汉译英作业答案
参考答案
第一讲
1. 注意安全，小心路滑。C aution，
slipper floor.
2. 禁止吸烟，违反者将被罚款100元。Smoking is prohibited,
penalties for violators is 100 yuan.
3. 雨天，雪天，减速行驶。
Slow in case of rain or snow.
4. 老年人优先上车。 Senior Citizens First.
5. 桥上严禁超车。No Overtaking On Bridge.
第二讲Task: Please translate the following passage into English.（Open)
A 广西中医学院护理学院成立于1999年, 其前身--广西中医学院附设护士学校创建于1979年。回首20多年的风雨历程,至今已发展成为广西仅有的两所高等护理院校之一。近几年,学院紧紧围绕教学与产业并举,中职教育与高职教育并重,传统培养与特色培训相结合的办学思路,开创了教学产业化道路的新局面, 使学院步入了持续快速健康发展的轨道, 如今学院无论是"硬件"还是"软件", 均已颇具规模,现有在校生2663人, 教职工71人, 专兼职教师46人, 其中高中级职称教师40人,占全体教师比例的86.5%。开设有西医护理、中医护理、中医医疗、中西结合、针灸推拿5个专业。今年经自治区教育厅批准又
蕊要去美国做手术？又为什么，包括王治郅、巴特尔在内的诸多篮球运动员也都要飞往美国治疗呢？要让人家相信你，就得拿出成功的例子，这样才不会出现对中医的“妖魔化”。
第三讲
A 护理科研论文写作中常见句型
1. 本文介绍/叙述/报告/讨论了……
T his paper (report, article) presents/describes/reports/discusses
2. 在这篇文章中，我们介绍/叙述/报告/讨论了…
In this paper (report, article), we present/describe/report/discuss
3. 我们描述了一例……
We describe a case of
4. 本文报告一例……
A case is reported in which......
5. 本文报告了……的研究。
A study of ... is reported
6. 本研究旨在……
This study was designed/undertaken to... 7. 为……而作研究
An attempt has been made to...
8. 本研究的目的是…..
A study to ... was carried out...
9. 本前瞻性研究的目的是…...
This prospective study was to be performed to...
10. 为了……，我们进行了……的研究
We conducted a study to...
11. 为了……，我们进行了……的初步研究
In an attempt to..., we carried out a pilot study
12. 采用……，我们研究/发现了……
Using..., we studied .../it was found that... 13. 我们用……测定/分析/治疗了……
...was (were) measured/ analyzed/treated using/ by/which
14. …被随机分成……组。
... randomly divided into... groups
15. 根据……，将……分成……组。
...were separated into ...groups, based on...
16. 分组如下……
The groups were as follows...
17. 结果表明……
The results showed that...
18. （我们）发现/观察到……
It was found/ observed that...
19. ……与……呈正相关。
There was a significant linear correlation between ... and...
20. 发现……与……呈负相关。
A negative correlation was found between ...and...
21. ……与……之间未见有统计学差异。
No statistical differences were observed between... and...
22. ……与……密切相关。
... was closely related to...
23. 结果/发现提示/表明……
These results/findings suggest/indicate that...
24. 我们建议/认为/设想……
We suggest/believe/postulate that...
25. 结论是/结果是/建议/估计……
It is concluded/suggested/recommended/estimated that...
26. 结果与……一致。
These results accord with...
The results are concordant with...
The results agree well with...
27. 关于……的机制仍不清楚。
The mechanisms by which... remain obscure.
28. 关于……同行中一直有很多争议。
There has been considerable professional debate about...
29. ……一直是大家感兴趣和争议的焦点. ... has been the focus of much interest and debate.
30. ……一直是最近10年来重点研究的课题。...has been the subject of intensive research in the last 10 years.
31. 我们的研究对……具有实际意义。
Our study should have practical implication for...
32. 对……的兴趣不断增加。
There is growing interest in ...
33. 关于……尚未确定。
There is uncertainty regarding...
34. ……仍不清楚/尚未探索/仍有争议.
... remain unclear (unexplored, controversial)
35. 在……方面最新进展甚微。
There has been little recent progress in... 36. 仅有几篇关于……的研究。
There are only few studies (observations /investigations) concerning
37. 研究对象的选择是根据……
Selection was based on...
38. 选入参加本研究的主要标准是……
The major criteria for inclusion in the study were...
39. 不得入选的标准包括……
Exclusion criteria include...
40. 从……随机挑选……参加研究。
...were selected at random from...
41. 根据……（病人）被分成……组。
...were divided into...groups based on...
42. ……随机分成……
...were randomized to (into)...
43. ……被随机分成接受……的或……的……组。
...were randomly allocated to groups receiving...or...
44. ……被分成4组，每组6人。
...were divided into 4 groups of 6 patients each...
45. ……提出了……问题
The findings (data/experiments/results/facts /investigation/study)
~raises question of...
46. ……支持了……假说
The findings (data/experiments/results/facts /investigation/study)
~supports the thesis that...
47. ……证明了……
The findings (data/experiments/results/facts
/investigation/study)
~ provides strong evidence that...
48. ……提供了……基础
The findings (data/experiments/results/facts
/investigation/study)
~ supplies a basis for...
49. ……提出了……的可能性
The findings (data/experiments/results/facts
/investigation/study)
~ offers the possibility of…
50. ……使……可能
The findings (data/experiments/results/facts
/investigation/study)
~ makes it likely to...
51. ……对……提出了挑战
The findings (data/experiments/results/facts
/investigation/study)
~ poses a challenge to
52. ……可能导致（引起/是……的原因）
... may lead to (result in/account for)... 53. ……被认为是由于……（归因于……/与……有关）
... is (thought to be) due to (attributed to/related to/ linked to) ...
54. 很明显（肯定）的是……
It's clear (certain) that...
55. 值得指出的是……
It's noteworthy (important to note) that... 56. 尽管……，应该是可能的...... Although..., it should be possible to...
57. 我们的结论是……
In conclusion...
In summary
Our conclusion is that...
We conclude that...
58. 本研究的优势是……
The advantage of ... is...
59. 该研究的一个重要的新发现是……
A major new finding of this study is that...
60. 根据我们的发现，我们同意……
We agree with... based on our findings.
B写一份Curriculum Vitae（CV）履历/简历CV是一个人所经历过的各种活动、荣誉以及其他信息的列表。应包括你的名字、联系信息、受教育的经历、技能以及工作经验。此外，还应包括你的你的科研或者教学经历、论文以及专著的列表、曾经获得过的各种奖励和荣誉、曾经得到的专业证书（例如资格证书）、获得的专业协会资格、你的兴趣所在、未来的发展计划以及其他详细信息等等。
履历格式Curriculum Vitae Format
联系信息Your Contact Information
姓名Name 地址Address 电话Telephone 手机Cell Phone 邮箱Email
个人资料Personal Information
出生日期Date of Birth 出生地点Place of Birth 国籍Citizenship 性别Gender
其他个人信息Optional Personal Information
婚姻状况Marital Status
就业经历Employment History
按发生时间顺序排列，包括职务及时间详情List in chronological order, include position details
and dates 工作经历Work History 学术地位Academic Positions 研究与培训Research and Training 学历Education
包括时间、专业、学位、培训内容及证书等Include dates, majors, and details of degrees, training
and certification
高中High School 大学University
研究生学校Graduate School
课程curriculum 主修major 副修minor
课程重点部分educational highlights
课程包括curriculum included 专门课程specialized courses 所学课程courses taken
所学课程courses completed 特别训练special training 实践social practice
业余工作part-time jobs 暑期工作summer jobs 假期工作vacation jobs
进修课程refresher course 学术活动academic activities 社会活动social activities 职业资格Professional Qualifications
各种证书和认证Certifications and
Accreditations
奖励Awards
发表论文Publications
出版书籍Books
会员资格Professional Memberships
兴趣Interests
第四讲
短句
护理介入标准仪式Standard Protocols for All Nursing Interventions
1.对照医嘱或护理计划确认护理介入内容。Verify nursing intervention using physician’s order or nursing care plan.
2. 确认病人（检查手牌、报名字）。Identify client (arm band and state name).
3. 向病人作自我介绍。Introduce yourself to client.
4. 解释程序及注意事项。Explain procedure and rationale.
5.评估病人当前健康状况及对特定护理介入的可能禁忌。
Assess client’s current health status and possible contraindications to specific intervention.
6. 准备适当用品。Gather appropriate equipment.
7. 洗手至少10至15秒钟。Wash your hands for at least 10 to 15 seconds.
8. 需要时带上手套。Apply clean gloves as indicated.
9. 调整床铺高度与围栏。Adjust bed height and side rails.
10. 保护病人隐私。Provide privacy for client.
11.护理科研论文应包括以下几个基本属性1）伦理性2）创新性3）实用性4）可读性。Nursing research papers should
contain/include ethicality, innovation, practicability and
Readability.(高级护理英语教程写作分册第7页）
12.护士在提供日常护理的同时，有机会对病人的身心状况进行评估。
While providing routine hygienic care, the nurse has the opportunity to perform assessments
of the client's physical and emotional state. (护理英语教程写作分册第17-18，108）
13.护士能否成功地帮助病人达到预期的健康水平，有赖于她有效与人沟通的能力。
The nurse's success in helping the client achieve his desired level of health may rest on her
ability to communicate effectively.(护理英语教程写作分册第17-18，108）
14.本研究的目的为探讨老年脑血管病变病人认知功能特点，并促进其健康。
The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristic of cognitive function in the aged with cerebrovascular diseases and to promote their rehabilitation.(护理英语教程写作分册第59- 112)
15.将健康、足月新生儿89例随机分成纯母乳喂养组和加配方奶喂养组进行血糖浓度监测。We randomly distributed 89 healthy, full term newborns into two groups: exclusive
breastfeeding and milk formula. Blood glucose concentration was determined.(护理英
语教
程写作分册72，113）
16.我们认为知道老年人控制危险因素，改变不良生活方式，开展健康指导，是老年门诊护理保健工作的重点。Clinical nursing instructions for senile patients should focus on teaching them how to control risk factors, change unhealthy life styles and promote health education.
(护理英语教程写作分册第92,115)
17.疾病预防和健康促进是社区护理工作的重点。(Both illness prevention and health promotion are the focuses of work in the community nursing.护理专业英语P28)
18.病人的健康状况会随时间的变化而有所变化。所以护理计划和护理措施也必须进行相应的调整。（The client’s health status may change with time. So it is necessary to revise the nursing plan and nursing interventions accordingly.护理专业英语P15）
19.写这篇论文的目的是说明一种能够引出护理趣味现象的独特的、有价值的研究方法。（The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a research method that may contribute a unique and valuable method of eliciting phenomena of interest to nursing.）
20.中医护理之扶正祛邪：食补与药补，调摄精神情志，动静相宜。
The concept of TCM nursing is strengthening body resistance to dispel pathogenic factors by applying both diet and medicine therapy, regulating spirit and emotion and balancing activity
and inertia.
第五讲
长篇急腹症Acute Abdominal Pain
Definition 说明
Causes of acute abdominal pain are varied. Although sometimes called "surgical" abdomen, acute abdominal pain does not always necessitate surgery. Many disorders must be ruled out before a diagnosis is confirmed.
急腹症的原因很多。虽然它有时也被称为“手术”症，但急腹症并不是都必须做手术。有些情况在诊断确认前就必须得以排除。
Clinical Manifestations临床症状
Pain is the most important symptom of acute abdominal pain. A patient may also complain of abdominal tenderness, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, fatigue, and an increase in abdominal girth.
疼痛是急腹症的最重要症状。病人主诉也可以包括腹部压痛、呕吐、腹泻、便秘、气胀、疲劳及腰围增大等。
Diagnostic Studies诊断检查
* l Diagnosis begins with a complete health history and physical examination. Physical examination should include both a rectal and a pelvic examination.
* l Complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis, abdominal x-ray examination, and an ECG are done initially.
* l A pregnancy test should be performed on a woman of childbearing age who has acute abdominal pain.
首先进行完整的健康史和体格检查，包括直肠和盆腔检查。
血尿常规、腹部X片、心电图。
育龄期妇女出现急腹症时应行妊娠试验。
Therapeutic Management治疗
The goal of therapeutic management is to identify and treat the cause. A differential diagnosis needs to be made because many causes of abdominal pain do not require surgery.
治疗目的是对病因进行识别和治疗。由于很多腹痛病因并不需要手术，因此，必须进行鉴别诊断。In addition to being a therapeutic measure, surgery can be diagnostic. Operative exploration is usually done after careful examination of the patient, and it is justified when "look and see" is better than "wait and see."
除了治疗外，手术也可以是一各诊断手段。通常，在对病人作仔细检查后，也可以作手术检查，尤其是在“检查观察”比“静候观察”更为有利的情况下，手术检查无疑更为合理。
Nursing Management护理
An exploratory laparotomy in which an opening is made through the abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity is done to detemine the cause of an acute abdomen. If the cause of acute abdomen can be surgically removed (e.g., inflamed appendix) or surgically repaired (e.g.,
ruptured abdominal aneurysm), then surgery is considered definitive therapy.
剖腹探查就是经由腹壁开口观察腹膜腔，以确定急腹症的病因。如病因可以通过手术排除（如阑尾炎）或通过手术修复（如腹部动脉瘤破裂），便可以考虑手术是最后的治疗方法。
Goals护理目标
The patient will have a satisfactory level of pain control, relief of nausea and vomiting, normal bowel sounds within 72 hours, absence of fever, and lungs clear to auscultation.
病人对疼痛控制、恶心呕吐缓解感到满意，72小时内肠鸣音正常，不发烧，肺部听诊无杂音。
Nursing Diagnoses护理诊断
Pain related to surgical incision and inadequate pain control measures
Nausea and vomiting related to decreased GI motility, GI distention, and narcotics
汉译英常用结构和句型 一、主语 （一）主语的确定：汉语中长主语，短谓语的句子翻译，即戏称“头大身子小”的句型。【“尾重” 原则（end weight）】 1. 我国政府愿意在平等互利、相互开放、长期合作、共同发展的基础上，进一步加强同亚洲各国 的经济合作和贸易交流。 The Chinese government stands ready to further strengthen economic cooperation and trade ties with other Asianations on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, mutual openness, long-term cooperation and common development. 2. 未来老百姓的生活会更好。 × The life of the people in the future will be better. √ The people will lead/ live a better life in the future. 3. 中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国西部开发的机会将越来越多。 × The opportunities for foreign businesses to participate in China’s development of the western region will increase. √ Foreign businesses will have more and more opportunities to participate in China’s development of the western region. 4. 浙江大学建校100年来，办学取得了巨大成功。 × Zhejiang University has been established for more than 100 years, and made great achievements / made a huge success in its school running. √ Zhejiang University has made great achievements / made a huge success in its school running since its establishment 100 years ago. 5. 该产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。 This product is chiefly characterized by its fine workmanship and durability. 6. 语言这个东西不是随便就可以学好的，非下苦工夫不可。 The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 7. 如今，年过半百的他还是时常想起自己童年时代的玩伴。 Even now, memories of his childhood playmates haunt the man in his fifties. 8. 我们相信，在新的一年里，通过双方的努力，我们的业务和友好合作关系会得到发展。 We believe we will be able to develop business relations and friendly cooperation through our common efforts in the coming year. 9. 尽管己退居二线，他的工作热情丝毫不减。 He works enthusiastically as ever even though he has retired from the leading post. 10. 我来到杭州教书，完全是一个巧合。 It has been an unexpected piece of luck for me to become a teacher in Hangzhou. 11. 进行社会主义现代化建设，必须尊重知识，尊重人才。 In our drive for socialist modernization, we must respect knowledge and talented people. （二）名词化 12. 捕获萨达姆·侯赛因并不意味着在伊拉克的冲突会就此结束。 The capture of Saddam Hussein does not mean the end of conflict in Iraq. 13. 医疗服务不能改变预期寿命，许多当代的临床护理在治病中所起的作用也并不重要，这些事实 都是有据可查的。 The impotence of medical services to change life expectancy and insignificance of much contemporary clinical care in the curing of disease are all well-documented. 14. 中国加入世界贸易组织，将为中国和亚洲以及世界各国各地区经济的发展注入新的活力。 China’s entry into the WTO will instill new vitality into the economic growth of China as well as other countries and regions in Asia and beyond. 15. 坚持一个中国的原则，是实现和平统一的基础和前提。 Adherence to the principle of one China is the basis and premise for peaceful reunification.
Unit 4 Translation 1、接受这份工作就得经常在周末上班，但约翰并不在意。 To take this job would involve working on weekends frequently, but John didn’t mind 2、众所周知，肺癌至少部分地是由于吸烟过多而引起的。 It is well know that lung cancer is caused at least in part by smoking too much. 3、我祖父母说，发明电视的那个人曾住在他们那个地段。 My grandparents said that the man who invented television had once lived in their neighborhood. 4、我提议咱们会后马上去办公室找史斯密教授，邀请他参加我们的英语晚会。 I propose that we go to find Prof. Smith in his office right after the meeting and invite him to our English evening 5、她因那病开过两次刀，身体十分虚弱，几乎站不起来。 Having been operated on twice for the disease, she was so weakened that she could barely stand up 6、教育家们认为，伴随着电视机长大的一代人，在电视机前花的时间太多，以致没有足够的时间学习了。Educators think that the generation growing up with television spend so much of their time in front of the TV that they do not have enough time to study. 7、我真希望你能拿出一个比这更好的解决办法来。 I do hope that you can come up with a better solution than this. 8、乍一看，这幅画并不好，但经过仔细观察，我们才发现它的的确观察，我们才发现它的确是一幅杰作。 At first glance the picture didn’t l ook very good, but after examining it carefully we found that it was indeed a masterpiece. Unit 5 Translation 1、史密斯医生从窗口望出去，突然看到一个年轻人正向他的诊所奔来。 Looking out of the window, Dr. Smith caught sight of a young man running towards his clinic. 2、艾米过去除了咖啡什么都不喝。 Amy used to drink nothing but coffee. 3、迈拉得知丈夫在事故中受了伤便哭了起来。 Myra broke into tears when she learned that her husband had got injured in an accident. 4、我们好几天没有看见怀特小姐了。她是病倒了还还是怎么了？ W haven’t seen Miss White for quite a few days. Has she fallen ill of somethi ng? 5、研究所所长亲自查明一切都没有问题。 The director of the research institute came in person to make sure that everything was all right. 6、伦尼今天早晨上学又迟到了。他应该早一点起床的。肯定是昨晚睡得太迟了。 Lennie was late for school again this morning. He ought to /should have got up earlier. He must have stayed up too late last night 7、嗨，你不应该把那些孩子赶跑。他们是来帮忙的，不是来捣蛋的。 Say you oughtn’t to have driven away those kids. They came to lend you a hand, not to make trouble. 8、对护士来说，坚持这项规定是很重要的。 It is important for nurses to stick to this rule. Unit 6 Translation 1、据报道，那条铁路曾因洪水而停止修建。 It was reported that the building of the railway had been held up by a flood. 2、罢工结果，资方接受了工人的要求。 The strike resulted in the management accepting the workers’ demands. 3、煤矿工人们决定为争取更好的工作条件举行罢工。 The coalminers decided to go on strike for better working conditions 4、我很想买下这本英文词典，遗憾的是我身上带的钱不够。
Unit 1 1.餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 The restaurant industry has one thing in common with the film industry: the high failure rate among its small business. 2.他的伟大在于他具有非凡的能力，集科学家和实业家的品质于一身。 His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist. 3.像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作业的行业中表现得尤为明显。 We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions. 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲力亲为，需要找一些方法把他们的理念传达给他人。 Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others. 5.没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy. 6.人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 The human being longs for a sense of accomplishment, and being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will. 7.政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。 The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of its assets will help make up for its lose. 8.现代社会里人们的身份更多地由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来界定。
基本句型汉译英练习 一、主谓结构 二、主系表结构 三、主谓宾结构 四、主谓+双宾语结构 五、主谓+复合宾语结构 六、there be结构 一、主谓结构 说明： 本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如，The sun rises. 主语可有修饰语---定语，如，The red sun rises. 谓语可有修饰语---状语，如，The red sun rises in the east. 翻译练习： 1. 你应当努力学习。 2. 她昨天回家很晚。 3. 那天早上我们谈了很多。 4. 会议将持续两个小时。 5.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 6.6. 这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 .
7. 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 8. 每天八时开始上课。 9. 这个盒子重五公斤。 10. 五年前我住在北京。 11. 爱丽丝很会游泳。 12. 约翰的父亲昨晚去世了。 13. 秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 14. 我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 15. 每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。 二、主系表结构 说明：本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有 （1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound. （2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand. （3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow. 翻译练习： 1. 我的兄弟都是大学生。
第一单元 1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3 .Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4. We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it. 5. Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security. 第二单元 1 ．If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous，it would have attracted a larger audience．‘ 2. She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3 ．I never had formal training，I just learned as I went along? 4. As their products find their way into the international
公交常用英语 一、常用词语： 1、公共汽车 Bus 巴斯 2、出租车 Taxi 太克sei 3、电车 Trolleybus 超类巴斯 4、您好 Hello / How do you do. 好度有度 5、劳驾或请问 Excuse me…… A科斯Q私密 6、抱歉或对不起 Sorry 扫瑞 7、对不起打扰了 I’m sorry to trouble you 阿姆扫瑞兔揣宝有 8、谢谢 Thank you / Thanks 9、没关系 Not at all / It doesn’t matter 闹特爱特奥/ A特大怎特迈特 10、可以 It’s OK. A次欧凯 11、月票 commutation / monthly ticket 抗缪忒什/ 忙特雷忒K特 12、票价 carfare 卡fai尔 13、起点站 The starting stop 泽思达挺思道普 14、终点站 terminal / The Last stop 特妹闹泽拉斯特思道普 15、市区路线 Urban route 饿本入特 16、郊区路线 Suburban route 瑟波本入特 17、请等一下 Wait a moment 维特饿某们特 18、再见 Goodbye / Bye 19、首班车 The first bus 泽发斯特巴斯 20、末班车 The last bus 泽拉斯特巴斯 21、驾驶员 Driver 拽玩儿 22、乘务员 Conductor 肯达科特儿 23、调度员 Dispatcher 得死派车儿 24、请上车 Get on please 盖特昂普类似 25、请下车 Get off please 盖特奥夫普雷斯 26、中国济南 Jinan , China 济南柴那 27、空调车 Air-conditioned bus 艾尔可得什恩德巴斯 28、K系列豪华车 K series bus /可sei儿瑞丝巴斯 K series comfortable express 可sei儿瑞斯抗木否特包A科丝普ruai 丝 29、欢迎您！ Welcome 维尔康目 30、先生，您好！ How do you do , sir? 好读有度色儿31、小姐，你好！ How do you do , miss?
掌握大量的词汇对于达到一门外语的流利程度是至关重要的。一个非官方的但却是经常被引用的有关剑桥初级证书英语考试（Cambridge First Certificate Examination）的数字表明，词汇量少于三千五百词的学生不大有可能在这项考试中成功。最近的研究也表明，其母语为英语的受教育至18岁或18岁以上的人至少认识一万六千个英语词。除非你已经会讲一种像西班牙语或德语这样的语言，要获得大的英语词汇是没有捷径可走的：你就得依靠勤奋和专注。当然，你可以从上下文猜出你阅读中遇到的一些生词的意思，但往往你得查词典才能搞清它们确切意思。一个切实可行的学习新词的方法或许就是大量阅读，最好是读那些你觉得有趣或刺激的故事。反复阅读同一本书常常是很有好处的：你每读一次都会学到不同的生词，而熟悉的背景又有助于将这些新词牢牢地印在你的脑海中。 Mastering a large number of words is essential to achieving fluency in a foreign language. An unofficial, but often quoted, figure for the Cambridge First Certificate examination suggests that students with a vocabulary of less than 3,500 words are unlikely to be successful in the exam. Current research also suggests that native English speakers who have been educated up to 18 years old or beyond know at least 16,000 English words. And unless you already speak a language like Spanish or German, there are no shortcuts to a large vocabulary in English: you just have to rely on diligence and dedication. Of course you can figure out from the context the meanings of some new words you come across in your reading, but more often than not you have to look them up in a dictionary in order to be clear about their accurate meanings. A practicable way to pick up new words is, perhaps, to read a lot, preferably stories that you find interesting or exciting. It often pays to read the same book over and over again: each time you read it you will learn different new words, and the familiar context helps to fix them in your mind.
汉译英三步骤： 1.理解原文 包括原文逐字逐句的理解、对原文整体思想、观点和态度的理解，也包括对原文句子之 间和各部分之间相互关系的理解。 2.英语表达 在正确理解原文的基础上进行的，不是一对一的死译，而是在理解原文的基础上用相应 的英语结构、词汇和表达习惯准确的表达原文的意思。 3.核对检查 认真阅读自己的译文，要用挑错的眼光来检查译文是否正确表达了原文的意思，是否有 漏译、错译，译文语法如时态、语态、单复数形式和拼写上是否有错误。 汉译英翻译技巧： 1.选择恰当的英语词汇 有些英语词汇不仅有字面意思，还有内含意思。 e.g.“国家”：country, nation, state, land 分别内涵：疆土、人民、政府、感情 有些英语词汇本身含有贬义或一些委婉的意思，运用时要特别注意。 e.g.“宣传”publicize, propaganda （带贬义） 汉译英选词原则： （1）选适合上下文的词汇 e.g.“观众”：audience,viewer, spectator 分别表示：听音乐会或看戏的观众、电视观众、看体育表演的观众 “条件”不同情况下应用不同的英语词表达： 工作条件：working condition 有利的条件：favorable situation 录取条件：admission requirement 付款条件：terms of payment 词汇选择首先要忠于原文的意思。 e.g.近年来由于就业问题日益严重，有些人建议让没有工作的未婚妇女来替换那些 家务繁重的女工。 “就业问题”：employment problem, unemployment problem（找不到工作就业已 成问题，即失业问题） “没有工作的妇女”: women without jobs, women hunting for jobs（没有工作又 需要找工作的妇女，不需找工作的并不包括在内） （2）要注意词的广义、狭义、具体的意思和抽象意思的不同 e.g. ①他讲的笑话逗得我们都笑了。 ②他讲的话使我们大家都笑了。 ①His joke made us laugh. ②What he said make us laugh. We all smile at what he said. （3）选词时不要望文生义，不要死译，要考虑与汉语对应的英语词汇真正的意思。 e.g.①他们的好奇心得到了满足。
基本句型汉译英练习 主谓结构 主系表结构 主谓宾结构 主谓+双宾语结构 主谓+复合宾语结构 主谓结构 说明： 本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如，The sun rises. 主语可有修饰语---定语，如，The red sun rises. 谓语可有修饰语---状语，如，The red sun rises in the east. 翻译练习： 1. 你应当努力学习。 You should study hard.. 2. 她昨天回家很晚。 She come home late yesterday. 3. 那天早上我们谈了很多。 We are talk a lot of that morning. 4. 会议将持续两个小时。 The conference will continue two hours 5. 在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 6. 这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 The thing everyday will happen in the world. 7. 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 1919 years ago, outburst “five. four” movement in Beijing. 8. 每天八时开始上课。 Everyday begin classes at 8 o’clock. 9. 这个盒子重五公斤。 The box weight five kg. 10. 五年前我住在北京。 Five years ago, I live in Beijing. 11. 爱丽丝很会游泳。 Alice swimming very well. 12. 约翰的父亲昨晚去世了。 John’s father died last night. 13. 秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 There are some birds fly to south in the autumn.. 14. 我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 My grandfather got up very early. 15. 每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。 There are some students come to library borrow books in the every afternoon.
汉译英的几种常用技巧（一）常用的翻译技巧1. 增译2. 减译（省译）3. 重复 4. 转译 5. 语序（词序/句序）调整（倒置） 6. 拆句与合并7. 正说反译, 反说正译8. 语态变换 1.增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达 方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。 这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。 英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思完整。 总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。 1. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到
2.Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。 3.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。 4.Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。 5. 没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.) 6. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 7. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 8. 班门弄斧 Showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 9. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。
第1单元：（此单元无汉语） 1. No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2. Just as all his sister’s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them. 3. Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4. If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. 5. Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6. Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. 第2单元： 1、被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚称自己无罪。 The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 2、总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。 All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron. 3、正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。 No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion. 4、考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度，提前订宾馆是明智的。 Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 5、服药后若有呕吐感，请立即停止服用并尽快咨询医生。 If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctors as soon as possible. 6、总结这次讨论时，他说双方都会好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。 Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem. 第3单元 1、在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的。 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2、教室一旦同意接受新的教学计划，他们就得面对新计划所带给他们的压力。 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3、从长远看，大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的。 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one’s study after graduating from universi ty instead of going to work directly. 4、由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一，所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视。 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally. 5、据说，原定于这个月召开的会议将推迟到下个月召开。 It is said that the meeting, which is scheduled to be held this month, will be put off till next month.
Ⅰ.基本句型汉译英练习主谓结构 说明： 本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如，The sun rises. 主语可有修饰语---定语，如，The red sun rises. 谓语可有修饰语---状语，如，The red sun rises in the east 翻译练习： 你应当努力学习。 她昨天回家很晚。 那天早上我们谈了很多。 会议将持续两个小时。 在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 每天八时开始上课。 这个盒子重五公斤。 五年前我住在北京。 爱丽丝很会游泳。 约翰的父亲昨晚去世了。 秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。 参考答案： You should study hard. She went home very late yesterday evening. That morning we talked a great deal. The meeting will last two hours. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. Classes begin at eight every day. This box weighs five kilos. I lived in Beijing five years ago. Alice swims very well.
汉译英常用句型和短语 1.It is said / reported / predicated (断定)/ believed / asserted （宣称）/ supposed / well-known / generally considered… that… 据… It must be admitted / pointed out… that… 预计中国打算在近期购买私车的人数将达到三百万。 It is predicted that the car purchasers in China will amount to 3 million in the near future. 到2008年第四季度，国民经济年均增长率预计将达到10%。 The annual average growth rate of national economy is estimated to reach 10% by the last quarter of 2008. 必须指出，这样的错误不能再犯。 It must be pointed out that mistakes of this kind should not be repeated. 看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用的 It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting. 已经证明，感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。 It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current
Unit1 Caring for Our Earth 1.年轻人有时会抱怨无法和父母沟通。(communicate with) Young people sometimes complain of being unable to communicate with their parents 2. 能在中国云南的一个苗家村落住下来一直是玛丽长久以来的梦想，现在她终 于梦想成真了。(to take up residence) It has been Mary’s long cherished dream to take up residence in a Miao vill age in Yunnan, China. Now her dream has finally come true. 3.家养的动物习惯于依赖人，因此很难能在野外活下来。(survive) Domestic animals are used to depending on humans, so it is difficult for the m to survive in the wild. 4.他突然有种恐惧感，觉得自己会因为经济不景气而被公司裁员。(overtake) He was suddenly overtaken by a fear that he would be laid off by the comp any because of depression. 5.我估计公交路线上堵车了，因为我都等了30分钟也没见一辆车开过去(figure) I figure that there is a traffic jam on the route of the bus, for I’ve waited for 30 minutes without seeing one passing by. 1. 十年前，当公司还处在生产的鼎盛时期时，我们就决定投资新技术， 将公司转型为技术密集型企业。由于拥有先进技术，我们在激烈动荡的市场竞争中脱颖而出。现在我们的成本下降了百分之三十，销售业绩却上涨了三分之二，利润翻了一番。 Ten years ago, when our company was at the height of i ts production, we decided to invest in new technologies, so as to tur n our company into a technology-intensive one. With our advanced tech nologies, we out-competed all our competitors in the rough and tumble of the marketplace. Now we have reduced the cost by 30 percent, even as / while our sales have grown by two-thirds and the earnings have doubled. 2. 我们将可持续性定义为保持企业盈利，但不以环境为代价。从商业的角度看，这合理吗？事实上，在追求可持续发展目标的过程中，我们的收益已经超过了所有的投资和开支。可持续发展的推进起到了如此重要的作用，帮助我们撑过了史上最深重的经济衰 We define sustainability as keeping a business profitable, but not at the expense of the environment. Does this mak e good business sense? Actually, what we get has more than offset all