外文翻译
原文
EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS OF INDIAN TEXTILEAND GARMENT
INDUSTRY
Material Source: Indian Council For Research
On International Economic Relations
Author:Samar Verma
The international trade in textile and clothing sectors has been a egregious exception to the most favoured nation principle of GATT and, since the early 1960s, has been a case of managed trade through forced consensus. However, the WTO Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) marked a significant turnaround. According to the ATC, beginning 1st January 1995, all textiles and clothing products that had been hitherto subjected to MFA-quota, are scheduled to be integrated into WTO over a period of ten years. “The dismantling of the quota regime represents both an opportunity as well as a threat. An opportunity because markets will no longer be restricted; a threat because markets will no longer be guaranteed by quotas, and even the domestic market will be open to competition”. From 1st January 2005, therefore, all textile and clothing products would be traded internationally without quota-restrictions. And this impending reality brings the issue of competitiveness to the fore for all firms in the textile and clothing sectors,
including those in India. It is imperative to understand the true competitiveness of Indian textile and clothing firms in order to make an assessment of what lies ahead in 2005 and beyond.
Owing to its significant contribution, the Indian textile and clothing industry occupies a unique place in the Indian economy. It contributes about 4% of GDP and 14% of industrial output. Second largest employer after agriculture, the industry provides direct employment to 35 million people including substantial segments of weaker sections of society. With a very low import-intensity of about 1.5% only, it is the largest net foreign exchange earner in India, earning almost 35% of foreign exchange. This is the only industry that is self-sufficient and complete in cotton value chain- producing everything from fibres to the highest value added finished
product of garments. Its growth and vitality therefore has critical bearings on the Indian economy at large.
What Is Competitiveness?
Competitiveness is about productivity, which in turn is a function of factors related to cost of products, as well as those related to non-price factors such as delivery schedules, reliability of producers, and such intangible factors like image of the country/company and brand equity. Together, they define the competitive sinews of a product to compete under conditions of free market.
However, in order to translate industry competitiveness into sales (greater export share in world market), another set of issues- in addition to productivity-need to be examined. These relate to market access conditions. Indeed, industry competitiveness of restrained exporters such as India was not much of an issue during the last almost four decades, ever since the Short Term Arrangement (STA) of 1961. And the reason lay not in price and non-price factors, but in the“manage”dconditions und er which global trade in textile and clothing products took place. In fact, it was precisely because of the price competitiveness of some Asian exporters in the 1950s and the 1960s that the “generally and solemnly agreed rules of post-war policy conduct-including the keystone of the system, the non-discrimination rules- were formally set aside for reasons regarded as pragmatic”. This system of managed trade, however, will come to an end on 31st December 2004.
For the purpose of this study, industry has been defined as a group of firms manufacturing products that directly or indirectly competes with each other. It is implied that no nation can be competitive in manufacturing all goods and services. Hence, industry competitiveness of an entire nation is not quite meaningful. Instead, since it is the firms who compete in international markets, the entire framework of competitiveness would revolve around the study of the firm. “…industrial success was founded on behaviour of firms, not on the decisions of governm ents”. The list of products (industries) identified is in Appendix A.
Objective & Scope Of The Study
The objective of the project is to evaluate the export competitiveness of Indian textile and clothing sectors. Because Indian textile and clothing sector is predominantly cotton based, this study would focus mainly on the cotton textile and apparel, and look at the entire value chain from fibre to garment and retail distribution.
With the aforementioned objective in mind, this study has first identified the products in Indian export basket which have shown a promising growth in value, or in unit value and have a considerable weight in the Indian export basket on the basis of recent performance of Indian exports of textile and clothing sectors in the US and EU markets.
Research Methodology
In order to evaluate the demand-side of Indian textile and clothing exports, the study has analysed the competitive performance of Indian exports of the ‘identified’products in the US and EU markets. It has also been used to highlight the role of emerging trade policy environment- specifically, the role of discriminatory rules of origin in Regional Trading Arrangements [RTAs], tariff peaks and environmental and labour standards-as market access issues relevant to textile and clothing exporting countries.
To assess the supply-side factors of export competitiveness, a preliminary interview was conducted with a few exporters. The interview sought their views and opinions chiefly in respect of the supply-side bottlenecks that they are facing in India. The supply-side framework is based more on opinions than on data/numbers. The inferences about the supply-side factors are therefore based on the opinions expressed by exporters of identified products.
Competitive Performance- Operational Definition
In both these markets, competitive performance has been defined through changes in market shares (in value terms) over the years 1995 and 2000. The following twincriterion was employed to identify export-competitive products.
A product is said to be export-competitive if the growth rate in unit value of the product imported from India exceeds average growth rate in unit value of the product from all suppliers in a market (US/EU), and Its market share grows over the period 1995-2000.
However, there are two additional qualifications that need to be borne in mind.
1. To the extent market share is a function of quotas, it may so happen that some countries’ market share declines over time only because their exports are constrained by quotas.
2. Because the market share-based competitive performance has been evaluated in value terms, the effect of exchange rate movements on export competitiveness (and revealed in market shares) cannot be ruled out a priory.
All value data is reported in US$ terms for the two years 1995 and 2000.
During this period, the value of US$ declined by almost 13%, if deflated by consumer price index in the US. The data in the tables have been reported in nominal terms, and analysis made on that basis, since they are all reported in US$ and are equally therefore affected.
Using the twin-criteria of export-competitiveness, all selected products are classified into the four categories of leaders, gainers, losers and outliers.
译文
印度纺织服装行业的出口竞争力
资料来源: Indian Council For Research
On International Economic Relations
作者：Samar Verma
自1960年早期，纺织服装行业是国际贸易中关贸总协定最惠国之间经过谈判一致同意的，对关贸总协定正常纪律的例外。然而，世界贸易组织关于纺织品和服装协定标志着一个重大的转变。根据1995年1月1日开始生效的纺织品和服装协定，曾受《多种纤维协定》配额限制的所有的纺织品和服装产品，将计划在十年内实现世界贸易组织规定的自由化。配额制度的废除在带来机会的同时，也带来了挑战。虽然市场不再受到配额的限制，但同时也失去了配额的保障，甚至连国内的市场也将向竞争者开放。从2005年1月1日起，所有的纺织和服装产品都将实现全球贸易自由化而不再受到配额的限制。这项规定的执行给所有的包括印度在内的纺织服装行业制造者带来了一个竞争力的问题。为了对2005年及以后的趋势做出一个分析，了解印度纺织和服装企业的竞争力已是迫在眉睫。
印度的纺织和服装工业对印度经济有着非常重大的贡献，占有一个比较独特的地位。纺织业生产总值约占印度国内生产总值的4%，占全国制造业的比重为14%。印度的纺织服装行业包括相关的薄弱产业的直接就业人数为3500万人，是除了农业以外，提供就业人数最多的一个产业。其进口饱和度只有1.5%，而纺织品出口占出口总额的35%，是印度最大的出口创汇产业。从合成纤维到高附加值的纺织成品的生产，纺织服装业是唯一一个自给自足和完整的棉价值链产业。因此纺织行业的高成长性和持久力已在很大程度上影响着整个印度的经济。
什么是竞争力？
所谓竞争力是指生产率，换句话说，也就是产品的成本因素的作用，以及
一些非价格因素，如交货计划，生产商的可靠性，一个国家或公司和品牌的形象等无形因素。他们一起定义一个产品在自由市场状态下的竞争力。但是，为了解释在销售领域的行业竞争力即在世界市场上占有更多的出口份额，除了生产力外，还有其它一系列的和市场准入条件相关的因素需要考查。事实上，从1961年短期纺织品协定开始，在过去的将近四十年里，对于像印度的出口商，出口限制的行业竞争力并不是一个很大的问题。其中的原因并不在于价格和非价格因素，而是纺织服装产品全球贸易一直处于受数量管制的条件下。事实上，在20世纪50和60年代，因为亚洲的一些出口国的价格竞争力使战后普遍一致认同的协定包括系统的宗旨和无歧视原则等都以威胁阻碍这些产品贸易的有序发展为理由而被置之度外。然而，配额限制将在2004年12月31日被取消。
本文的研究目的在于产业是指众多的制造商制造的产品间的直接或间接的竞争。这也意味着某一国家在所有制造的商品和服务上并不拥有绝对优势，因此研究整个国家的产业竞争力并没有多大意义。相反，只有研究企业在国际市场上的竞争力才具有实际意思，因为一个行业的成功是建立在一个企业文化的基础上而不是在政府的决策上的。在目录A里，对这一系列的产品和行业做了定义。
本文的研究目的和范围
本文的研究目的在于研究印度纺织服装行业的出口竞争力。印度的纺织服装行业主要是以棉花为基础的，本文主要研究棉纺织品和服装，以及从纤维到服装成品和零售渠道的整个价值链。基于上述的目的，本文首先确认纺织服装行业在印度出口产品中已取得的预期的价值或单位价值的成长，以及近期印度纺织和服装行业出口到美国和欧盟市场的数量在整个印度出口产品中占据了相当大的比重。
研究方法
为了衡量印度纺织服装行业的出口需求，本文分析了这些产品在美国和欧盟市场上的竞争成果。也特别强调了在新兴的贸易政策环境下的作用，确切地说是区域贸易协定，关税峰值和环境以及劳动力水平作为纺织服装出口国的市场进入条件时，歧视性规则的作用。
为了评估出口竞争力在供应方面的因素，初步采访了一些出口商。此次访谈主要是寻求他们在印度所面对的供应方面的瓶颈的意见和观点。供应方面的框架的得出更多是基于一些观点而不是数据或数字。因此关于供应方面的因素的推论主要是基于特定产品出口商的意见。
竞争成果操作定义
在这两个市场上，竞争绩效被定义为在1995年到2000年期间通过改变可以以价值计算的市场占有份额。以下是被普遍采用为定义具有出口竞争力产品
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.doczj.com/doc/109054136.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
外文翻译原文--目的地竞争力：可持续发展目标的战略 规划和愿景 Destination Competitiveness Meeting Sustainability Objectives Through Strategic Planning and Visioning Lisa Ruhanen The University of Queensland The School of Tourism and Leisure Management 11 Salisbury Road Ipswich QLD 4305 Australia lruhanencom 1 Introduction Destinations whether national state or local are
increasingly taking their role as tourist destinations very seriously as evidenced by the al- location of considerable funds towards tourism promotion and market- ing Much of this funding is being directed towards the enhancement and development of their touristic image and attractiveness Ritchie Crouch 2000 With so many destinations competing for the tourist dollar both on an international and domestic level competition is erce and destinations are looking to capitalize on all of their assets to dier- entiate themselves from their competitors This increasing level of com-
试谈提升大学生就业竞争力的培养体系研究 [摘要]1998年以来，我国高校持续扩招，大学毕业生的就业问题已成为全关注的焦点，我国高等培育机制与社会需求的错位和脱节是造成人才供需矛盾的主要原因。本文剖析了大学生就业竞争力培养体系构建的必要性，基于系统工程和胜任特征理论构建了大学生就业竞争力培养体系的框架模型，以培养大学生化素质为核心，以促进个人职业生涯规划和执行为手段，以提高大学生就业率和就业满意度为目标，从大学生职业能力素质模型、大学生职业能力素质测评系统、大学生就业竞争力培育机制、大学生就业竞争力评价体系等方面构建了四位一体的耦合培养体系，以期提升大学生的就业竞争力。 [关键词]大学生；就业竞争力；培养体系 就业为民生之本。近年来，高校毕业生就业是社会普遍关注的问题，是我国政府面临的重大难题之一，大量的高校毕业生不能及时就业已成为影响社会稳定与的重要因素。国内大多数学者都认为，“就业鸿沟”问题是因为大学生在就业能力方面的缺陷以及用人单位与大学毕业生之间的信息不对称造成的。当前，我国就业体制改革的目标是以市场选择为根本取向，以自主就业为主导模式，以素质能力为竞争之本，形成与经济迥然不同的就业机制。因此，需要让用人单位、学校共同建立新型的大学生就业竞争力培养体系，缓解就业压力、解决培养错位问题。 一、大学生就业竞争力的内涵
就业竞争力包涵着在就业能力和职业发展过程中的多项综合能力，关于其定义有多种解释。国际劳工(ILO)则指出，就业能力是个体获得和保持、在工作中进步以及应对工作生活中出现的变化的能力；英国原教育与就业部(DFEE)把就业能力解释为获得和保持工作的能力，进一步讲，就业能力是在劳动力市场内通过充分的就业机会实现潜能的自信。国外学者Howard认为就业竞争力是指雇员具有劳动力市场和雇主所需要和认为有吸引力的技能的能力；Fuguate认为：就业竞争力是指个体在其职业期间确认和实现在组织内部和外部职业机会的能力。国内学者赵志川认为大学生的就业竞争力是大学生初次进入人力资源市场以及在以后的职业生涯中能够相对于其他竞争对手更加有效地向市场提供自己的智力和服务，从而保证自身持续生存和发展的综合素质和能力；楼锡锦认为大学生就业竞争力是指毕业生在就业市场上，具有战胜竞争对手、找到适合才能发挥和实现自身价值的适当工作岗位的能力，可归结为核心竞争力、基础竞争力和竞争力。 本文所研究的大学生就业竞争力主要是指大学生在校期间通过较为系统的基础知识和专业知识的学习掌握，以及适应社会需要的综合素质的开发培养，在就业竞争和职业发展中所具有的获得和保持工作的职业化能力。 二、构建提升大学生就业竞争力的培养体系的必要性 (一)传统大学生培养模式的错位现象 1．大众化的高等教育与精英就业观的错位
毕业论文外文翻译（一） 论文题目：国外发展农产品物流的成功经验及其对浙江的启示 外文题目：Logistics &the National Economy 出处：International Journal of Physical Distribution & LogisticsManagement 作者：MCB UP Ltd 原文： Logistics &the National Economy Introduce Logistics has always been a central and essential feature of all economic activity and yet paradoxically it is only in recent years that it has come to receive serious attention from either the business or academic world. One very obvious reason for this neglect is that, whilst the functions that comprise the logistics task are individually recognised, the concept of logistics as an integrative activity in business has only really developed within the last 20 years. What is logistics? It can be variously defined, but expressed at its simplest it is: The process of strategically managing the movement and storage of materials, parts, and finished inventory from suppliers, through the firm on to customers. Logistics is thus concerned with the management of the physical flow which begins with sources of supply and ends at the point of consumption. It is therefore clearly much wider in its reach than simply a concern with the movement of finished goods—a commonly held view of physical distribution. In the logistics scheme of things we are just as much concerned with plant and depot location, inventory levels, materials management and information systems as we are with transport. One of the features of the logistics concept which is its greatest attraction whilst simultaneously being the greatest drawback to its widespread adoption in industry so far is that it places the emphasis on integrating activities that traditionally have been located in different functions of the business. Thus in many
银行英语： 出口信贷 export credit 出口津贴 export subsidy 商品倾销 dumping 外汇倾销 exchange dumping 优惠关税 special preferences 保税仓库 bonded warehouse 贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade 贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade 进口配额制 import quotas 自由贸易区 free trade zone 对外贸易值 value of foreign trade 国际贸易值 value of international trade 普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences-GSP 最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment-MFNT -------------------价格条件 ---------------------- 价格术语trade term (price term) 运费freight 单价 price 码头费wharfage 总值 total value 卸货费landing charges 金额 amount 关税customs duty 净价 net price 印花税stamp duty 含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues 回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价 wholesale price 目的港portof destination 零售价 retail price 进口许口证inportlicence 现货价格spot price 出口许口证exportlicence 期货价格forward price 现行价格（时价）current price prevailingprice 国际市场价格 world (International)Marketprice 离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board 成本加运费价（离岸加运费价） C&F-cost and freight 到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价） CIF-cost,insurance and freight --------------------交货条件 ---------------------- 交货delivery 轮船steamship(缩写S.S) 装运、装船shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间 time of delivery
外文翻译 原文 EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS OF INDIAN TEXTILEAND GARMENT INDUSTRY Material Source: Indian Council For Research On International Economic Relations Author:Samar Verma The international trade in textile and clothing sectors has been a egregious exception to the most favoured nation principle of GATT and, since the early 1960s, has been a case of managed trade through forced consensus. However, the WTO Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) marked a significant turnaround. According to the ATC, beginning 1st January 1995, all textiles and clothing products that had been hitherto subjected to MFA-quota, are scheduled to be integrated into WTO over a period of ten years. “The dismantling of the quota regime represents both an opportunity as well as a threat. An opportunity because markets will no longer be restricted; a threat because markets will no longer be guaranteed by quotas, and even the domestic market will be open to competition”. From 1st January 2005, therefore, all textile and clothing products would be traded internationally without quota-restrictions. And this impending reality brings the issue of competitiveness to the fore for all firms in the textile and clothing sectors, including those in India. It is imperative to understand the true competitiveness of Indian textile and clothing firms in order to make an assessment of what lies ahead in 2005 and beyond. Owing to its significant contribution, the Indian textile and clothing industry occupies a unique place in the Indian economy. It contributes about 4% of GDP and 14% of industrial output. Second largest employer after agriculture, the industry provides direct employment to 35 million people including substantial segments of weaker sections of society. With a very low import-intensity of about 1.5% only, it is the largest net foreign exchange earner in India, earning almost 35% of foreign exchange. This is the only industry that is self-sufficient and complete in cotton value chain- producing everything from fibres to the highest value added finished
绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策 当前，在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒已成为最重要的贸易的贸易壁垒之一，农业作为一种弱势产业更容易受到影响。绿色贸易壁垒是我国农产品出口所面临的严峻挑战，也是我国农产品出口最大的障碍。由于农产品贸易在我国对外贸易中占有重要地位，因此如何突破绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口限制，对推动我国农产品发展具有重要的现实意义。 本文首先从绿色贸易壁垒的相关理论出发，对绿色贸易壁垒的定义、产生的根本原因和表现的形式特点进行了综述，研究了国外绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响状况；同时本文还指出我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因，在此基础上运用国际贸易知识对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响分析结合，政府、企业、行业对我国农产品跨越绿色贸易壁垒提出相关的对策和建议。 随着生活水平的提高, 人们越来越重视自身的生活质量问题, 近年来兴起的绿色消费概念正是其中一种现象。而绿色壁垒则是国际社会对环境与贸易关注的结果, 各个国家越来越多地在对外贸易中实施这种保护手段。随着国际市场绿色需求的不断增强, 以及环境保护的共识, 绿色贸易保护迅速兴起, 以环境保护为名的绿色壁垒成为国际经济贸易中重要的非关税保护措施之一。然而, 由于发展中国家与发达国家经济发展程度的不同, 导致各国在对待经济发展与环境保护问题上侧重点的不同, 发达国家在环境保护意识、政策、法规及技术等方面的领先, 而且, 目前各国的绿色贸易壁垒是根据各国自身的情况来设置的,还没有形成世界统一标准的制度, 各国绿色壁垒的限制程度难以预测。这就使目前的绿色壁垒有可能被发达国家利用为限制发展中国家产品进口的重要手段。绿色壁垒不仅对产品的品质提出很高的要求, 而且涉及到产品的产前、产中、产后各个阶段, 给发展中国家的对外贸易与经济发展带来了很严重的影响。 绿色贸易壁垒，是指在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护生态环境、自然资源、维护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。由于发达国家所采取的这些措施复杂而严格，对发展中国家产品的出口构成绿色贸易壁垒。
JG02 Unified Serial No. from Data Centre: Customs Export Declaration Form of the People’s Republic of China
Customs Declaration Form 报关单 An exporter has to apply to the customs for declaration of the commodity before the shipment. The customs officer will sign on the customs declaration form and release the goods if the goods are up to the requirement. 出口方必须在装运前对出口货物进行报关，如果货物符合要求，海关官员就签署报关单对货物进行放行。 The person who asks for declaration is required to be qualified, that is to say, he/she should have the certificate of customs declaration. The examination is held by the General Administration of Customs of 申请报关的人要求具备资质，就是说他或她应有报关证。考试由中华人民共和国海关部署举行。 The customs declaration form is in different colors, for example: the white one is made out for general trade and the pink one is used for processing trade. The contents of these documents are similar. We take the specification of an export customs declaration form for general trade as an example to show the method of making out the document. 报关单有不同颜色，如白色报关单按一般贸易缮制，粉红色报关单用于加工贸易。这些单据的内容相似。我们以一般贸易的出口货物报关单的内容为例介绍该单据的缮制方法。 The Main Contents and Notes of Customs Declaration Form： 报关单的主要内容及注释： 1. 预录入编号：No. of Pre-record It is given by the customs while the exporter is applying to customs. It is given by computers automatically. 出口方申请报关时由海关给的编号，是由计算机自动编制的。 2. 海关编号：No. of Customs It is given by the computer system automatically or given by the custom officer. 由计算机系统自动编制或由海关人员给出。 3. 出口口岸：Port of Export It refers to the name and code of the customs at final port of export. 指最后口岸的海关名称及代码。 说明：若出口货物在设有海关的发运地办理报关手续，出口口岸仍应填写出境口岸的名称。如在深圳办理报关手续，陆路运输至上海出境的货物，其出口口岸为上海。同时加注关区代码。 4. 备案号：record number for checking It refers the number of “Register Manual” or the number of “Certificate of Paid or Free Tax” 指《登记手册》编号或《征免税证明》编号。 5. 出口日期：Date of Export It refers to the date of shipment. It is the applied date of departure of the vessel. 指发运日期，也就是船申报出境的日期。 6. 申报日期：Date of Application It is the date that the exporter applies for declaration. 指出口方向海关申报出境的日期。 7. 经营单位：Executive company Fill in the company’s name who signs and executes the S/C in Chinese, (generally refers to the exporter), and the customs code of the company. 用中文填写签订和执行合同的公司(一般指出口人)名称及经营单位代码。 说明：如果总公司签订合同，由分公司执行，则填分公司名称。出口企业间相互代理，以代理方为经营单位。注意填写全称，注明经营单位代号，该代号是出口企业办理海关注册登记时，海关设置的编码，共10位数字。 8. 运输方式：Mode of Transportation It refers to the final departure mode of transportation , such as sea, road, railway and air, etc. 指货物出境的最后运输方式，如江海、公路、铁路及航空等。 9. 运输工具名称Name of Transportation Tool It refers to the name of departure tool of transportation (for example, sea for vessel and number of voyage, railway for the number of train and air for the number of flight). 指货物出境的运输工具名称(如江海填船名及航次，铁路填车次，航空填航班号)。
外文翻译 原文 The Core Competence of the Corporation Material Source:Harvard Business Review,May-June,1990 P79-93 Author:C.K.Prahalad and Gary Hamel C. K. Prahalad is professor of corporate strategy and international business at the University of Michigan. Gary Hamel is lecturer in business policy and management at the London Business School. Their most recent HBR article "Strategic Intent" (May June 1989), won the 1989 McKinsey Award for excellence. This article is based on research funded by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation. The Roots of Competitive Advantage The distinction we observed in the way NEC and GTE conceived of themselves a portfolio of competencies versus a portfolio of businesses was repeated across many industries. From 1980 to 1988, Canon grew by 264%, Honda by 200%. Compare that with Xerox and Chrysler. And if Western managers were once anxious about the low cost and high quality of Japanese imports, they are now overwhelmed by the pace at which Japanese rivals are inventing new markets, creating new products, and enhancing them. Canon has given us personal copiers; Honda has moved from motorcycles to four wheel off road buggies. Sony developed the 8mm camcorder, Yamaha, the digital piano. Komatsu developed an underwater remote controlled bulldozer, while Casio's latest gambit is a small screen color LCD television. Who would have anticipated the evolution of these vanguard markets? In more established markets, the Japanese challenge has been just as disquieting. Japanese companies are generating a blizzard of features and functional enhancements that bring technological sophistication to everyday products. Japanese car producers have been pioneering four wheel steering, four valve-per cylinder engines, in car navigation systems, and sophisticated electronic engine management systems. On the strength of its product features, Canon is now a player in facsimile transmission machines, desktop laser printers, even semiconductor manufacturing equipment.
摘要：高职院校大学生的就业问题关系到高职院校的可持续发展。应从提高大学生的就业竞争力入手提升学生的整体就业水平。大学生的就业竞争力可归纳为基本素质、基本工作能力、专业技能、求职技能四个要素。高职院校应分析当前制约毕业生就业竞争力提升的内部因素与外部因素，有针对性地提出提升大学生就业竞争力的有效途径。 关键词：高职院校；学生；就业竞争力 近年来，大学生就业形势日趋严峻，妥善解决好大学生的就业问题，不仅关系到我国高等教育的可持续发展，也直接关系到社会的稳定与和谐，同时还决定着高等院校尤其是高职院校的生存与发展。要做好毕业生就业工作，必须对毕业生的就业竞争力作系统、全面、客观的分析，从提高就业竞争力入手提升大学生的整体就业水平。 就业竞争力的内涵与构成要素 大学生就业竞争力本质上是一种表现力，是大学生综合素质的集中反映和显著标志，是毕业生把握并获取就业机会、赢得欣赏的实际能力和比较优势。概括说来，大学生就业竞争力是指毕业生在就业市场上战胜竞争对手、找到自身才能发挥和实
现自身价值的适当的工作岗位的能力，即满足社会和用人单位对人才需求的能力。从社会对人才的需求来看，笔者认为大学生就业竞争力包含以下四个要素。 （一）基本素质 诚信意识人无信不立，国无信不强。诚信是一个合格公民所必须具备的最基本的思想道德素质，也是市场经济最可靠、最坚实的基石，是维护市场秩序、调整人们社会关系的准则。大学生的诚信状况直接关系到我国市场经济体制建设的成败。社会上的信用缺失，使德才兼备的人才受到用人单位的青睐，有才无德的人是不会受欢迎的。大学生作为未来社会生活的新生力量，应当认真经营好个人信誉这个无形资产。 强烈的责任心责任心是我们这个社会为人处事的基本要求，是一个人能否立足于社会，获得事业发展的至关重要的人格品质，是做人的基本素质。一个人工作能力的大小与他掌握知识的程度和工作方法有很大关系，而一个人的工作态度，即责任心问题则是影响一个人事业成败的关键。从某种意义上说，责任心往往比能力更为重要。大学生一定要树立对自己和他人、对家庭和集体、对国家和社会的责任心，这样才能得到用人单位的青睐。 扎实的科学文化素质科学文化素质主要体现在学生的知识结构、专业水平以及科学精神等方面。一切职业都要求从业者具有相应的知识，因此，在人才竞争日趋激烈的情况下，大学生必须掌握系统的科学知识、扎实的专业知识、广博的社会知识，具有完善而全面的知识结构，才能适应未来工作的需要。 （二）基本工作能力
题目：关于农产品出口竞争力研究的文献综述 众所周知，农产品出口对增加农民收入、优化农业结构和加快农业发展均有积极的意义。我国农产品出口额已经连续六年保持上升趋势，但我国的农产品出口在国家贸易结构和世界贸易结构中仍然处于弱势地位，最根本的原因在于我国农产品在国际市场上缺乏强有力的竞争力。我国农产品出口竞争力不强的原因何在，如何提高我国农产品的国际竞争力呢？ 加入WTO后，我国农产品在国际市场上的竞争力更加剧烈，因此如何提高农产品的出口竞争力将是个非常关键的问题。本文将对国内近年来有关于农产品出口竞争力研究成果进行回顾和梳理。文中对农产品出口竞争力的概念，影响因素从国内和国外两个方面进行梳理以及提高农产品出口竞争力的措施进行简单评价 一、有关竞争力的概念 一国外学者认为： 1．竞争力的内涵。 出口竞争力，就是出口产品在国外市场的国际竞争力。古典经济学认为，国际竞争力的强弱取决于一个国家或地域或地区生产要素：劳动力、资金与自然禀赋等方面具有的相对优势，从亚当·斯密创立比较优势论到大卫·李嘉图相对优势论，还有赫克歇尔一俄林自然禀赋理论都沿袭这一看法；经济历史学家强调经济体制在国际竞争中的重要作用，他们认为有利的制度形式是推动国家或地域经济发展的动力，从而也必然促进其国际竞争力的提高。 2．竞争力的理论基础。 长期以来，古典经济学家李嘉图的比较优势论是西方国际贸易理论的“基石”。李嘉图认为，国际贸易的基础并不限于生产技术上的绝对差异，只要各国之间存在着生产技术上的相对差异，就会出现生产成本和产品价格的相对差别，从而使各国在不同的产品上具有比较优势，是国际分工和国际贸易成为可能。他以各国劳动生产率的差异为基础进行分析，认为每个国家或地域都集中生产并出口其具有比较优势的产品，进口其具有比较劣势的产
跨境电商外文文献综述 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 本地化跨境电子商务的模型 摘要 通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。 关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链
1.简介 电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口 在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。 2.背景 在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。 2.1 B2B电子商务在伊朗 如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。伊朗和许多其他国家接壤，它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路，铁路，海上和空中的方式来完成。因此，这个国家的中部和战略作用，使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。今天，在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成，由商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。今天，伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的，商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电子商务供应链交换电子文件的过程。这里提到的一些系统，由商务部在伊朗的电子服务被提及：进口订单管理系统。贸易统计制度。伊朗法典伊朗。这些电子系统的主要使用，以促进在伊朗贸易过程。这里提到的系统作为独立的贸易者可与建议本文模型在未来的作用。在亚洲的区域性单
广东省外贸企业的出口竞争力分析（纺织业） 1. 绪论 1.1研究背景及目的 纺织与我们的生活息息相关。早在原始社会时期，古人已利用自然资源制造简单的纺织工具，而现在我们日常的衣、某些生活用品和艺术品都是纺织的产物。我们的生活离不开纺织产物，纺织对于全世界人们来说都是生活中不可划缺的一部分，占据着举足轻重的位置。 目前中国是世界最大纺织品生产国，也是世界纺织品第一出口大国，很多人选择到中国购买服饰，而纺织业是广东省的三大传统支柱产业之一。纺织业发展对广东省的国民经济的发展起到开辟市场，积累资金，保证外汇储备、国际收支平衡、解决社会就业及纺织业可持续发展至关重要。因此，研究中广东省纺织行业是非常重要的，纺织业是广东省发展的重要的行业，也是广东省为之骄傲的行业。 1.2.中国纺织史 中国纺织生产起源大概在旧石器时代晚期，距今约２万年左右的北京山顶洞人已学会利用骨针来缝制苇、皮衣服。 夏代时期，社会的中、下层，主要是流行麻葛类纺织品。 商朝的纺织品主要包括丝织、麻织、毛织、棉织等等。 西周时期的纺织，主要流行的除了有新石器时代以来的丝、麻、葛织等传统，还有商代的毛织习俗。 到春秋战国，纺织生产在数量上和质量上都有很大的发展，丝织物成为远近闻名的高贵衣料。有一部分纺织品生产者逐渐专业化，因此，手艺日益精湛，缫、纺、织、染工艺逐步配套。 秦汉到清末，丝织物一直保持高档品的地位，还出现以供观赏为主的工艺美术织品。而蚕丝作为中国的特产闻名于世，很多人冒名前来中国采购。纺、织、染、整工艺日趋成熟。 元、明两代，棉纺织技术发展迅速，人民日常衣着由麻布逐步改用棉布。 1870年中国开始引进欧洲纺织技术，开设大型纺织工厂，因此形成了少数大城市集中性纺织生产和农村农民分散性手工机器纺织生产并存的局面。 中华人民共和国成立后，纺织生产迅速发展。纺织技术迅速提高，拥有制造全套纺织染整机器设备，从而棉纺织规模迅速扩大，毛、麻、丝纺织、化学纤维也有相应的发展。 1.3中国纺织业现状及发展 1990年广东省纺织业在全省制造业总产值的排位处于第二，成为广东工业化初期的主体行业，2002年我省纺织品服装出口占全球纺织品服装出口总额的4%左右，服装出口101亿美元，占全球服装出口5.1%，广东省成为全球第三大服装出口基地，2003年广东省规模以上纺织企业有3659个，总资产为1141亿元，完成工业总产值1594亿元，占全省工业总产值的7.4%，在全国同行业排第三，实现利税排全国第四位，而纺织品服装出口总额居全国首位。面向未来，广东省全面建设小康社会、率先实现现代化的道路上，纺织业必将继续发挥无可替代的重要作用，但入世后我国现有海外市场被发达国家挤占了，如美国以高品位、高质量的纺织品参与国际竞争，使而中国纺织设备相对落后、生产效率低、产品质量低、产品品种档次低下，大量市场被挤占了，因此对广东省纺织业研究是刻不容缓的。 2.纺织业出口竞争分析 2.1内部优势分析 人力资源优势