美国文学笔记整理完整版
1607-1776北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements
约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家
John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实
叙述》（美国文学第一本书）
乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism ）
Jonathan Edwards
1776-1783独立革命时期Revolution of Independence（启蒙运动）
本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard ’s Almana c 穷查理历书；
Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道；
1706-1790The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，
“美国梦”反映，体现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教
育的观点 )
托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolution
Thomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets ）
1737-1809American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英军，共16小册）
Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命）
The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响）
菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人 a poet of the American Revolution，美国诗歌之父
Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲
1752-1832The British Prison Ship英国囚船
The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花
The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士--同类诗中最佳
托马斯·杰斐逊独立宣言 Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
18 世纪末 -19 世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism
1.早期浪漫主义
华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉)
Washington Irving以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor
1783-1859The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）
A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；
----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国
第 1 个获国际声誉作家
-----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔( 李伯大梦 )
The Alhambra 阿尔罕伯拉
詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀frontier novel边疆传奇小说sea novel
James Fenimore Cooper The Spy间谍（独立战争间谍对抗英国）
1789-1851The Pilot领航者（sea novel）
Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五步曲（frontier novel ）
The Pioneer 拓荒者（ the first true romance of the frontier in American literature
The Last of Mohicans 最后的莫希干人（主角： Natty Bumppo纳蒂班波）
The Prairie大草原
The Pathfinder探路者
The Deerslayer杀鹿者
2.超验主义New England Transcendentalism
拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言
书 manifesto
Ralf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者;
1803-1882Self-reliance论自立
The Transcendentalist超验主义者
Representative Men代表人物
School Address神学院演说
Days 日子 - 首开自由诗之先河free verse
亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden 瓦尔登湖
Henry David Thoreau A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河和梅里麦克河上的一周
1817-1862Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从
纳撒尼尔·霍桑subject: human soul first great American
writer of fiction象征主义大师
Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字
1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事
Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔
The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Marble Faun玉石雕像
The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇
Young Goodman Brown年轻的布朗
The Birthmark胎记
赫尔曼·迈尔维尔擅长航海奇遇和异域风情
Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸（first American prose
epic 史诗）
1819-1891Typee泰比Omoo 奥穆Mardi玛地
White Jacket白外衣Pierre皮尔埃;Billy Budd
比利·巴德
沃尔特·惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父
Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass 草叶集（the birth of truly American poetry
and the end of romanticism）(共
和圣经 Democratic Bible美国史诗
American Epic)
1819-1892Song of Myself自我之歌
Democratic Vistas民主的前景
埃米莉·迪金森她的诗大量破折号dash, 主题love, nature, death, immortality;语言 plain, brevity, direct
Emily Dickinson This is My Letter to the World这是我给世界的一封信
1830-1886I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died我死时听到一只苍蝇叫
Because I could not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神
I ’ m Nobody. Who Are You? 我是无名小卒。你是谁？
埃德加·爱伦·坡侦探小说之父，首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主
义运动的源头
Edgar Allan Poe Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;
1809-1849The Murders in the Rue Morgue莫格路上的暗杀
The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌
The Raven乌鸦
To Hellen致海伦
3.炉边诗人Fireside Poets
威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特Thanatopsis死亡观
William Cullen Bryant To a Waterfowl致水鸟
1794-1878The Fountain泉
Song of Marion’ s Men马里恩的人类之歌
The Flood of Years似水流年
A Forest Hymn森林赋
The White-Footed Deer白蹄鹿
亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗the first poet to write the narrative poems
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Voices of the Night夜吟
1807-1882 A Psalm of Life人生礼赞
Evangeline伊凡吉琳
The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;
20 世纪初至今现代主义时期American Modernism
1.二战前诗歌
艾兹拉·庞德美国现代诗歌创始人the father of modern American poetry,意象派诗歌之父
Ezra Pound the father of Imagist Peotry
1885-1972Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）
In a station of the Metro在地铁站
Pisam Cantos比萨诗章
The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）
罗伯特·弗罗斯特New Hampshire新罕布什尔The Road Not
taken 没有选择的道路
Robert Frost A Boy’s Wish少年心愿After
Apple-picking摘苹果之后
1874-1963North of Boston 波士顿之北Mending Wall 修墙
华莱士·史蒂文斯spokesman for the rationalist humanist tradition
Wallace Stevens Harmonium风琴
1879-1955The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉它的人
Collected Poems诗集
The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦Sunday Morning 礼拜天早晨
2.二战前小说
弗朗西斯·司各特·菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比
F Scott Fitzgerald The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和该死的
1896-1940The Side of Paradise 人间天堂（ his first novel ）
Tender in the Night夜色温柔
( 迷惘的一代 )Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事
The Last Tycoon最后的巨头
Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们
辛克莱·刘易斯美国第一个获诺贝尔奖
Sinclair Lewis Babbitt巴比特
1885-1951Main Street大街
Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯
Elmer Gantry艾尔默·甘特里
Dodsworth 多兹沃斯
欧内斯特·海明威“迷惘的一代”的代表人物Lost generation 1954 诺贝尔奖
Ernest Hemingway Farewell to Arms永别了，武器
1899-1961The Old Man and the Sea老人与海
The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起
For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣
Death in the Afternoon午后之死
In Our Time在我们的年代里;
The Torrents of Spring春潮;
威廉·福克纳1950诺贝尔奖
William Faulkner The Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动（lost innocence, stream of consciousness）
1897-1962Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（historical novel ）As I lay dying当我弥留之际
约翰·斯坦贝克1962诺贝尔奖，美国经济大萧条时期作家
John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄
1902-1966Of Mice and Men鼠和人
The Pearl珍珠
Tortilla Flat煎饼房
舍伍德·安德森Winesburg,Ohio俄亥俄州的温斯堡
Sherwood Anderson The Triumph of the Egg鸡蛋的胜利
1876-1941Death in the Woods林中之死
3.二战前戏剧
尤金·奥尼尔1936诺贝尔奖，标志美国民族戏剧的成熟，悲剧
Eugene Oneil Beyond the Horizon天边外
1888-1953The Long Days Journey Into Night长夜漫漫路迢
迢
4.当代作家
威廉·卡罗斯·威廉斯William Carlos Williams诗人
1883-1963Red
Wheelbarrow 红色手推车
杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格Jerome David Salinger 1919-The Catcher in the Rye 麦田守望者 ( 长篇小说 )
杰克·克鲁亚克Jack Kerouac小说家 1922-1969On the Road在路上
阿瑟·米勒 Arthur Miller剧作家 1915-The Death of a
Salesman 推销员之死
拉尔夫·埃里森Ralph Ellison小说家1914-1994Invisible Man看不
见的人（长篇小说）
I. Explain the following literary terms(名词解释). 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, gen iality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience or（American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.） 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. 5、American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. 6、Transcendentalism: In New England, an intellectual movement known as transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set of authors based in Concord, Massachusetts and was led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. The transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. They found their chief source of inspiration in nature. Emerson’s essay Nature was the major document of the transcendental school and stated the ideas that were to remain central to it. 7、Free verse: free verse is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventio nal rules of meter. Free verse was first written and labeled by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to deliver poetry from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate the free rhythms of natural speech. Walt Whitman was the precursor who wrote lines of varying length and cadence, usually not rhymed. The emotional content or meaning of the work was expressed through its rhythm. Free verse has been characteristic of the work of many modern American poets, including Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg. 8、Naturalism: A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
The literature of colonial America John Smith 1）The1st American writer 2）作品“reports of exploration”have been de scribed as the1st distinctly American literatur e written in English,attracted Pilgrims(朝圣者) &the Puritans. 3）1608，写了封信“A true Relation of Such O ccurance&Accidents of Note as Hath Happen ed in Virginia Since the1st planting of That c olony” 4）1612，第二本书“A map of Virginia:with a Description of the Country” 5）他一共出版了八本书，公司破产以后做了向导，he sought a post as guide to the pilgrims. 1624，“General History of Virginia”讲述How the Indian princess Pocahonats Saved him. 6）他早期记录和反映的思想慢慢演变成了美国历史的基本思想，这种思想推动了美国边疆的西移。7）早期英格兰文学主要关于theological(神学), moral(道德),historical and political.
The Puritans in New England embraced hards hips,together with the discipline of a harsh church.They had toughness,purpose and cha racter,they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：hard w ork,thrift,piety and sobriety.（也是美国作品的主导思想） William Bradford&John Withrop 1）William Bradford：“The History of Plymouth Plantation”（从1630年写起，关于一群清教徒从英国出发到Amsterdam最后到新大陆的过程）Cotton Mather评价：“a common blessing and father to them all.” 2）John Withrop：“The History of New England”（1630，登上Arbella号去Massachusetts并keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年出版）3）Puritans -Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices.The Puritan was Would-be purifier. -Looked upon themselves as a choosen peol
1、the Lost Generation In general, the post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of U.S. writers who came of age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises (1926). The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S. that, b asking under President Harding's “back to normalcy” policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, e.e. cummings and many other writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the '20s. They were never a literary school. In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works lost the distinctive stamp of the postwar period. The last representative works of the era were Fitzgerald's Tender Lost generation The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos. Lost generation The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises. It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish. 2、Iceberg Theory It is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway. The meaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface. Iceberg Theory Ernest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory” sugge sts that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
1.American Puritanism清教 2.It comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised. Characteristics: 特点 1. Idealistic: Puritans pursue the purity and simplicity in worship. They focuse the glory of God, and the angry believe in the doctrine of destiny, original sin, limited atonement 2. Practical: Puritans come to Amrican to do business and make profits with the desire of chasing wealth and status. They have to struggle for survival under the severity of the western frontier. 3 .The struggle between the spiritual and the material is the basics of the Puritan mind. On the one hand, Puritans chase the purity of the early the other hand, they come to America to earn money. This contradictory will be reflected by their thoughts. 4. In a word, it rests on purity, ambition, harding work, and an intense struggling for success. Romanticism浪漫主义: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18th century in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography. Transcendentalism先验说,超越论: is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau. American Realism现实主义: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience Local colorism乡土文学: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals（剧变）that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform. Stream of consciousness意识流：It is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke
英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》
《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人 9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣 10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；
《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、斯：格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》
英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature