by的用法
一、介词 by 作“在…旁边”、“在（某人）身边”或“从…旁边”解释的动词短语举例
1.Have a pager by…（我）身边有一个寻呼机（后加 me）
2.fly by the town 从城镇旁飞过
3.get by… （我不能）挤过（如此多的人群即 so many people），
（这艘船能够）通过（敌人的炮火即 the enemy guns），
（你的建议）通过了（第一关即 the 即 the first stage）[过去一般时]
4.hurry by…（她）匆匆地从（大楼）旁走过[过去一般时]
5.go west by north（汽车）朝西偏北驶去
6.Pass by the computer center 路过计算中心
7.sit by the fire 坐在火炉旁
8.stand by…（这座房子）位于（河）边，（他）站在（我）身旁，（我）恪守（原
则即 the principles）[由“坚守在…旁”引申过来]
9.walk by the window （我）从窗前走过去
二、介词 by 作“通过、经由、取道”讲。若后接不带冠词的 air, water, land, plane, ship, train, bus, bike 或地名等，则表示旅行方式
1.They crossed the river by a long bridge. 他们经由一座长桥过了河。
2.He went out by another door. 他经由另一道门出去。
3.I shall return by Tokyo. 我将取道东京回国。
4.She drove up to the police station by way of the 18th Street.
她驾车取道第十八街开往警察分局了。
5.She went to Shanghai by air (或 by plane) today. 她今天乘飞机去上海了。
6.They came by car (或 bus, tube, train, ship 等).
他们坐汽车（或乘公共汽车、地铁、火车、轮船等）来的。
7.Some of us sent the goods by sea (或 land). 我们中间有些人由海路（或陆
路）运送了货物。
注：对于特定时刻的火车或公共汽车，尽管前面出现 the 但仍可用介词 by，但也可用 on。
其它交通工具前面出现定冠词和修饰语时，则结合具体情况可使用介词 in 或 on。
三、介词 by 表示时间或某时间下限。by… 表示时间下限时，句中谓语多半要用完成时，但当谓语是系词 be 时，则不必用完成时
1.They work by day. 他们白天工作。
2.By the end of next year, we will have been studying English for 3 years.
到明年底为止我们英语已学了三年。
3.By the time the fire-engine arrived, the fire had been put out by the
inhabitants. 当救火车到达时，火已被居民扑灭了。（由 by the time 引出时间状语从句。主句谓语是行为动词的被动态，“灭火”是在救火车到达前完成的，故要用过去完成时。）
4.We shall have left by the time you return here. 你们回到这里时，我们将
早巳走了。（由 by the time 引出时间从句。）
注：注意 by 和 until (或 till) 在表示时限方面的用法各异：
1) You must be back by four o’clock. 你务必四点之前回来。
2) I must be here until four o’clock. 我必须在这里待(直)到四点。
3) She saw you here the year before last. 她前年在这里见到了你。
四、在被动态句或短语中用 by 引出行为主体
1.These machines are driven by electricity. 这些机器是由电力驱动的。（句
中 are driven by electricity 可用 are power-driven 代替。）
2.The new elevated roads were designed by the senior engineers in 1999.
这些新的高架桥路是由这些高级工程师在 1999 年设计的。
3.The experiments (done) by Prof 61 Smith and the book (written) by Prof Brown
were both interesting and instructive. 史密斯教授所做的实验和勃朗教授写的书都是既有趣又有教益的。（句中 done 和 written 还可省略。）
五、by 表示手段或方法，一般含有“通过…的方式”之意
1.You do not change the Shape of a solid by putting it in a container.
你并不能通过把固体放入容器内改变固体形状。
注：注意上句用“by + -ing 或其短语”表示方式状语。又如：amuse oneself by reading novels. 以看小说来消遣, begin by doing something 通过做某事来开始等。
1.To weld metals is possible by means of heat produced by a current.
用电流产生的热来焊接金属是可行的。（原义为“通过……手段”。）
2.The liquid falls from the container drop by drop.
该液体一滴一滴地从容器内掉下来。（由“一滴挨着一滴”引申过来。）
3.Things go on step by step. 事物一步一步地在发展。（也可用 little by little
代替，表示“一点一点地”。）
4.They entered the classroom two by two (或 by twos and threes).
他们两个两个地进入教室（或…两个三个地进入教室）。
5.We know about magnetism by how magnetsact. 通过磁铁如何作用，我们
就可知道有关磁性的问题。（by 接一个由疑问词引出的介词宾语从句。）
六、介词by… 表示“按照（规定、外形、重量、体积、小时、立升、公斤等）”含义
1.do everything by rule. 按规定办事
2.tell one state of matter from another by their form.
根据物态形状把这一物态和另一物态区别开
3.sell flour by weight（或 the kilogram）按重量（或公斤）出售面粉
4.a. hire a car by the day 租借汽车按天数计（必须用 the）
b. prefer travelling by day. 宁愿白天旅行
5.Sugar is sold by the kilogram and petroleum by the liter.
白糖按公斤出售，而汽油按公升出售。（与上句同理，必须用 the）
6.By my watch it is eight o’clock now. 按我的表，现在是八点钟。
7.I knew by his appearance that he was not English.
当时我按他外貌便认出他不是英国人。
8.I’m not an actress by profession. 按职业我不是女演员。
9.He was a peasant by birth. 按出生他是农民。
1.A is by 4 feet longer than B. A 比 B 长四英尺。
2.An increase in the oxygen content of a coal by 1 percent reduces the
calorific value by about 1.7 percent.
煤的含氧量增加 1％，其热值就下降约 1.7％。
注 1：注意 by 后接百分数时，用或不用 by，均为净增加的百分数。例如：The quantity of petroleum needed for the process will be increased (by) 5％. 这个过程所需的石油数量将增加 5％。
注2：注意 by 后接“a factor of + 数字”时，倍数减去 1。例如：This flow rate exceeds the mean flow rate by a factor two. 该流速超过平均流速一倍。
1.A divided by B gives C. A ÷ B = C。
2.A multiplied by B equals C. A × B = C。
3.This value is the product of F by S. 这个数值是 F 和 S 的乘积。
4.The mobile phones produced this week must be checked by 100 percent.
本周生产的移动电话必须百分之百地（或全部地）进行检验。
5.He has a desk 150 cm by 50 cm. 他有一张长 150 厘米宽 50 厘米的书桌。
6.The bullet missed his head by a hair's breadth.
子弹在他头上掠过过，只差一丝一毫之距。
八、当和动词 seize, take, hold, catch 等连用时，by… 表明接触身体的那一部分
1).lead on by the nose 牵着鼻子领着走；
2).hold the door by the handle 握着门上的手把；
3).take him by the hand 攥着他的手；
4).pull the boy by the sleeve 拉着男孩的袖子；
5).seize the child by the collar 抓着小孩的领子；
6).grab him by the arm 急速抓住他的胳膊；
7).shake somebody by the hand 握某人的手等
九、以介词短语形式构成的其它常用短语
by accident = by chance 偶然地；by all means 想方设法，一定要，当然可以；
by choice 出于自愿；
by day (或 night) 在白天（或在夜间）； by daylight 在大白天；by dint of… 通过（努力工作即 hard work 等）；
by far + 形容词最高级最最…的；by far + 比较级重得多（后加 heavier）；
by hook or (by) crook 以任何手段，想一切办法；by leaps and bounds 快速地；
by means of …借助于或靠…；by mistake (或 error) 出于误会，弄错；
by no means 决不；by oneself 独自地；by the way 顺便说一件事；
by turns 轮流地；go hot and cold by turns (她)一阵发热一阵发冷[表示发烧、害臊或丢脸]；by (或 in) virtue of his position 由于他的职位（较为文气的说法）等
十、“动词 + 介词+ …”的固定短语含义有时也不是一成不变的。这不仅取决于上下文，而且还得靠对 by 的基本含义的理解
例如：go by + … 可以理解为“从…旁边通过”，但当见到go by the doctor’s advice 时，就应把这个 by 作“按照”去理解，译为“按照医生建议进行”。
同理，abide by sb. 就应从原文本意“坚守在某人身旁”去理解为“支援或帮助某人”。
又如stick by … 作“忠于（某人）”、“坚持（意见等）”讲，就应从动词 stick （粘贴、不离开）和介词 by（“在旁边紧挨着”）去理解。其效果比死记硬背要好得多。
十一、副词 by 作“在近旁”、“从近旁”、“经过或过去”乃由介词短语by… 发
展过来，有时结合上下文还有引申的用法
1.Walk by the window（从窗户旁走过去）→ walk by（从旁边走过去）
2.stand by me（站在我旁边或支持我）→ stand by（站在一旁或袖手旁观）
3.get by many people（从许多人近旁通过）→ get by（挤着通过）→（他的工作）
还过得去→（她）勉强过活
4.A lot of time has gone（或 passed）by since then. 从那时起已过了许多时间。
十二、副词 by 由“在近旁”引申到（放或搁等）“在一旁”，这时常可用 aside 代
替
1.a. lay (或 put, set) the work (或 the novel) by 放下工作（或这本小说）
b. lay (或put, set)… by 放弃（不同意见即 the differences），戒除（坏习
惯即 the bad habits），积蓄钱（由“将钱搁往一旁”引申过来），为顾客存留（一块新表）[后加 for a customer]
2.lie by （他）躺在一旁休息，（船）由于暴风雨顶风而停驶[后加 because of the
storm]
3.I always keep some pain-killers by. 我常备一些止痛药在身边。
十三、副词 by 作“顺便”讲，也是“从旁边”引申过来。
1.Call by 顺便访问
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f412807602.html,e by 顺便来访[由“从旁边过来”引申过来]
3.Drop by everytime you go downtown shopping.
每次你去商业区购买东西，就顺便看看我。
4.Would you please stop by for one brief minute? 请顺便停下歇一下。
by的用法小结： 1、介词prep. 在…旁；靠近 · Our teacher was sitting by the window. 我们的老师正坐在窗户旁边。 · Stand by me! 站到我的身旁来！ · We spent our holiday by the sea. 我们在海边度假。 2、介词prep. 经过 · He walked by me without speaking. 他走过我的身旁，没有说话。 · My brother goes by the building every day. 我弟弟每天从这楼旁走过。 3、介词prep. 用；靠；通过 using (showing who or what did something) · I know it by heart. 我把它记在心头。 · They can read by touch. 他们可以通过手摸来阅读。 · By getting up early, I can have an hour for reading English in the morning. 靠起得早，我每天早晨有一小时时间阅读英语。 4、介词prep. 不迟于 not later than · I shall be back by 5 o'clock. 最迟五点我一定回来。 · How many English parties had you had by the end of last term? 到上学期末，你们举行了几次英语晚会？ 5、介词prep. 通过；沿着 through; along; over
· We came through the fields, not by the road. 我们是穿过田野而不是沿那条路来的。· to send a letter by post 通过邮局寄信 6、介词prep. （表示作者）被；由 word that shows the author, painter, etc. · Thirty divided by two is fifteen. 三十除以二得十五。 · The child was saved by a PLA man. 这孩子是由一位解放军战士救活的。 · This bridge was built by the soldiers. 这座桥是士兵们造的。 7、介词prep. （指交通等）乘；用 word that shows what kind of transport, etc. · The man came by bus. 那人是坐公共汽车来的。 · They went to Shanghai by air. 他们坐飞机去上海。 8、介词prep. 在…情况下；在…时间during · Do you prefer travelling by day or by night? 你喜欢在白天还是在夜晚旅行？ 9、介词prep. （表示部分）在…部位word that shows which part · She led the child by the hand. 她拉着孩子的手往前走。 10、副词adv. 在旁边
spend的主语必须是人，常用于以下结构： (1)sb. spend time ／money on sth. 在……上花费时间(金钱)。 (2) sb.spend time ／ money (in) doing sth.花费时间(金钱)做某事。 例：I spent fifty yuan on the coat. = I spent fifty yuan (in) buying the coat. 我花50元买了这件大衣。 He spent three days on the work. = He spend three days (in) doing the work. 我干这项工作用了3天。 (3). spend money for sth. 花钱买 例如： His money was spent for books. 他的钱用来买书了。 cost的主语是物或某种活动，还可以表示"值"，常见用法如下： (1)sth. costs (sb.) ＋金钱,某物花了(某人)多少钱。 例：A new computer costs a lot of money. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。 (2) (doing) sth. costs (sb.) ＋时间,某物(做某事)花了(某人)多少时间。 例：Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time. 他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。 注意：cost的过去式及过去分词都是cost,并且不能用于被动句。 take后面常跟双宾语，常见用法有以下几种： (1) It takes sb. ＋时间＋to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。 例：It took them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。 (2)doing sth. takes sb. ＋时间,做某事花了某人多少时间。 例：Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。 pay的基本用法是： (1) pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱(给某人)买……。 例：I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英磅的房租。 (2)pay for sth. 付……的钱。 例：I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不赔丢失的书款。 (3)pay for sb.替某人付钱。 例：Don‘t worry!I'll pay for you. 别担心，我会给你付钱的。 (4)pay sb.付钱给某人。 例: They pay us every month.他们每月给我们报酬。 (5)pay money back 还钱。(6)pay off one's money还清钱。 例：May I borrow 12 yuan from you? I'll pay it back next week. 你能借给我12块钱吗？下周还你。
in，on，at的时间用法和地点用法 一、in, on, at的时间用法 ①固定短语： in the morning/afternoon/evening在早晨/下午/傍晚, at noon/night在中午/夜晚, （不强调范围，强调的话用during the night） early in the morning=in the early morning在大清早， late at night在深夜 on the weekend在周末（英式用at the weekend在周末，at weekends每逢周末） on weekdays/weekends在工作日/周末， on school days/nights在上学日/上学的当天晚上， ②不加介词 this, that, last, next, every, one, yesterday, today, tomorrow, tonight，all，most等之前一般不加介词。如， this morning 今天早晨 （on）that day在那天（that day更常用些） last week上周 next year明年 the next month第二个月（以过去为起点的第二个月，next month以现在为起点的下个月） every day每天 one morning一天早晨 yesterday afternoon昨天下午 tomorrow morning明天早晨 all day/morning/night整天/整个早晨/整晚（等于the whole day/morning/night） most of the time （在）大多数时间 ③一般规则 除了前两点特殊用法之外，其他≤一天，用on，＞一天用in，在具体时刻或在某时用at（不强调时间范围） 关于on 生日、on my ninth birthday在我九岁生日那天 节日、on Teachers’Day在教师节 （注意：节日里有表人的词汇先复数再加s’所有格，如on Children’s Day, on Women’s Day, on Teachers Day有四个节日强调单数之意思，on Mother’s Day, on Father’s Day, on April Fool’s Day, on Valenti Day） 星期、on Sunday在周日，on Sunday morning在周日早晨 on the last Friday of each month 在每个月的最后一个星期五 日期、on June 2nd在六月二日 on the second (of June 2nd) 在六月的第二天即在六月二日 on the morning of June 2nd在六月二日的早晨，on a rainy morning在一个多雨的早晨 on a certain day 在某天 on the second day在第二天（以过去某天为参照） 注意：on Sunday在周日，on Sundays每逢周日（用复数表每逢之意），every Sunday每个周日，基本一个意思。 on a school day 在某个上学日，on school days每逢上学日。on the weekend在周末，on weekends每逢 周末。 关于in in June在六月 in June, 2010在2010年六月
by 的用法小： 1、介prep. 在?旁；靠近 ·Our teacher was sitting by the window. 我的老正坐在窗旁。 ·Stand by me! 站到我的身旁来！ ·We spent our holiday by the sea. 我在海度假。 2、介prep. ·He walked by me without speaking. 他走我的身旁，没有。 ·My brother goes by the building every day. 我弟弟每天从楼旁走。 3、介prep. 用；靠；通 using (showing who or what did something) ·I know it by heart. 我把它在心。 ·They can read by touch. 他可以通手摸来。 ·By getting up early, I can have an hour for reading English in the morning. 靠起得早，我每天早晨有一小英。 4、介prep. 不于 not later than ·I shall be back by 5 o'clock. 最五点我一定回来。 ·How many English parties had you had by the end of last term? 到上学期末，你行了几次英晚会？ 5、介prep. 通；沿着 through; along; over ·We came through the fields, not by the road. 我是穿田野而不是沿那条路来的。 ·to send a letter by post 通局寄信 6、介prep. （表示作者）被；由
英语中“花费”的四种用法王朝红的工作室英语花费四种用法 spend的主语通常是人，往往用于以下句型： 1. (sb) spend some money/some time on sth。 2. (sb)spend some money/some time(in)doing sth。 例如： I spent fifty yuan on the coat。 = I spent fifty yuan (in) buying the coat. 我花50元买了这件大衣。 He spent three days on the work. = He spend three days (in) doing the work. 我干这项工作用了3天。 3.spend money for sth. 花钱买……。 例如：His money was spent for books. 他的钱用来买书了。 take常用于“占用、花费”时间，后面常跟双宾语，其主语通常为形式主语“it”或物。句式是： 1. It takes/took sb.some time to do sth 例如：It will take me two days to do the work. 这项工作花了2天时间。 2. Doing sth./Sth.takes sb.some time. 例如： The work will take me two days。这项工作花了2天时间。
Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。 It took me three years to draw the beautiful horses。 =Drawing the beautiful horses took me three years。 画这些漂亮的马花费了我3年时间。 pay为“付款、赔偿”之意，主语通常是人，句型 1. sb. pays some money for sth 例如： I paid fifty yuan for the coat。我花50元买了这件大衣。 2. pay (sb。) money for sth. 付钱(给某人)买……。 例如：I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英磅的房租。 3. pay money back 还钱。 例如：May I borrow 12 yuan from you? I'll pay it back next week. 你能借给我12块钱吗?下周还你。 4. pay off one's money 还清钱。 cost的主语是物或某种活动，还可以表示“值”。句型 1. sth. costs (sb。) +money, 某物花了(某人)多少钱。
In\ on\ at (time) at 用在具体某一时刻eg at 11:00 at 4:30 在节假日的全部日子里at Christmas 习惯用法at noon at weekends\ at the weekend at night at breakfast\lunch\supper on 具体到某一天；某一天的早晨，中午或晚上on May the first on Sunday morning 对具体某一天的早晨，中午，晚上进行详细的描述on a sunny morning on a windy night 节日的当天；星期on Women?s Day on Monday In 用在年；月；季节in spring in 2012 in August 后面+一段时间表示将来时in two days 习惯用法in the morning\in the afternoon\in the evening “\”以this, that, last, next, some, every, one, any,all开始的时间副词之前的at\on\in 省略在today, tomorrow, yesterday, the day after tomorrow, tomorrow morning，yesterday afternoon，the day before yesterday 之前的介词必须省略 Practice ___ summer ____ 2012 ____ supper ___ 4:00 ___ June the first ___yesterday morning ____ New Year?s Day ___ Women?s Day ___ the morning ____ the morning of July the first ____ 2014 ___ tomorrow morning ____ midnight 1.—What are you doing ____ Sunday? And what is your wife doing ___ the weekend? 2. He?ll see you ____ Monday. And he…ll see your brother ____next Monday. 3. They often go out ___ the evenings. But they don?t go out ____ Sunday evenings. 4. Do you work ____ Fridays? Does she work _____ every Friday? 5. They usually have a long holiday ___ summer. But their son can only have a short holiday ___ Christmas. 6. Paul got married ___ 2010, He got married ___ 9 o?clock ___ 19 May 2010. His brother got married ___ May, 2011. His sister is getting married ___ this year. 1.—When will Mr Black come to Beijing? ---_______ September 5 A. on B. to C. at D. in 2. The twins were born ____ a Friday evening. A. on B. of C. at D. in 3. It?s the best time to plant ____ spring. A. on B. in C. at D.\ 4. ____ the age of twelve, Edison began selling newspaper on train. A. On B. At C. In D.By 5. She has been an English teacher ____ 2000. A. for B. since C. in D.on 6.I have studied English _____ 2003. A. since B. for C. from D.in
by用法的练习题 1. Come and sit _______ （我旁边）. 2. There is a big tree _______ （在河边）. 3. _______________ （到上星期日）I had finished the book . 4. Can you finish the work _____ （在五点之前）. 5. Her mother goes to work ____ bus every morning. A.by B.at C.take D.o n 6.She came home _________ （乘飞机）. 7.Did you make the desk ___________ （自己独自）？ 8.She made a meal for her parents __________ （独自）for the first time. 9. _______________ （顺便问一下）how many people are there in your family? 10. You should know her ______________ （逐渐地）. 11.Ice has been turned into water ___________ （受热）. 12. ________________ （不久以后）more and more people bega n to study En glish . 13. he Great Wall was built ____________ （用手）. 14. He makes a livi ng _________________ （通过教书）. 15. -How do you lear n En glish? -I learn English ________________________ （通过向老师请教的方式）. used to相关用法的练习题 一、翻译 1. 我妈妈习惯早起。 2. 王先生曾经是一位工人。 3. 他过去常常骑自行车上学。 二、用所给单词的适当形式填空： 1. We used to _ （go ）swimming last year. 2.1 am used to ___ （run）every morning. 3. Bamboos are used to _（build） houses there. 4. They have bee n used to ___ （live ） in the coun tryside. 三、根据汉语意思完成句子： 1.1 ___________________ the food here.（我习惯于吃这儿的食物。）
“四个花费”讲解及对应中考练习 spend，cost，take, pay spend，cost，take和pay的区别是历年考试的必考内容之一，虽然它们都可以表示"花费"，但用法却不尽相同，讲解如下： spend的主语必须是人，常用于以下结构： (1) spend time ／money on sth. 在……上花费时间(金钱)。 例：I spent two hours on this maths problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。 (2) spend time ／money (in) doing sth. 花费时间(金钱)做某事。 例：They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。 (3)spend money for sth. 花钱买……。 例：His money was spent for books. 他的钱用来买书了。 cost的主语是物或某种活动，还可以表示"值"，常见用法如下： (1)sth. costs (sb.) ＋金钱,某物花了(某人)多少钱。 例：A new computer costs a lot of money. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。 (2) (doing) sth. costs (sb.) ＋时间,某物(做某事)花了(某人)多少时间。 例：Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time. 他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。 注意：cost的过去式及过去分词都是cost,并且不能用于被动句。 take后面常跟双宾语，常见用法有以下几种： (1) It takes sb. ＋时间＋to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。 例：It took them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。 (2)doing sth. takes sb. ＋时间,做某事花了某人多少时间。 例：Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。 pay的基本用法是： (1) pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱(给某人)买……。 例：I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英磅的房租。 (2)pay for sth. 付……的钱。 例：I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不赔丢失的书款。 (3)pay for sb. 替某人付钱。 例：Don‘t worry!I'll pay for you. 别担心，我会给你付钱的。 (4)pay sb. 付钱给某人。 例: They pay us every month.他们每月给我们报酬。 (5)pay money back 还钱。 例：May I borrow 12 yuan from you? I'll pay it back next week. 你能借给我12块钱吗？下周还你。 (6)pay off one's money还清钱。 【真题对应练习】 1.（广州某校2015期中）--- How much does your new bike ___________ ?
介词in on at 表示时间的用法及区别 Step1 Teaching Aims 教学生掌握时间介词in,on和at的区别及用法。 Step2 Teaching Key and Difficult Points 教学生掌握时间介词in,on和at的区别及用法。 Step3 Teaching Procedures 1.用in的场合后所接的都是较长时间 (1)表示“在某世纪/某年代/特定世纪某年代/年/季节/月”这个含义时，须用介词in Eg: This machine was invented in the eighteenth century. 这台机器是在18世纪发明的。 、 She came to this city in 1980. 他于1980年来到这个城市。 It often rains here in summer. 夏天这里常常下雨。 (2)表示“从现在起一段时间以后”时，须用介词in。(in+段时间表将来) Eg: They will go to see you in a week. 他们将在一周后去看望你。
I will be back in a month. 我将在一个月后回来。 (3)泛指一般意义的上、下午、晚上用in, in the morning / evening / afternoon Eg: They sometimes play games in the afternoon. 他们有时在下午做游戏。 Don't watch TV too much in the evening. 晚上看电视不要太多。（4）A. 当morning, evening, afternoon被of短语修饰，习惯上应用on, 而不用in. Eg: on the afternoon of August 1st & B. 但若前面的修饰词是early, late时，虽有of短语修饰，习惯上应用in, 而不用on. Eg: in the early morning of September 10th 在9月10的清晨； Early in the morning of National Day, I got up to catch the first bus to the zoo. 国庆节一清早，我便起床去赶到动物园的第一班公共汽车。 2.用on的场合后所接的时间多与日期有关 （1）表示“在具体的某一天”或（在具体的某一天的）早上、中午、晚上”，或“在某一天或某一天的上午，下午，晚上”等，须用介
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. . 教学过程 一、课堂导入 本堂知识是初中最常见的介词by的一个整理与总结，让学生对这个词的用法有一个系统的认识。页脚.
. . 二、复习预习 复习上一单元的知识点之后，以达到复习的效果。然后给学生一些相关的单选或其他类型题目，再老师没有讲解的情况下，让学生独立思考，给出答案与解释，促进学生发现问题，同时老师也能发现学生的盲点，并能有针对性地进行后面的讲课。 页脚.
. . 三、知识讲解 知识点1： by + v.-ing结构是一个重点，该结构意思是“通过……，以……的方式”，后面常接v.-ing形式，表示“通过某种方式得到某种结果”，即表示行为的方式或手段。 I practice speaking English by joining an English-language club. 我通过加入一个英语语言俱乐部来练习讲英语。 Mr Li makes a living by driving taxis.先生靠开出租车为生。 页脚.
. . 页脚. 介词by + v.-ing 结构常用来回答How do you...?或How can I...?之类的问题。 —How do you learn English? 你怎样学习英语呢？ —I learn English by reading aloud. 我通过大声朗读来学英语。 —How can I turn on the computer? 我怎样才能打开电脑呢？ —By pressing this button. 按这个按钮。 知识点2：by 是个常用介词，其他用法还有： 1【考查点】表示位置，意思是“在……旁边”，“靠近……”，有时可与beside互换。 The girls are playing by (beside) the lake. 女孩们正在湖边玩。 此时要注意它与介词near有所不同，即by 表示的距离更“近”。比较： He lives by the sea. 他住在海滨。 He lives near the sea. 他住在离海不远处。
by用法的练习题 by用法的练习题 https://www.doczj.com/doc/f412807602.html,e and sit ____ （我旁边）. 2.There is a big tree (在河边）. 3. （到上星期日）I had finished the book． 4.Can you finish the work (在五点之前）. 5.Her mother goes to work bus every morning. A.by B.at C.take D.on 6.She came home _____ （乘飞机）． 7.Did you make the desk （自己独自）? 8.She made a meal for her parents (独自）for the first time. 9. （顺便问一下）how many people are there in your family? 10.You should know her （逐渐地). 11.Ice has been turned into water （受热）． 12. (不久以后）more and more people began to study English . 13.he Great Wall was built （用手）． 14. He makes a living (通过教书）. 15.-How do you learn English? -I learn English (通过向老师请教的方式). used to 相关用法的练习题 一、翻译 1.我妈妈习惯早起。 2.王先生曾经是一位工人。 3.他过去常常骑自行车上学。 二、用所给单词的适当形式填空： 1.We used to ___ (go ）swimming last year. 2.I am used to ____（run）every morning. 3.Bamboos are used to ___(build) houses there. 4.They have been used to ______(live ) in the countryside. 三、根据汉语意思完成句子： 1.I _________________the food here.(我习惯于吃这儿的食物。) 2.Tom_____________here.(汤姆曾在这儿住过。） 3.I ___________in the river when I was a child.(我小时候常常去河里游泳。） 4.Wood _____________paper. (木头可以用来造纸。) 1.Chinese people keep pig for food , but now some people keep them as pets. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f412807602.html,ed to B.has to C had better 2. 1 / 1
四种花费和四种提供的 用法 公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
英语中“花费”的四种用法王朝红的工作室英语花费四种用法 spend的主语通常是人，往往用于以下句型： 1. (sb) spend some money/some time on sth。 2. (sb)spend some money/some time(in)doing sth。 例如： I spent fifty yuan on the coat。 = I spent fifty yuan (in) buying the coat. 我花50元买了这件大衣。 He spent three days on the work. = He spend three days (in) doing the work. 我干这项工作用了3天。 3.spend money for sth. 花钱买……。 例如：His money was spent for books. 他的钱用来买书了。 take常用于“占用、花费”时间，后面常跟双宾语，其主语通常为形式主语“it”或物。句式是： 1. It takes/took sb.some time to do sth
例如：It will take me two days to do the work. 这项工作花 了2天时间。 2. Doing sth./Sth.takes sb.some time. 例如： The work will take me two days。这项工作花了2天时间。 Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。 It took me three years to draw the beautiful horses。 =Drawing the beautiful horses took me three years。 画这些漂亮的马花费了我3年时间。 pay为“付款、赔偿”之意，主语通常是人，句型 1. sb. pays some money for sth 例如： I paid fifty yuan for the coat。我花50元买了这件大衣。 2. pay (sb。) money for sth. 付钱(给某人)买……。 例如：I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month.我每个月要付20英磅的房租。
介词in, on, at在表示时间时的用法区别 ①in时间范围大（一天以上）如：in Tanuary, in winter, in 1999;泛指在上午，下午，晚上，如：in the morning(afternoon, evening). 习惯用法：in the daytime 在白天。 ②on指在某一天或某一天的上午，下午，晚上，如：on Monday, on Sunday afternoon, on July 1, 1999 ③at时间最短，一般表示点时间，如at six o’clock, at three thirty.习惯用法：at night, at noon, at this time of year. in, on和at在表达时间方面的区别 in 表示在某年、某季节、某月、某周、某天和某段时间 in a year在一年中 in spring 在春季 in September 在九月 in a week 在一周中 in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/傍晚 但在中午，在夜晚则用at noon/night on 表示某一天或某一天的某段时间 on Monday 在周一 on Monday afternoon 在周一下午 on March 7th 在3月7日 on March 7th, 1998. 在1998年3月7日 on the morning of March 7th, 1998. 在1998年3月7日上午
at 表示某个具体时刻。 at eight o’clock 在8点钟 at this time of the year 在一年中的这个时候 at the moment 在那一时刻 at that time 在那时 注意：在英语中，如果时间名词前用this, last, next 等修饰时，像这样的表示，“在某时”的时间短语前，并不需要任何介词。 例如：last month, last week, this year, this week, next year, the next day, the next year 等。 1．What’s the weather like in spring/summer/autumn/winter in your country? 你们国家春天/夏天/秋天/冬天的天气怎么样？ in 在年、月、周较长时间内 in a week 在里面 in the room 用某种语言 in English 穿着 in red on 某日、某日的上下午on Sunday afternoon 在……上面 on the desk 靠吃……为生live on rice 关于 a book on Physics 〔误〕We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak. 〔正〕We got to the top of the mountain at day break. 〔析〕at用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。〔误〕Don't sleep at daytime 〔正〕Don't sleep in daytime. 〔析〕in 要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或in the week / month / year. 或in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。 〔误〕We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon. 〔正〕We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon. 〔析〕in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介
Take\spend\pay\cost表示花费的时候用法1、It takes sb some time to do sth. 该句型只表示花费时间，it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式。sb是宾格形式，some time 是一段时间。 Eg： a.It took the boys two weeks to plant the trees last spring. b.It takes me ten minutes to walk to school every day. c.It will take us about 30 minutes to finish listening the story. 2. Sb spends some time/money (in) doing sth. Sb spends some time/money on sth. 该句型可表示花费时间，也可以表示花费金钱。主语必定是人，做某事可以用动词表示，也可用名词表示。 d.We spent the whole day going hiking in Mount Tai last summer. e.Did you spend ten yuan on the pen? f.All the boys spent about five minutes
remembering the ten English words. 除此之外，还有pay和cost也可以表示花费金钱。 Pay 常用for连用，构成pay for 意思是赔尝、付款。主语必须是人。 I paid for the book yesterday. 昨天我买了这本书。 I paid ten yuan for the book yesterday. 昨天我花了十元钱买了这本书。 You should pay for the book if you lose it. 如果你丢了这本书，你就应该赔偿。 Cost 表示值多少钱，也表示花费。 The magazine costs twenty yuan. The bicycle cost me eight hundred and fifty yuan.
by的用法小结 1.用于被动语态的句子中,表示动作的执行者,意为“被;由”。 He was praised by the teacher.他受到了老师的表扬。 The book was written by Lu Xun.这本书是鲁迅写的。 2.表示方式、方法、手段等,后常接无冠词的名词或动名词,意为“通过;靠;用”。 Don't judge a person by appearances. 勿以貌取人。 He made a living by teaching.他以教书为生。 3.表示时间,意为“到……时(为止”或“不迟于……”。 He ought to be here by now.他现在应该在这儿了。 By the time he was ten, he had learnt about 1,000 English words.到十岁时,他已学了约一千个英语单词。 4.表示(增减)程度,尺寸数量等,意为“至……的程度”。 the bullet missed me by two inches.那子弹以两英寸之差未击中我。 the rope needs to be longer by two feet.这绳子需要再长两英尺。 5.表示交通路线或工具,后接名词不用冠词,意为“乘;坐”。 go by bus / plane / train 乘汽车(飞机、火车)去 travel by land / sea / air 陆上(海上、空中)旅行 6.表示位置,意为“在近旁;在……旁边”。 There is a pumping station by the river.河边有个抽水站。