopes. Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether nuclear power or genetic engineering, will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditions of life -- a simplistic notion at best. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessment of all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramatic change in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will of course involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.
“Hiroshima! Everybody off!” That must be what the man in the Japanese stationmaster's uniform shouted, as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station. I did not understand what he was saying. First of all, because he was shouting in Japanese. And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything a Nippon railways official might say. The very act of stepping on this soil, in breathing this air of Hiroshima, was for me a far greater adventure than any trip or any reportorial assignment I'd previously taken. Was I not at the scene of the crime? The Japanese crowd did not appear to have the same preoccupations that I had. From the sidewalk outside the station, things seemed much the same as in other Japanese cities. Little girls and elderly ladies in kimonos rubbed shoulders with teenagers and women in western dress. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them, and bobbed up and down re-heatedly in little bows, as they exchanged the ritual formula of gratitude and respect: "Tomo aligato gozayimas." Others were using little red telephones that hung on the facades of grocery stores and tobacco shops. "Hi! Hi!" said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler. "Hi", or something that sounds very much like it, means "yes". "Can you take me to City Hall?" He grinned at me in the rear-view mirror and repeated "Hi!" "Hi! ’ We set off at top speed throug h the narrow streets of Hiroshima. The tall buildings of the martyred city flashed by as we lurched from side to side in response to the driver's sharp twists of the wheel. Just as I was beginning to find the ride long, the taxi screeched to a halt, and the driver got out and went over to a policeman to ask the way. As in Tokyo, taxi drivers in Hiroshima often know little of their city, but to avoid loss of face before foreigners, will not admit their ignorance, and will accept any destination without concern for how long it may take them to find it. At last this intermezzo came to an end, and I found myself in front of the gigantic City Hall. The usher bowed deeply and heaved a long, almost musical sigh, when I showed him the invitation which the mayor had sent me in response to my request for an interview. "That is not here, sir," he said in English. "The mayor expects you tonight for dinner with other foreigners or, the restaurant boat. See? This is where it is.” He sketched a little map for me on the back of my invitation. Thanks to his map, I was able to find a taxi driver who could take me straight to the canal
第九课 马克?吐温——美国的一面镜子 (节选) 诺埃尔?格罗夫 1 在大多数美国人的心目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。 2 印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以
作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一 切介绍给全世界。他的笔名取自他在蒸汽船上做工时听到的报告水深为两口寻(12英尺)——意即可以通航的信号语。他的作品中有二十几部至今仍在印行，其外文译本仍在世界各地拥有读者，由此可见他的享誉程度。 3 在马克?吐温青年时代，美国的地理中心是密西西比河流域，而密西西比河是这个年轻国家中部的交通大动脉。龙骨船、平底船和大木筏载运着最重要的商品。木材、玉米、烟草、小麦和皮货通过这些运载工具顺流而下，运送到河口三角洲地区，而砂糖、糖浆、棉花和威士忌酒等货物则被运送到北方。在19世纪50年代，西部领土开发高潮到来之前，辽阔的密西西比河流域占美国已开发领土的四分之三。 4 1857年，少年马克?吐温作为蒸汽船上的一名小领航员踏人了这片天地。在这个新的工作岗位上，他接触到的是各式各样的人物，看到的是一个多姿多彩的大干世
震撼世界的审判 约翰?司科普斯 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 在一九二五年七月的那个酷热日子里，当我在挤得水泄不通的法庭里就位时，人群中响起一阵嘁嘁喳喳的议论声。我的辩护人是著名刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯?达罗。担任主控官的则是能说会道的演说家威廉?詹宁斯?布莱恩，他曾三次被民主党提名为美国总统候选人，而且还是导致我这次受审的基督教原教旨主义运动的领导人。 几个星期之前，我还只是田纳西州山区小镇戴顿的一名默默无闻的中学教员，而现在我却成了一次举世瞩目的庭审活动的当事人。在法庭就座为我作证的有以哈佛大学的科特里?马瑟教授为首的十几位有名望的教授和科学家。到场的还有一百多名新闻记者，甚至还有一些广播电台的播音员，他们也要破天荒地播放一次庭审实况。就在我们静候着法庭开审的当儿，达罗关切地搂住我的肩膀低声安慰道：“别担心，孩子，我们会给他们点厉害瞧瞧。” 我刚到戴顿中学任自然科学教员兼足球教练不久，这件案子就突然降临到我的头上。若干年来，原教旨主义者和现代主义者之间就一直在酝酿着一场冲突。原教旨主义者坚持严格按照字面意义去理解《旧约全书》，而现代主义者则接受查尔斯?达尔文的进化论——认为一切动物，包括猿和人，都是由同一个祖先进化而来的。 在田纳西州，原教旨主义势力很强，州立法机构最近还通过了一项法令，禁止公开讲授“任何否定《圣经》上宣讲的创世说的理论。”这项新法规的矛头直接指向了达尔文的进化论。有位名叫乔治?拉普利亚的工程师因反对这项法规常和当地人进行辩论。有一次辩论中，拉普利亚说，任何人要讲授生物学，就不能不讲进化论。因为我就是讲授生物学的，所以他们便把我叫去作证。 “拉普利亚是对的，”我对他们说。 “那么说，你在触犯法律，”他们中的一位说。 “所有其他的教师也都在触犯法律，”我回答说。“亨特所著的《生物学基础》中就讲到了进化论，那是我们使用的教科书。” 于是拉普利亚提出一个建议。“让我们将此事交付法庭判决，”他说，“以检验其是否合法。” 当我于五月七日被正式起诉时，谁也不曾料到，我本人更没有料到我的这件案子竟会越闹越大，以至成为美国历史上最著名的庭审案例之一。美国公民自由联合会宣布：如有必要，联合会将把我的案子提交美国最高法院审理，“以确保教师不至于因讲授真理而被送进监狱。”接着，布莱恩自告奋勇地要协助州政府方面对我进行起诉。著名律师克拉伦斯?达罗也立即主动提出要替我辩护。具有讽刺意味的是，在这次审判之前我并不认识达罗，但我却见过布莱恩，那是我念大学的时候，他来校作过演讲。我很钦佩他，尽管我并不赞同他的观点。 到七月十日庭审开始的时候，我们这个拥有一千五百人口的小镇上呈现出一派看马戏似的热闹气氛。大街两旁的建筑物上都挂起了彩旗。在法院的三层红砖房子周围的街道上突然冒出了许多摇摇晃晃的摊贩货架，出售的是热狗、宗教书籍和西瓜。福音传教士们也在街上搭起帐篷向行人传教布道。附近一带的山区居民，其中多半是原教旨主义者，也纷纷赶到镇上来为布莱恩呐喊助威，打击那些“外来的异教徒”。他们当中就有具体起草了那条反进化论法令的约翰?
Lesson 1 Question: 1. Why did John Koshak decide to stay although he knew the hurricane would be bad? For the following reasons: For one thing, the house was 23 feet above sea level; for another,he was unwilling to abandon his home. 2. How did the man prepare for the hurricane? Why was a generator necessary? They filled bathtubs and pails. Besides, they checked out batteries for portable radio and flashlights, and fuel for the lantern. A generator was necessary because John's father wired several light bulbs to it and prepared a connection to the refrigerator. 3. What made it impossible for the Koshak to escape? It was impossible for the Koshers to escape both by car and on foot. The car's electrical system had been killed by water. Meanwhile, the water became too deep for them to escape on foot. 4. Why did John Koshak feel a crushing guilt? Because he blamed himself for underestimating the power of the hurricane and then endangering the whole family by his wrong decision not to flee safer inland. 5. Why did Grandma Koshak ask children to be sing? A: Because she knew how frightened the children were and wanted to boost their spirit. 6. What was a hurricane party? What happened to the party gores? A hurricane party was the one that was held by several vacationers to enjoy the spectacle of the hurricane with a clear and broad view in the fancy Richelieu Apartments from where they believed they would be safe. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart by the hurricane and 26 people perished. 7. What did Grandma Koshak mean when she said," We lost practically all our possessions, but the family came through it. When I think of that, I realize we lost nothing important?" She meant that human lives are more important than material possessions. 8. How did the community of Gulfport act after Hurricane Camille was over? They managed to make their lives return to normal and began rebuilding their community without any delay. Paraphrase: 1. We're elevated 23 feet. Our house is 23 feet above sea level. 2. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. The house was built in 1915 and since then no hurricane has done any damage to it. 3. We can batten down and ride it out. We can prepare ourselves for the hurricane and manage to survive it without much damage. 4. The generator was doused, and the lights went out. Water got into the generator, and it didn't work. As a result, the lights were put out. 5. Everybody out the back door to the cars! Everybody go out though the back door and get into the cars. 6. The electrical system had been killed by water. The electrical system in the cars had been destroyed by water. 7. John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. When John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he b
2014高级英语第一册课文翻译 第一课中东的集市 中东的集市仿佛把你带回到了几百年、甚至几千年前的时代。此时此刻显现在我脑海中的这个中东集市，其入口处是一座古老的砖石结构的哥特式拱门。你首先要穿过一个赤日耀眼、灼热逼人的大型露天广场，然后走进一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。这市场一直向前延伸，一眼望不到尽头，消失在远处的阴影里。赶集的人们络绎不绝地进出市场，一些挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于这熙熙攘攘的人群中，边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当叮当的响声。市场的路面约有十二英尺宽，但每隔几码远就会因为设在路边的小货摊的挤占而变窄；那儿出售的货物各种各样，应有尽有。你一走进市场，就可以听到摊贩们的叫卖声，赶毛驴的小伙计和脚夫们大着嗓门叫人让道的吆喝声，还有那些想买东西的人们与摊主讨价还价的争吵声。各种各样的噪声此伏彼起，不绝于耳，简直叫人头晕。 随后，当往市场深处走去时，人口处的喧闹声渐渐消失，眼前便是清静的布市了。这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音效果。布店的店主们一个个都是轻声轻气、慢条斯理的样子；买布的顾客们在这种沉闷压抑的气氛感染下，自然而然地也学着店主们的榜样，变得低声细语起来。 中东集市的特点之一是经销同类商品的店家，为避免相互间的竞争，不是分散在集市各处，而是都集中在一块儿，这样既便于让买主知道上哪儿找他们，同时他们自己也可以紧密地联合起来，结成同盟，以便保护自己不受欺侮和刁难。例如，在布市上，所有那1些卖衣料、窗帘布、椅套布等的商贩都把货摊一个接一个地排设在马路两边，每一个店铺门面前都摆有一张陈列商品的搁板桌和一些存放货物的货架。讨价还价是人们习以为常的事。头戴面纱的妇女们迈着悠闲的步子从一个店铺逛到另一个店铺，一边挑选一边问价；在她们缩小选择范围并开始正儿八经杀价之前，往往总要先同店主谈论几句，探探价底。 对于顾客来说，至关重要的一点是，不到最后一刻是不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西的。假如让店主猜中了她所要买的商品的话，他便会漫天要价，而且在还价过程中也很难作出让步。而在卖主那一方来说，他必须竭尽全力地声称，他开出的价
Lesson 9 “A More Perfect Union” (Part Ⅰ) 一、词汇短语 1. improbable adj. not likely to be true or to happen不可能的 2. persecution n. the state of treating someone cruelly or unfairly over a period of time, especially because of their religious or political beliefs 迫害 3. stalemate n. a situation in which it seems impossible to settle an argument or disagreement, and neither side can get an advantage 僵局，僵持 4. embed v. to fix something firmly into a substance or solid object 使插入，使嵌入 5. parchment n. a substance made from animal skin, used in the past for writing on; a document, manuscript, or diploma on parchment （用于书写正式文件的）仿羊皮纸；毕业文凭 6. obligation n. the state of being forced to do something because it is your duty, or because of a law, etc.义务，职责， 债务 7. unyielding adj. if a person is unyielding, they are not easily influenced and they are unlikely to change their mind坚强的，不屈的， 执着的
On Getting Off to Sleep by J.B. Priestley 课后练习(Exercises on the text) A. 1. The author thinks that humor: can save grace of us and weshould die of vexation without it. 2.Yea. 3.No. . 4. No. 5. No. 6. The author thinks that the matter of sleep can best illustrate the contrariness of things. 7. He can do anything but sleep when he lies between the sheets at a late hour. 8. The author thinks that the best way of inducing sleep is to imagine a dialogue with a friend, whose task ,without anything like fancy and wit, is boring. B. 1．人是一个矛盾的集合体！ 2．我们的思想和头脑中的意象是完全有形的东西。 3．我过去常常怀着惊奇的心情去读那些吹捧好战的超人的故事…… 4．人为的催眠法有很多，但都不灵。 5．当她的大脑对这种单调的生活感到厌倦时，睡眠自然就会来。 6．她最喜欢的方法就是想象一幅画在墙上没挂正，她去把它弄正。 7．但是我还没有放弃寻找加快睡眠的方法。 8. 今天晚上，我就要抛弃诸如数跳羊和扶歪画之类的想象。 C. 1. clenched 2. refreshed 3. straighten 4. remonstrated 5. of no avail 6. eventual 7. meditated 8. inhuman D. 1. contradiction 2. dim 3. tormented
青年人的四种选择 Lesson 2: Four Choices for Young People 在毕业前不久，斯坦福大学四年级主席吉姆?宾司给我写了一封信，信中谈及他的一些不安。Shortly before his graduation, Jim Binns, president of the senior class at Stanford University, wrote me about some of his misgivings. 他写道：“与其他任何一代人相比，我们这一代人在看待成人世界时抱有更大的疑虑……同时越来越倾向于全盘否定成人世界。” “More than any other generation,”he said, “our generation views the adult world with great skepticism…there is also an increased tendency to reject completely that world.” 很明显，他的话代表了许多同龄人的看法。 Apparently he speaks for a lot of his contemporaries. 在过去的几年里，我倾听过许多年轻人的谈话，他们有的还在大学读书，有的已经毕业，他们对于成人的世界同样感到不安。 During the last few years, I have listened to scores of young people, in college and out, who were just as nervous about the grown world. 大致来说，他们的态度可归纳如下：“这个世界乱糟糟的，到处充满了不平等、贫困和战争。对此该负责的大概应是那些管理这个世界的成年人吧。如果他们不能做得比这些更好，他们又能拿什么来教育我们呢？这样的教导，我们根本不需要。” Roughly, their attitude might be summed up about like this: “The world is in pretty much of a mess, full of injustice, poverty, and war. The people responsible are, presumably, the adults who have been running thing. If they can’t do better than that, what have they got to teach our generation? That kind of lesson we can do without.” 我觉得这些结论合情合理，至少从他们的角度来看是这样的。 There conclusions strike me as reasonable, at least from their point of view. 对成长中的一代人来说，相关的问题不是我们的社会是否完美（我们可以想当然地认为是这样），而是应该如何去应付它。 The relevant question for the arriving generation is not whether our society is imperfect (we can take that for granted), but how to deal with it. 尽管这个社会严酷而不合情理，但它毕竟是我们惟一拥有的世界。 For all its harshness and irrationality, it is the only world we’ve got. 因此，选择一个办法去应付这个社会是刚刚步入成年的年轻人必须作出的第一个决定，这通常是他们一生中最重要的决定。 Choosing a strategy to cope with it, then, is the first decision young adults have to make, and usually the most important decision of their lifetime. 根据我的发现，他们的基本选择只有四种： So far as I have been able to discover, there are only four basic alternatives: 1）脱离传统社会
Lesson 1The Middle Eastern Bazaar 1)一条蜿蜒的小路淹没在树荫深处 2)集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有 3)我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 4)新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，刻有精细、复杂的传统图案。 5)在山的那边是一望无际的大草原。 6)他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 7）教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 8）这个小女孩非常喜欢他的父亲。 9）为实现四个现代化，我们认为有必要学习外国的先进科学技术。 10）黄昏临近时，天渐渐地暗下来了。 11）徒工仔细地观察他的师傅，然后照着干。 12）吃完饭弗兰克常常帮助洗餐具。Frank often took a hand in the washing-up after dinner. Lesson 2 Hiroshima-the Livest city in Japan 1)礼堂里一个人都没有，会议一定是延期了。 2)那本书看上去很像个盒子。
3)四川话和湖北话很相似，有时很难区别。 4)一看见纪念碑就想起了在战斗中死去的好友。 5)他陷入沉思之中，没有例会同伴们在谈些什么。 6)他干的事与她毫无关系。 7)她睡不着觉，女儿的病使她心事重重。 8)这件事长期以来一直使我放心不下。 9)他喜欢这些聚会，喜欢与年轻人交往并就各种问题交换意见。 10)大家在几分钟以后才领悟他话中的含义。 11)土壤散发着青草的气味。 12)我可以占用你几分钟时间吗？ 13)你能匀出一张票子给我吗？ 14)那个回头发上了年纪的人是铜匠。 Lesson 4 Everyday Use for your grandmama 1.一场大火把贫民区三百多座房子夷为平地。 2.只要你为人正直，不怕失去什么，那你对任何人都不会畏惧。
大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案： 篇一：高级英语第一册课后答案 Lesson 1 The Middle Eastern Bazaar I． 1)A bazaar is a market or street of shops and stands in Oriental countries．Such bazaars are likely to be found in Afghanistan，the Arabian Peninsula，Cyprus，Asiatic Turkey and Egypt． 2)The bazaar includes many markets：cloth—market，copper—smiths’market．carpet—market，food—market，dye—market，pottery —market，carpenters’market，etc．They represent the backward feudal economy． 3)A blind man could know which part 0f the bazaar he was in by his senses of smell and hearing．Different odours and sounds can give him some ideas about the various parts 0f the bazaar． 4)Because the earthen floor，beaten hard by countless feet，deadens the sound of footsteps，and the vaulted mudbrick walls and roof have hardly and sounds to echo. The shop-keepers also speak in slow, measured tones, and the buyers follow suit. 5)The place where people make linseed oil seems the most picturesque in the bazaar. The backwardness of their extracting oil
高级英语第一册课文 1.The Middle Eastern Bazaar The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds --- even thousands --- of years. The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic - arched gateway of aged brick and stone. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavernwhich extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngsof people entering and leaving the bazaar. The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. The din of the stall-holder; crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy. Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. The earthen floor, beaten hard by countless feet, deadens the sound of footsteps, and the vaulted mud-brick walls and roof have hardly any sounds to echo. The shop-keepers speak in slow, measured tones, and the buyers, overwhelmed by the sepulchral atmosphere, follow suit . One of the peculiarities of the Eastern bazaar is that shopkeepers dealing in the same kind of goods do not scatter themselves over the bazaar, in order to avoid competition, but collect in the same area, so
第一课Face to face with Hurricane Camille 1. Each and every plane must be checked out thoroughly before taking off. 每架飞机起飞之前必须经过严格的检查。 2. The residents were firmly opposed to the construction of a waste incineration plant in their neighborhood because they were deeply concerned about the plant’s emissions polluting the air. 居民坚决反对在附近建立垃圾焚烧厂，因为他们担心工厂排放的气体会污染周围的空气。 3. Investment in ecological projects in this area mounted up to billions of Yuan. 在这个地区，生态工程的投资额高达数十亿元。 4. The dry riverbed was strewn with rocks of all sizes. 干枯的河道里布满了大大小小的石块。 5. Although war caused great losses to this country, its cultural traditions did not perish. 虽然战争给这个国家造成巨大的损失，但当地的文化传统并没有消亡。 6. To make space for modern high rises, many ancient buildings with ethnic cultural features had to be demolished. 为了建筑现代化的高楼大厦，许多古老的，具有民族特色的建筑物都被拆毁了。 7. In the earthquake the main structures of most of the poor-quality houses disintegrated. 在地震中多数质量差的房子的主体结构都散架了。 8. His wonderful dream vanished into the air despite his hard efforts to achieve his goals.他为实现自己的目标付出了最大努力，但最后美好的梦想还是化成了泡影。 第二课Hiroshima-the “Liveliest” City in Japan 1. There is not a soul in the hall. The meeting must have been put off. 礼堂里一个人都没有，会议一定是延期了。 2. That modern construction looks very much like a flying saucer. 那座现代建筑看上去很想个飞碟。 3. Sichuan dialect sounds much the same as Hubei dialect. It is sometimes difficult to tell one from the other. 四川话和湖北话在北方人听起来很相似，有时难以区别。 4. The very sight of the monument reminds me of my good friend who was killed in the battle.
Unit One English and American Concepts of Space Edward T. Hall 英国人和美国人的空间概念 人们说英国人和美国人是被同一种语言分离开的两个伟大的民族。英美民族之间的差异使得英语本身受到很多指责，然而，这些差异也许不应该过分归咎于语言，而应该更多的归因于其他层面上的交流：从使很多美国人感到做作的英式语音语调到以自我为中心的处理时间、空间和物品的不同方法。如果说这世上有两种文化间的空间关系学的具体内容迥然不同，那就是在有教养(私立学校)的英国人和中产阶级的美国人之间了。造成这种巨大差异的一个基本原因是在美国人们借助空间大小来对人或事加以分类，而在英国决定你身分的却是社会等级制度。在美国，你的住址可以很好的暗示你的身分（这不仅适用于你的家庭住址，也适用于你的商业地址）。住在纽波特和棕榈滩的人要比布鲁克林和迈阿密的人高贵时髦得多。格林尼治和科德角与纽华克和迈阿密简直毫无类似之处。座落在麦迪逊大道和花园大道的公司要比那些座落在第七大道和第八大道的公司更有情调。街角办公室要比电梯旁或者长廊尽头的办公室更受尊敬。而英国人是在社会等级制度下出生和成长的。无论你在哪里看到他，他仍然是贵族，即便是在鱼贩摊位的柜台后面。除了阶级差异，英国人和我们美国人在如何分配空间上也存在差异。 在美国长大的中产阶级美国人觉得自己有权拥有自己的房间，或者至少房间的一部分。当我让我的美国研究对象画出自己理想的房间或办公室时，他们毫无例外的只画了自己的空间，而没有画其他人的地方。当我要求他们画出他们现有的房间或办公室时，他们只画出他们共享房间里自己的那部分，然后在中间画一条分隔线。无论是男性还是女性研究对象，都把厨房和主卧划归母亲或妻子的名下，而父亲的领地则是书房或休息室，如果有的话；要不然就是工场，地下室，或者有时仅仅是一张工作台或者是车库。美国女性如果想独处，可以走进卧室、关上门。关闭的门是“不要打扰”或“我很生气”的标志。如果一个美国人家里或办公室的房门是开着的，则说明他现在有空。在这样的暗示下，人们不会认为他想把自己关闭起来，而会认为他正处于一种随时响应他人的准备就绪的状态中。关闭的门是用于会议、私人会谈、生意往来、需要集中精力的工作、学习、休息、睡觉、穿衣服和性的。 相比之下，中产阶级和上流阶级的英国人从小是在和兄弟姐妹共享的儿童室里长大的。最大的孩子一般独占一个房间，直到他9岁10岁左右去上寄宿学校时再空出来。拥有自己的房间和很早就习惯于共享房间之间的差异似乎并无重大意义，但这却对英国人对待自己空间的态度有着重大的影响。一个英国人可能从来都不曾有过永久的属于自己的房间，他也很少会去企盼或者认为自己应该有权拥有这样的房间。即使是下议院的议员也没有自己的办公室，他们通常在俯瞰泰晤士河的阳台上处理事务。所以英国人会对美国人需要一个安稳的地方去工作（即办公室）这样的需求感到困惑不解。在英国工作的美国人如果没得到他们认为适当的封闭的工作空间，也许会非常生气。就出于保护自我的目的而将墙壁作为屏蔽物的需求而言，美国人应位列德国人和英国人之间。 英国人和美国人的行为特点之间的显著差别有着极其重要的意义，尤其是在我们假设人和其他动物一样，有时也有一种内在的封闭自己的需求的情况下。我的研讨班的一个学生生动的刻画了当这种看不见的行为特点之间产生冲突时可能发生的情状。很显然他在和美国人交往中承受了很大的压力。仿佛没有什么是正常的，而且从他的评论里可以清楚地了解到他认为我们美国人不知道如何举止得体。通过分析他的抱怨，我们发现他烦闷的一个根源是似乎没有哪个美国人能够辨别出这样的细微的暗示：即有时他不想让别人扰乱他的思绪。正如他自己所说的：“我在公寓里漫步，好像每次当我想独处的时候我的室友就会和我搭话。很快他就在问‘你怎么了?’而且想知道我是否生气了。这时我真的生气了，然后就会冲他说些什么。” 尽管需要花费一些时间，但最终我们还是能够分辨出在这个事例的冲突中，美国人和英国人各自所遇到的不同的麻烦，以及这些特征之间的明显差别。当美国人想独处时，他会进到自己的房间里并且关上门——他借助于建筑物来屏蔽他人。对美国人来说，拒绝同在场的人谈话，对其采取“冷处理”，是最极端的拒绝形式，同时也是非常不高兴的明显的表示。而另一方面，英国人由于从小就没有自己的房间，从来