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英语演讲教程.docx

英语演讲教程.docx
英语演讲教程.docx

英语演讲教程

Presentations and Public Speaking in English

A presentation is a formal talk to one or more

people that"presents" ideas or information in a clear, structured way. People are sometimes afraid of speaking in public,but if you follow a few simple rules,giving a presentation is actually very easy. This tutorial

guides you through each stage of giving a presentation

in English,from the initial preparation to the conclusion and questions and answers.This tutorial is itself set out like a mini-presentation.

PreparationCan you name the3 most important things when giving any presentation?

Number 1 is . . . Preparation

Number 2 is . . . Preparation!

Number 3 is . . . Preparation!!

Preparation is everything!

With good preparation and planning you will be totally confident and less nervous. And your audience

will feel your confidence.Your audience,too,will be confident.they will be confident in you.And this will

give you control. Control of your audience and of your presentation.With control,you will be 'in charge'and your audience will listen positively to your message.

ObjectiveBefore you start to prepare a presentation,you should ask yourself:"Why am I making this presentation?"Do you need to inform, to persuade, to train or to sell? Your objective should be clear in

your mind. If it is not clear in your mind, it cannot

possibly be clear to your audience.

Audience"Who am I making this presentation to?" Sometimes this will be obvious, but not always. You

should try to inform yourself.How many people? Whoare they? Business people? Professional people? Political

people? Experts or non-experts? Will it be a small,

intimate group of 4 colleagues or a large gathering of

400 petitors? How much do they know already and what

will they expect from you?

Venue"Where am I making this presentation?" In a

small hotel meeting-room or a large conference hall?

What facilities and equipment are availab

ble? What are the seating arrangements?

Time and length"When am I making this presentation

and how long will it be?"Will it be 5 minutes or 1 hour? Just before lunch, when your audience will be hungry,

or just after lunch,when your audience will be sleepy?

MethodHow should I make this presentation?" What approach should you use? Formal or informal? Lots of

visual aids or only a few?Will you include some anecdotes and humour for variety?

Content"What should I say?" Now you must decide

exactly what you want to say.First,you should brainstorm your ideas.You will no doubt discover many ideas that you want to include in your presentation.

But you must be selective. You should include only information that is relevant to your audience and your objective.You should exclude all other ideas.You also need to create a title for your presentation (if you

have not already been given a title). The title will

help you to focus on the subject. And you will prepare

your visual aids, if you have decided to use them. But remember, in general,less is better than more (a little

is better than a lot). You can always give additional

information during the questions after the presentation.

StructureA well organised presentation with a clear structure is easier for the audience to follow.

It is therefore more effective.You should organise the points you wish to make in a logical order.Most presentations are organised in three parts, followed

by questions:

Beginning Short introduction wele your audienceintroduce your subjectexplain the structure of your presentationexplain rules for questionsMiddle Body of presentation present the subject itselfEnd Short conclusion summarise your presentationthank your audienceinvite questionsQuestions and Answers

NotesWhen you give your presentation, you should

be - or appear to be - as spontaneous as possible. You

should not read your presentation! You should be so

familiar with

your subject and with the information that you want to deliver that you do not need to read a text.Reading a text is boring!Reading a text will make your audience go to sleep! So if you don't have a text to read, how

can you remember to say everything you need to say? With notes. You can create your own system of notes. Some

people make notes on small,A6 cards.Somepeople write down just the title of each section of their talk.Some people write down keywords to remind them. The notes

will give you confidence, but because you will have

prepared your presentation fully,you may not even need them!

RehearsalRehearsal is a vital part of preparation. You should leave time to practise your presentation two or three times.This will have the following benefits: you will bee more familiar with what you want to

sayyou will identify weaknesses in your presentationyou will be able to practise difficult pronunciationsyou will be able to check the time that

your presentation takes and make any necessary modificationsSo prepare,prepare,prepare!Prepare everything:words,visual aids,timing,equipment. Rehearse your presentation several times and time it.

Is it the right length? Are you pletely familiar with

all your illustrations? Are they in the right order?

Do you know who the audience is? How many people?

How will you answer difficult questions? Do you know the room? Are you confident about the equipment? When you

have answered all these questions,you will be a confident, enthusiastic presenter ready to municate

the subject of your presentation to an eager audience.

Equipment

Easily your most important piece of equipment is...YOU! Make sure you're in full working order, and

check your personal presentation carefully - if you

don't,your audience will!the overhead projector(OHP) displays overhead transparencies (OHTs or OHPTs). It

has several advantages over the35mmslide projector:it can be used in daylightthe use

r can face the audiencethe user can write or draw

directly on the transparency while in usethe whiteboard (more rarely blackboard or GREenboard)is a useful device for spontaneous writing - as in brainstorming,

for example. For prepared material, the OHP might be

more suitable.The duster is used for cleaning the whiteboard. It is essential that the duster be clean

to start with.You may consider carrying your own duster just in case.Markers are used for writing on the whiteboard(delible-you can remove the ink)or flipchart(indelible- you cannot remove the ink).They

are usually available in blue, red, black and green.

Again,it's a good idea to carry a spare set of markers in case you are given some used ones which do not write well."A good workman never blames his tools."The flipchart consists of several leaves of paper that you 'flip' or turn over. Some people prefer the flipchart

to the whiteboard, but its use is limited to smaller presentations.The Slide projector-which must be used in a darkened room - adds a certain drama. Some slide projectors can be synchronised with audio for audio-visual (AV) presentations. These projectors are

typically used for larger presentations. The majority

take35mmslides or transparencies(as seen here),but projectors for6x6cm slides are also available. Transparencies are projected by an overhead projector

or a slide projector onto a screen - in this case a

folding screen which can be packed up and transported.

The notebook puter is increasingly being used to display graphics during presentations.It is often used in conjunction with an overhead projector,which actually projects the image from the puter screen onto the wall screen.Handouts are any documents or samples

that you 'hand out'or distribute to your audience.Note that it is not usually a good idea to distribute handouts before your presentation. The audience will

read the handouts instead of listening to you.

Delivery

'Delivery'refers to the way in which you actually deliver or perform or give your presentation.Delivery is a vital aspect of all presentations. Delivery is at

least as important as content,especially in a multi-cultural context.

NervesMost speakers are a little nervous at the

beginning of a presentation.So it is normal if you are nervous. The answer is to pay special attention to the

beginning of your presentation.First impressions count. This is the time when you establish a rapport

with your audience.During this time, try to speak slowly and calmly.You should perhaps learn your introduction by heart. After a few moments, you will

relax and gain confidence.

Audience RapportYou need to build a warm and friendly relationship with your audience. Enthusiasm

is contagious. If you are enthusiastic your audience

will be enthusiastic too. And be careful to establish

eye contact with each member of your audience. Each

person should feel that you are speaking directly to

him or her.This means that you must look at each person in turn - in as natural a way as possible. This will

also give you the opportunity to detect signs of boredom, disinterest or even disaGREement,allowing you to modify your presentation as appropriate.

Your objective is to municate!Body LanguageWhat

you do not say is at least as important as what you do

say. Your body is speaking to your audience even before you open your mouth. Your clothes, your walk, your glasses, your haircut, your expression - it is from

these that your audience forms its first impression as you enter the room. Generally speaking, it is better

to stand rather than sit when making a presentation.

Be aware of and avoid any repetitive and irritating

gestures.Be aware, too,that the movement of your body is one of your methods of control. When you move to

or from the whiteboard, for example, you can move fast

or slowly, raising or reducing the dynamism within the audience. You can stand very still whi

le talking or you can stroll from side to side.What effect do you think these two different approaches would have on an audience?

Cultural ConsiderationsBecause English is so widely used around the world,it is quite possible that many members of your audience will not be native English-speakers. In other words, they will not have

an Anglo-Saxon culture. Even within the Anglo-Saxon

world, there are many differences in culture. If we

hypothetically imagine a German working for an Israeli pany making a presentation in English to a Japanese

audience in Korea, we can see that there are even more possibilities for cultural misunderstanding.You should try to learn about any particular cultural matters that may affect your audience.This is one reason why preparation for your presentation is so important. Cultural differences can also be seen in

body language,which we have just discussed.To a Latin from Southern France or Italy, a presenter who uses his hands and arms when speaking may seem dynamic and friendly.To an Englishman,the same presenter may seem unsure of his words and lacking in self-confidence.

Voice qualityIt is,of course,important that your audience be able to hear you clearly throughout your presentation.Rememberthat if you turn away from your audience,for example towards the whiteboard,you need to speak a little more loudly. In general, you should

try to vary your voice. Your voice will then be more

interesting for your audience.You can vary your voice in at least three ways:

speed: you can speak at normal speed,you can speak faster, you can speak more slowly - and you can stop

pletely! You can pause. This is a very good technique

for gaining your audience's : you can change the pitch

of your voice. You can speak in a high tone. You can

speak in a low : you can speak at normal volume, you

can speak loudly and you can speak quietly. Lowering

your voice and speaking quietly can again a

ttract your audience's important point is not to speak in the same, flat, monotonous voice throughout

your presentation - this is the voice that hypnotists

use to put their patients' into trance!

Visual aidsOf all the information that enters our

brains, the vast majority of it enters through the eyes.

80%of what your audience learn during your presentation is learned visually (what they see) and

only20% is learned aurally(what they hear).The significance of this is obvious:

visual aids are an extremely effective means of municationnon-native English speakers need not worry

so much about spoken English- they can rely more heavily on visual aidsIt is well worth spending time

in the creation of good visual aids. But it is equally

important not to overload your audience's brains.Keep the information on each visual aid to a minimum - and

give your audience time to look at and absorb this information. Remember, your audience have never seen

these visual aids before. They need time to study and

to understand them. Without understanding there is no munication.

Audience ReactionRemain calm and polite if you receive difficult or even hostile questions during your presentation.If you receive particularly awkward questions, you might suggest that the questioners ask

their questions after your presentation.

Language

Say what you are going to say,Simplicity and ClarityIf you want your audience to understand your

message, your language must be simple and clear.

Use short words and short sentences.

Do not use jargon, unless you are certain that your audience understands it.

In general, talk about concrete facts rather

than abstract ideas.

Use active verbs instead of passive verbs. Active

verbs are much easier to understand. they are much more powerful. Consider these two sentences, which say the same thing:

Toyota sold two million cars last million cars were sold by Toyot

a last is easier to understand? Which is more immediate? Which is more powerful? N°1 is active and

N° 2 is passive.

SignpostingWhen you drive on the roads, you know

where you are on those roads. Each road has a name or number. Each town has a name. And each house has a number. If you are at house N°100, you can go back to N°50 or forward to N ° 150. You can look at the signposts

for directions. And you can look at your atlas for the

structure of the roads in detail. In other words, it

is easy to navigate the roads.You cannot get lost.But when you give a presentation,how can your audience know where they are?How can they know the structure of your presentation? How can they know what is ing next? They

know because you tell them. Because you put up signposts for them, at the beginning and all along the route.This technique is called 'signposting' (or 'signalling').

During your introduction,you should tell your audience what the structure of your presentation will

be. You might say something like this:

"I'll start by describing the current position in

Europe. Then I'll move on to some of the achievements

we've made in Asia.After that I'll consider the opportunities we see for further expansion in Africa.

Lastly,I'll quickly recap before concluding with some remendations."A member of the audience can now visualize your presentation like this:

IntroductionWeleExplanation of structure (now)BodyEuropeAsiaAfricaConclusionSumming upRemendationsHe will keep this image in his head

during the presentation.He may even write it down. And throughout your presentation,you will put up signposts telling him which point you have reached and where you

are going now. When you finish Europe and want to start Asia, you might say:

"That's all I have to say about Europe. Let's turn

now to Asia."When you have finished Africa and want to

sum up, you might say:

"Well, we've looked at the three conti

nents Europe, Asia and Africa. I'd like to sum up now."And when you finish summing up and want to give

your remendations, you might say:

"What does all this mean for us? Well, firstly I remend..."the table below lists useful expressions that you can use to signpost the various parts of your presentation.

Signposting

Function Language Introducing the subjectI'd like

to start by...Let's begin by...First of all, I'll...Starting with...I'll begin by...Finishing one

subject...Well,I've told you about...That's all I have to say about...We've looked at...So much for......and

starting anotherNow we'll move on to...Let me turn now to...Next...Turning to...I'd like now to discuss...Let's look now at...Analysing a point and

giving remendationsWhere does that lead us?Let's consider this in more detail...What does this mean for ABC?Translated into real terms...Giving an exampleFor example,...A good example of this is...As an illustration,...To give you an example,...To illustrate this point...Dealing with questionsWe'll be examining this point in more detail later on...I'd like to deal with this question later,if I may...I'll e back to this question later in my talk...Perhaps you'd like to raise this point at the end...I won't ment on this

now...Summarising and concludingIn conclusion,...Right, let's sum up, shall we?I'd like

now to recap...Let's summarise briefly what we've looked at...Finally, let me remind you of some of the

issues we've covered...If I can just sum up the main https://www.doczj.com/doc/e613993807.html,s

tly...First of all...then...next...after that...finally...To start https://www.doczj.com/doc/e613993807.html,ter...to finish up...

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