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增词和减词

增词和减词
增词和减词

第2章增词和减词

增词

1,根据句法结构增词

(1)增补主语

不加持就会失败

One will fail unless one preserves.

(2)增补非人称的或强势中的it

一天天冷起来了。

It is getting colder day by day.

我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。

It was with great effort that we solved those problem.

(3)增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it

他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤,就越会暴露。

The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he revealed them.

我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。

We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice.

(4)增补物主代词

别把手搁在口袋里。

Don’t put your hands in your pockets.

(5)增补并列连词

男女老少都参加了战斗。

Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.

(6)增补丛属连词或关系代词

不努力,不会成功

One will not succeed unless one works hard.

凡是在科学技术上有建树者,都是工作最勤奋,并且勇于创新的人。

Those who made original contributions to science and technology are the ones who have worked the hardest and have not been afraid to break new ground.

(7)增补连系动词

我们应当虚心

One should always be modest.

(8)增补介词

公共场所不准吸烟。

Smoking is prohibited in public places.

(9)增补冠词

月亮慢慢从海上升起。

The moon was slowly rising above the sea.

2. 为了明确表达原文的含义而增词

(1) 增补在汉语中不言而喻的词语

A班学习成绩很好

The students in Class A have won a brilliant academic record. (2) 为了使上下文衔接,增补连接词语

李先生病了,我们的找个人代替他。

Mr. Li fell ill, thus making it necessary for us to find a substitute for him.

3 为了适应句子的逻辑要求而增词

其实地上本没有路,走的人多了,也便成了路。

For actually the earth had no roads to begin with, but when many men pass one way, a road is made.

减词

英译时汉语里重复的词语,一般只需译一个。

青年人的觉醒程度如何,道德品质如何,知识水平如何,直接关系者社会主义建设的速度,关系着国家的未来。

How the youth come up in political consciousness, in moral qualities and in intellectual attainments has a direct bearing on the speed of socialist construction and the future of our motherland.

译不来的句子:

1.重点是普及义务教育,积极发展职业教育和成人教育,适度发展高等教育,优化教育结构。

We must lay emphasis on making compulsory education universal, vigorously developing vocational education and adult education, moderately developing higher education and optimizing educational structure.

2.把钟拆开比把它装起来容易。

It is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together again.

3..我们这样做都是为了你好。

It was for your benefit that we did it all.

4.他走进屋来,大衣上尽是雪,鼻子冻得通红。

He entered the room, his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.

5一年之计,莫若树谷;十年之计,莫若树木;百年之计,莫若树人。(《管子·权修篇》)

佳译:If you plant for one year, plant a seed. If for ten years, plant a tree. If for a hundred years, teach the people.

6.时光流逝太快,还没有很好地一览风光,怎么就入了秋境了呢?便觉得有三分惆怅,三分无奈。

参考译文:A touch of downcastness and helplessness came over me as I realized how time had flown. Before I could sufficiently admire the scenery and enjoy the beauty of life, it was already autumn.(惆怅和无奈不会翻译,还有一览风光)

7.青年人的觉悟程度如何,道德品质如何,知识水平如何,直接关系着社会主义建设的速度,关系着祖国的未来。

参考译文:How the youth comes up in political consciousness, in moral qualities and in intellectual attainments has a direct bearing on the speed of socialist construction and the future of our motherland.(不知道这里的如何怎么翻译)

8.必须认识到,如果只讲物质利益,只讲金钱,不讲理想,不讲道德,人们就会失去共同的奋斗目标,失去行为的正确规范。

参考译文:We must realize that we would lose the common objective of struggle and the accepted code of conduct if we only value material gains and money without thinking of ideals and moral standards.(这里的“讲”是“追求,重视”的意思) 译不好的句子:

1..不坚持就会失败

自己译文:One will fail without perseveres.

课本译文:One will fail unless one perseveres.

2.尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。

自己译文:It is better to try and fail than never try.

课本译文:It is better to try and fail than never try at all.

3.我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。

自己译文:It took us great effort to solve those problems.

课本译文:It was with great effort that we solved those problems.

4.他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤,就越是会暴露。

自己译文:The more hi tried to hide his warts, the more they were exposed

课本译文:The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he reveled them

5.男女老少都参加了战斗。

译文:All the people were in the war.

佳译:Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.

评价: 自己的译文不能具体强调出“男女老少”。

6.凡是在科学技术上有建树者,都是工作最勤奋,并且勇于创新的人。

译文:If one wants to succeed in science and technology, he has to be the one who works the hardest and has a creative heart.

佳译:Those who have made original contributions to science and technology are the ones who have worked the hardest and have not been afraid to break new ground.

评价:自己有漏译之处,原句中的“勇于”就没有翻译出来,还有译得不到位的,比如“建树”,结合整个句子,不仅仅是表示“成功”,还要蕴含着“开拓创新”的意思。

7.我们对问题要做全面的分析,才能解决得妥当。

译文:We should make a thorough analysis of the problem so that it can be solved properly.

佳译:We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved.

评价:翻译时我用了the problem, 原译中用的是a problem, 表示泛指还是用不定冠词比较好些。在连词的选用上我用的是表结果的so that而原译用的是表时间的before,因为so that 用得太频繁,所以我觉得用before倒显得新颖一些。

8.窝藏不报者,须受相当的处分。

译文:If one who shelters the bad things and doesn’t report, he would be punished. 佳译:Persons who shelter undesirable elements and do not report them to the authorities concerned shall be duly punished.

评价:这句话需要进行增词,而我没有增补完全,比如说“报”就应该蕴含了“向有关当局报告”这个宾语,所以还应该增补authorities concerned。

9.所以,能发展的就不要阻挡,有条件的地方尽可能搞快点。

译文:So, those areas which can be developed should not be stopped, and those which have the chance to develop should hurry up.

佳译:Therefore, those areas that are in a position to develop should not be obstructed. In areas where conditions permit, local developments should proceed as

fast as possible.

评价:我觉得自己“阻挡”翻译得不够好,不是stop停止,而是obstruct阻塞。还有第二句话应该增补主语local developments, 是由政府来加快发展,而不是地区。

10.他们屡战屡败。

自译:They repeatedly fought, but repeatedly defeated.

参考译文:They are repeatedly defeated although they fought again and again.(这里的although更能表达这种让步关系)

11.有开有谢是真花,只开不谢是假花。

自译:A flower that opens and falls is a real flower, but a flower that only has opens not falls is a artificial flower.

参考译文:It is a real flower that opens and falls. If it stays long in blossom it must be an artificial one.(这里的“It is…..that”是强调句型)

12.努力学习吧,努力学习三年五载,你就会精通英语了。

自译:Study hard, study hard for three to five years and you will be proficient in English.

参考译文:Study hard, study hard for three to five years, by that time you will be proficient in English.(“by that time”表示出了这种因果关系)

13.李先生病了,我们得找个人代替他。

自译:Mr.Li was ill, we must find someone to replace him.

参考译文:Mr.Li fell ill, thus making it necessary for us to find a substitute for him.(thus表达了因果关系)

14.我们的革命和建设,成绩是主要的,缺点错误也有。

自译:In our revolution and construction, the achievements are primary, but there are also mistakes.

参考译文:In our revolution and construction, the achievements are primary, though there are short-coming and mistakes.(though表达了让步关系)

15.刚进大学时,陌生的环境,陌生的人群,甚至连宿舍楼下的磁卡电话也是陌生的。

自译:When I first entered the university, the surrounding is strange , the crowd is strange, even the magnetic card telephone below our dormitory building is also strange to me.

参考译文:When I first entered the university, everything seemed new to me: the environment, the crowd of people, and the magnetic card telephone booth below our dormitory building.(这里没有重复“陌生”,而是用了“everything is new”来代替)

16.不坚持社会主义,不改革开放,不发展经济,不改善人民生活,只能是死路

一条。

自译:If we don not stick to socialism, don’t stick to the policy of reform and opening, don’t develop economy, don’t raise the life of people, we only get a dead way.

参考译文:If we did n’t adhere to socialism, implement the policies of reform and opening to the outside world, develop the economy and raise living standards of the people, we would find ourselves in a blind alley.(这里没有重复“不”,“死路”翻得是“blind alley”)

17.在我们系,王先生教修辞学,李先生教语言学,黄先生教翻译课。

自译:In our department, Mr. Wang teaches rhetoric, Mr. Li teaches linguistics, Mr. Huang teaches translation.

参考译文:In our department, Mr.Wang takes up teaching rhetoric, Mr. Li, linguistics and Mr. Huang , translation(这里是并列句,这里避免重复“教”)

18.他们开始研究敌情,分析敌情。

自译:They begin to study the situation of the enemy and analyze the situation.

参考译文:They begin to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.(这里避免了重复)

19.在化学公式中,表示氢的符号是H;表示氧的符号是O;表示氮的符号是N。自译:In the chemical formula, the symbol for hydrogen is H, for oxygen is O, for nitrogen is N.

参考译文:In the chemical formula, the symbol for hydrogen is H, or oxygen, O, for nitrogen, N.(应该要去掉“is”)

20.分子处于永恒的运动状态中。

自译:The molecules are in the state of eternal motion.

参考译文:The molecules are perpetually in motion(状态表示的是范畴,不必译出)

21.对于国民经济各方面的问题,必须进一步考虑。

自译:We must further consider the various problems about national economy.

参考译文:The various aspects of national economy must be taken into further consideration.(“问题”指的不是具体的)

22.它显示出社会主义制度的优越性。

自译:It shows the advantages of the social system.

参考译文:It shows the superiority of socialism(“制度’’是指的范畴)

23.我们必须进行积极的宣传工作以控制生育。

自译:We must carry on active propaganda works to control birth.

参考译文:We must carry on an active publicity to get birth under control.(这里“工作”不是具体的)

课本译文不好的句子:

1.又要马儿跑得快,又要马儿不吃草,简直可笑。

自己译文:It is ridiculous to ask the horse to run fast while not grazing

课本译文:You want the horse to run fast and yet you do not let it graze.Is not it ridiculous.

2.我们人认为理论与实践结合是十分重要的。

自己译文:We think it essential to combine theory with practice.

课本译文:We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice.

3.教师认为,让学生记住,简单地把两种物质混合起来就可能引起化学变化,是很重要的。

自己译文:The teachers think it important to ask students to remember that simply mixing two materials may bring about a chemical change.

课本译文:The teacher consider it important for the students to remember that simply mixing two materials may bring about a chemical change.

4、你干嘛不去问他?

译文:Why don’t you ask him?

原译:Why don’t you go and ask him about it?

评价:我觉得不用翻译出“去”这个词,直接用ask同样也蕴含了这个动作,而译文可能简短一些更明了。

5.其实地上本没有路,走的人多了,也变成了路。

自译:In fact, the earth had no road in the beginning, but when many people pass one way, a road is made.

书本上译的:For actually the earth had no roads to begin with, but when may men pass one way, a road is made.(这里的“for”感觉重复了)

增词译法和减词译法

Chapter 1 增词译法和减词译法 1.1 增词译法(amplification/adding words) ?英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时既可能将词类转换,有时候也可能将词量增减。 ?增词法就是在翻译时按意义上或修辞上或句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、通顺地表达原文思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意乱加,而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其义的一些词。 1.1.1 ? e.g. I’m really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an intervie w. ? e.g. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no ―ordinary Chinese‖ with paper flags and flowers. 1.1.2 ? e.g. With what enthusiasm the Beijingers are studying foreign languages! ? e.g. What a day/life! 1.1.3 ? e.g. How the little girl looked after her old mother! ? e.g. As he began talking, words poured out. 1.1.4 1.1.4.1 ? e.g. Be sure to wash before meal. ? e.g. Day after day she does the same: washing, sweeping, and cooking. 1.1.4.2 ? e.g. The radio is indeed cheap and fine. 1.1.4.3 1.1.4.4 e.g. In the summer of 1969, the government publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 1.1.4.5 ? e.g. He felt the patriot rise within his breast. ? e.g. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 1.1.5 1.1.5.1 ? e.g. Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities. ? e.g. Rows of new houses have been set up. 1.1.5.2 ? e.g. The lion is the king of animals. ? e.g. The mountains were covered with snow. ? e.g. The crowd made a way for him. 1.1.6 ? e.g. I bought a new bike yesterday.

增词和减词

第2章增词和减词 增词 1,根据句法结构增词 (1)增补主语 不加持就会失败 One will fail unless one preserves. (2)增补非人称的或强势中的it 一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day. 我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problem. (3)增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤,就越会暴露。 The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he revealed them. 我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice. (4)增补物主代词 别把手搁在口袋里。 Don’t put your hands in your pockets. (5)增补并列连词 男女老少都参加了战斗。 Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.

(6)增补丛属连词或关系代词 不努力,不会成功 One will not succeed unless one works hard. 凡是在科学技术上有建树者,都是工作最勤奋,并且勇于创新的人。 Those who made original contributions to science and technology are the ones who have worked the hardest and have not been afraid to break new ground. (7)增补连系动词 我们应当虚心 One should always be modest. (8)增补介词 公共场所不准吸烟。 Smoking is prohibited in public places. (9)增补冠词 月亮慢慢从海上升起。 The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 2. 为了明确表达原文的含义而增词 (1) 增补在汉语中不言而喻的词语 A班学习成绩很好 The students in Class A have won a brilliant academic record. (2) 为了使上下文衔接,增补连接词语

翻译中的增词和减词

有人误以为,所谓合乎翻译标准,就是在把一种语言转换为另一种语言时,做到“不增不减”。翻译实践告诉我们,由于两种语言表达方式上存在差异,翻译时往往都是“既增又减”。这种根据各自语言特点,在具体上下文中适当地“增、减”,就是我们所要讨论的翻译技巧。 词量增减,是指根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含的词,或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着的词。必须指出的是,词量增减必须防止两个倾向:一是添枝加叶,任意发挥;二是避难就易,肆意裁割。 1、增词 增词,从理论上说可以增加任何词,但在什么时候增加什么样的词,才能恰到好处,而不超出一定界限,则需要悉心体会。下面试分析几个译例: 1)A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper. 译文一:一本书,紧紧合上,只是一叠纸。 译文二:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠纸。 译文三:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠废纸。 译文四:闲置之书只是一叠废纸。 上面同一个句子四个译文,可以体现翻译不同层次。译文一,与原文似乎丝丝入扣,但却显得支离破碎、关系不清、语意不足;译文二,增加了“如果……不读”,意思明白无误,只是觉得言犹未尽;译文三,又增加了一个废字,这可是点睛之举。能否译出这个废字,是翻译这个句子的关键。一个废字,说话者语意才得以充分表达。译文三不足之处,就是行文拖沓累赘;而译文四则简明扼要,笔酣墨浓了。 2)Success is often just an idea away. 译文一:成功往往只是一个念头的距离。 译文二:成功往往只是一念之差。 译文三:成功与否往往只是一念之差。 译文一让人看后莫名其妙;译文二改变说法,但仍让人似懂非懂,而译文三只是简简单单增加了一个“与否”,但却使人豁然开朗!原句意思表达得淋漓尽致。 如同文学翻译一样,经贸文字翻译增词现象也是千变万化。下面实例可供学习者体会增词原理和技巧。 1)All cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.所有现金红利,均须缴纳所得税。(根据汉语行文习惯,增加动词。)

增词译法

第三章词法翻译 四、增词译法(Amplification) 英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时有可能要在词量上加以增减。增词法就是在翻译时按照意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺的表达原文的思想内容。 不是无中生有的随意增词,而是增加原文中虽无其词但有其意的词。 一、根据句法上的需要增词 (一)增补原文答句中的省略部分 1. Is this your book? Yes, it is. 这是你的书吗?是我的。 (Yes, it is. = Yes, it is mine.) 2. Do you love him? Yes, of course I do. 你爱他吗?我当然爱他。 (Yes, of course I do. = Yes, of course I love him.) (二)增补原文句子中所省略的动词 1. He remembered the incident, as had his wife. 他记得这件事,他的妻子早就记起来了。 2. I believed it too. But I don’t now. 过去我也是相信的。可是现在,我不相信了。 3. We don’t retreat, we never have and never will. 我们不后退,我们从来没有后退过,将来也决不后退。 4. I fell madly in love with her, and she with me. 我狂热地爱上了她,她也狂热地爱上了我。 5. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确。 6. An eagle and a fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the eagle at the summit of a high tree, the fox in a hole at the foot of it. 一只鹰和一只狐狸长期友好的住在一起,鹰住在一棵高高的树顶上,狐狸住在树下一个洞里。 7. Many people can bear adversity, but few contempt. 很多人能够忍受逆境,但很少人能忍受被人轻视。 (三)增补原文比较句中的省略部分 1. The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress. 仆人们愿意服侍她,就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。 2. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 3. The Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive than others. 中国的合作方式比别国的合作方式更有特色。

笔译技巧3 英汉互译中的增词法和减词法

英汉互译中的增词法和减词法 (一)语法增减词 A.英汉在语法上存在某些明显的差异; B.英语有冠词,汉语没有; C.英语多用代词,相较汉语; D.英语介词丰富,汉语介词很少; E.英语多用关联词语,汉语主要靠逻辑关系来铺排句子,强调意念的连贯性;F.汉语多用助词表示各种语气。 例如: a.I’ve been rich and I’ve been poor —and I tell you , rich is better. 富裕也罢,贫穷也罢,我都经历过。说实话,富裕当然胜过贫穷。(省略关联词和已出现过的作主语的人称代词) b.活到老,学到老。 One is never too old to learn .(增加人称代词) c.该地区已没什么城乡差别。 There is little difference between town and country in this region .(增加介词) d.Is more growth really better ? 经济发展得越快越好吗?(增加语气词) (二)词义增减词 A.很多情况下,英汉词汇的语义范围往往有宽窄之分,并非一一对应; B.如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语宽,英译汉时要采取增词法,使原文隐含的 意思得以充分表达; C.如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语窄,英译汉时要则要采用减词法。 例如: a.It is pointed out that the sheer(纯粹的,一味地)increase in quantity of products has imposed an enormous cost on society in the form(方式,形式)of pollution ,crowding , proliferation(激增)of wastes that need disposal , and debilitating(使虚弱,使衰弱)psychological and social effects. 一味地追求产品数量的增长 已经让社会付出了巨大的代价。 比如环境污染,交通拥挤,需特殊处理废物的激增, 以及由此造成的负面的心理及社会影响。(增词法) b.The only cure for envy in the case of ordinary men and women is happiness , and the difficulty is that envy is itself a terrible obstacle to happiness. 对于普通人而言,治疗嫉妒的唯一方法是快乐,然而困难在于,嫉妒本身就是快

增词法和减词法 translation

Amplification & Omission增词法和减词法 翻译的标准首先是忠实于原文。那么,忠实是否就意味着我们在翻译过程中不能增加词也不能减少词呢?实际上并非如此。美国著名翻译学家奈达曾经说过“Translation is translating meaning”,在翻译过程中主要是准确表达出原文的意思,而不必拘泥于原文用词的形式。英汉两种语言不论在词汇上还是在句法上都存在着显著的差异,一味拘泥于原文的形式,有时会令人费解、语句罗嗦或偏离原文的意思。适当地增加一些词或者省略一些词,恰恰是为了达到忠实于原文或者通顺流畅表达的目的。下面分别举例介绍一下英汉翻译过程中常见的增词和减词的用法。 1.增词法 增词法并不是说译者可以随心所欲地增加任何词。一般说来,增加的词尽管没有出现在原文字面上,但实际上其意思都隐含在原文中。经常使用的增词法有以下几种情况: (1)增加表示时态和复数的词 英语具有某些综合形语言的特征,可以通过名词、动词的词形变化来表现时态和复数。而汉语则是典型的分析形语言,词形本身没有变化,要表示时态和复数需要通

过增加相应的时间副词或表示复数的词。所以一定要注意在汉语译文中添加这些词,如: 例1:His father was a fisherman. He was as poor as we are. 译文:他父亲过去是个渔夫。那时候他和我们现在一样穷。 例2:The agreement will come into force next spring. 译文:协议将于明年生效。 例3:Lion is the king of animals. 译文:狮子是百兽之王。 例4:As is known to all, air is a mixture of gases. 译文:众所周知,空气是许多种气体的混合物。 (2)增加语义表达中需要的词 增加语义表达中需要的词,是指为了使译文表达通顺流畅而根据汉语的表达习惯增加的一些词。经常增加的语义表达中需要的词有动词、名词、形容词、副词和量词。 1) 增加动词 汉语句子中动词占优势,使用的频率很高。因此英汉翻译中经常需要根据上下文的意思添加一些动词,使译文表达更加清楚、通顺,如: 例5:He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.

增词法减词法补充,课后看

通过英译汉中的增词法减词法复习汉译英增词法减词法 I. What is Omission Omission: Amplification to leave out some unnecessary words. One of the differences in syntax between English and Chinese is the disparity in wording.What is regarded as a natural or indispensable element in one language may be regarded as superfluous or even “a stumbling block”in the other.For the sake of succinctness,functional words in English such as the article,the preposition are usually omitted in translation. The time-keeping devices of electronic watches are much more accurate than those of mechanical ones. 电子表比机械表准确得多。 He took off his coat and shoes. Then he put on his slippers,went to the sofa and began to watch TV. After a moment, he asked hiswife to bring him a cup of tea. 他脱了大衣和鞋子,然后穿上拖鞋,走到沙发前,开始看电视。过了一会儿,他叫妻子给他端杯茶来。 3) A difference arose between the neighbors over the height of the fence. 邻居之间为了篱笆的高度惹起了一场争论。 邻居为篱笆的高低有过争论。(思果,《译道探微》,中国对外翻译出版公司,2002)II. Omission of pronoun 1.在英语中,代词充当主语的情况相当多。为了使译文前后的句子意思紧凑,避免重复用词,汉语习惯采用无主句,其主语就是前面的代词。 He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.

增词与减词在法律英语翻译中的应用_熊征

增词与减词在法律英语翻译中的应用 熊 征 (西北师范大学外国语学院,甘肃兰州 730070) 摘要:以英汉翻译的两个基本技巧———增词和减词为依据,认为作为翻译学科的一个分支,法律英语翻译同样需要适时增词和减词;由于中西方语言和法律制度的巨大差异,加之法律语言表述具有严谨性和规范性的特征,所以法律英语翻译中的增词与减词现象具有一定的独特性。并结合大量实例,对这一现象进行了初步分析。 关键词:增词;法律英语翻译;减词中图分类号:H315.9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-3863(2007)05-0062-04 一、法律英语翻译概述 法律英语在英语国家中被称为LegalLanguage或LanguageoftheLaw,即法律语言,美国加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校法学院教授DavidMellinkof认为,法律英语是指“在英语为官方语言的国家里,律师在一般的司法活动中通常所使用的语言”。[1] “法律语言具有与非法律语言明显不同的句法 特点”[2] ,法律英语作为一种具有规约性的语言分 支,有其独特的风格特点,即严谨,准确,简练。这一特点也体现在翻译中。进行法律英语翻译,需要克服许多障碍,比如英美法系与大陆法系的区别,中英文表达习惯的不同,对等专业术语的欠缺,法律文化传统的冲突等,因此大多数法律文书的翻译都不能满足于机械的对等表达,也不能以追求“华丽”“雅致”为业,而应将规范和准确放在第一位,使原文涵义在译文中得到完整的体现。笔者认为在翻译过程中根据具体情况,进行适当的增词或减词,应可以作为克服以上障碍的一种途径。本文将探讨增词与减词在法律英语翻译中的具体运用。 二、法律英语翻译的增词 所谓增词,“就是要根据上下文的意思、逻辑关 系以及目的语的表达习惯,增加词量,以表达原文 字面没有出现但已经包含的意思”。[3] 增词主要是因 为英汉两种语言在遣词造句以及思维方法上的不同特点造成的。法律语言的表述,失之毫厘,谬以千里。某些法律英语的表述虽然简单,但丝毫不会影响其内容的准确性。因此,在翻译成汉语时,为避免引起误解,就需要根据汉语的习惯和语法规则对这些词或句子予以重述。在法律英语翻译中,增词现象主要包含以下几个方面: 1.增加表示具体范畴的词汇 鉴于法律语言的严谨性和规范性特点,在法律英语汉译过程中需要适当添加一定的词汇,以限定范围,提高表述的准确性。 (1)ThisAgreementismadebyandbetween ___Companyhavingitsregisteredofficein___(place)and___Company,addressofwhichis___(housenumber,street,city). 译文:本协议由__公司(注册营业地在)和__公司(法定地址是__市__街__号)之间达成。 地址有多处,在通常的法律语言环境下,“ad-dress” 即表示“法定地址”,因此翻译成汉语时,需要收稿日期:2007-04-11 作者简介:熊征(1980-),男,湖南湘乡人,西北师范大学外国语学院讲师,硕士。 第9卷第5期2007年10月沈阳教育学院学报 JournalofShenyangCollegeofEducationVol.9No.5Oct.2007

翻译中的“增词减词”

翻译中的“增词减词” 有人误以为,所谓合乎翻译标准,就是在把一种语言转换为另一种语言时,做到“不增不减”。翻译实践告诉我们,由于两种语言表达方式上存在差异,翻译时往往都是“既增又减”。这种根据各自语言特点,在具体上下文中适当地“增、减”,就是我们所要讨论的翻译技巧。 词量增减,是指根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含的词,或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着的词。必须指出的是,词量增减必须防止两个倾向:一是添枝加叶,任意发挥;二是避难就易,肆意裁割。 1、增词 增词,从理论上说可以增加任何词,但在什么时候增加什么样的词,才能恰到好处,而不超出一定界限,则需要悉心体会。下面试分析几个译例: 1)A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper. 译文一:一本书,紧紧合上,只是一叠纸。 译文二:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠纸。 译文三:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠废纸。 译文四:闲置之书只是一叠废纸。 上面同一个句子四个译文,可以体现翻译不同层次。译文一,与原文似乎丝丝入扣,但却显得支离破碎、关系不清、语意不足;译文二,增加了“如果……不读”,意思明白无误,只是觉得言犹未尽;译文三,又增加了一个废字,这可是点睛之举。能否译出这个废字,是翻译这个句子的关键。一个废字,说话者语意才得以充分表达。译文三不足之处,就是行文拖沓累赘;而译文四则简明扼要,笔酣墨浓了。 2)Success is often just an idea away. 译文一:成功往往只是一个念头的距离。 译文二:成功往往只是一念之差。 译文三:成功与否往往只是一念之差。 译文一让人看后莫名其妙;译文二改变说法,但仍让人似懂非懂,而译文三只是简简单单增加了一个“与否”,但却使人豁然开朗!原句意思表达得淋漓尽致。 如同文学翻译一样,经贸文字翻译增词现象也是千变万化。下面实例可供学习者体会增词原理和技巧。 1)All cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.所有现金红利,均须缴纳所得税。(根据汉语行文习惯,增加动词。)

翻译中的增词和减词教学提纲

翻译中的增词和减词

有人误以为,所谓合乎翻译标准,就是在把一种语言转换为另一种语言时,做到“不增不减”。翻译实践告诉我们,由于两种语言表达方式上存在差异,翻译时往往都是“既增又减”。这种根据各自语言特点,在具体上下文中适当地“增、减”,就是我们所要讨论的翻译技巧。 词量增减,是指根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含的词,或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着的词。必须指出的是,词量增减必须防止两个倾向:一是添枝加叶,任意发挥;二是避难就易,肆意裁割。 1、增词 增词,从理论上说可以增加任何词,但在什么时候增加什么样的词,才能恰到好处,而不超出一定界限,则需要悉心体会。下面试分析几个译例: 1)A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper. 译文一:一本书,紧紧合上,只是一叠纸。 译文二:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠纸。 译文三:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠废纸。 译文四:闲置之书只是一叠废纸。 上面同一个句子四个译文,可以体现翻译不同层次。译文一,与原文似乎丝丝入扣,但却显得支离破碎、关系不清、语意不足;译文二,增加了“如果……不读”,意思明白无误,只是觉得言犹未尽;译文三,又增加了一个废字,这可是点睛之举。能否译出这个废字,是翻译这个句子的关键。一个废字,说话者语意才得以充分表达。译文三不足之处,就是行文拖沓累赘;而译文四则简明扼要,笔酣墨浓了。 2)Success is often just an idea away. 译文一:成功往往只是一个念头的距离。 译文二:成功往往只是一念之差。 译文三:成功与否往往只是一念之差。 译文一让人看后莫名其妙;译文二改变说法,但仍让人似懂非懂,而译文三只是简简单单增加了一个“与否”,但却使人豁然开朗!原句意思表达得淋漓尽致。 如同文学翻译一样,经贸文字翻译增词现象也是千变万化。下面实例可供学习者体会增词原理和技巧。 1)All cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.所有现金红利,均须缴纳所得税。(根据汉语行文习惯,增加动词。)

增词减词练习题

I.试译下列句子,注意为弥合语法差异的需要增加适当的词或减少某些不必要的词 1. Over the past 50 years scientists and psychologists have increasingly argued over whether genetics or environment has a greater impact upon human intelligence. 环境和遗传之间究竟哪一个对智力发展影响大,这介于科学家和心理学家之间的辩论,五十年来正在逐渐升温。 2. The moon gives no light of its own. It merely reflects the light of the sun, like a huge mirror hung in the sky. 月球本身不发光。它只是像一面挂在天上的镜子一样反射了太阳光。 3. Emma slept, and when she woke, she had a shower. 艾玛睡了一件,醒来后,冲了个澡。 4. Hotel staff won't be overly offended if you don't tip. 即使你不给小费,酒店的服务员也不会太生气。 5. Trips were made three times a week in summer and twice a week in winter. 夏天每周旅行三次,冬天两次。 6. When I graduated from college, my days of ambivalence was over. 到我大学毕业时,那种矛盾的心情消失了。 7. Back in the hotel room, Jon made sure she was settled before he set off. 回到酒店, 乔要把她安顿好后,再出发. 8. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. 熄灯后,老鼠必须要等上一会才能放心出来。 9. Then what on earth do you want to do with it? 那你到底想干嘛? 10. Did he reward you any further? 他还奖励了你什么? 11.他抬眼望了望马路上昏暗的路灯。 He lifted his eyes and looked at the dim street lights. 12.他们正在研究该地区的自然特征和生物的分布情况。 They are studying the natural features of the area and the distribution of life within it. 13.丁医生放下雪茄,又回到小客厅里去了。 Dr. Ding discarded his cigar and went back into the tiny living room. 14.她小心地打开盒子,又学着同桌的样子轻轻把它盖上。 She opened the box cautiously, then closed it lightly the way her deskmate has done. 15.夏夜在屋外乘凉的时候,往往有些担心,不敢去看墙上。 In the summer night, when in the shade outside the house, I used to be worried and did not dare to look at the wall. 16.美国国土的主要部分位于北美洲中央,北接加拿大,南连墨西哥,东濒大西洋,西临太平洋。 The main landmass of the United States lies in central North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

Unit 3 增词法和减词法

Unit 3 增词法和减词法(Amplification and Omission) 课时: 2 H 教学目的要求: 在汉译英中能熟练使用增词法和减词法的翻译技巧。 教学重点: 增词法和减词法(代词和连词) 教学难点: 汉语排比句的翻译,使用减词法。 教学内容: Amplification: 一、为了保证语法结构的完整: 代词:汉语中有许多没有主语的句子,英语则一般需要主语; 另外汉语中很多名词前都没有代词,需要增补。 1.大作收到,十分高兴。 I have very glad to have received your writing. 2.没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 3.把这些故事看完以后,用你自己的话讲一遍。 After you have read these stories, tell them in your own words. 4.我们响应了祖国的号召。 We responded to the call of our motherland. 5.她用手蒙住脸,好象是为了保护眼睛。 She covered her face with her hands, as if to protect her eyes. 6.孩子们天天带午饭到学校去吃。 The children take their lunch to school every day. 7.我们的心永远向着祖国。 Our hearts are always towards our motherland. 连词:汉语重意合,英语重形合,把汉语翻译成英语时,要适当增加连词。1.虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 2.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 3.村里的男女老少都喜欢那个小超市买东西。 Men and women, old and young in the village, all like shopping in this small supermarket. 4.我妈妈来了,我得回去了。 My mother has arrived, so I have to leave now. 5.送君千里,终有一别。 Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last.

语言翻译中的增词与减词

语言翻译中的增词与减词 有人误以为,所谓合乎翻译标准,就是在把一种语言转换为另一种语言时,做到“不增不减”。北京翻译公司告诉我们,由于两种语言表达方式上存在差异,翻译时往往都是“既增又减”。这种根据各自语言特点,在具体上下文中适当地“增、减”,就是我们所要讨论的翻译技巧。 词量增减,是指根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含的词,或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着的词。必须指出的是,词量增减必须防止两个倾向:一是添枝加叶,任意发挥;二是避难就易,肆意裁割。 1、增词 增词,从理论上说可以增加任何词,但在什么时候增加什么样的词,才能恰到好处,而不超出一定界限,则需要悉心体会。下面试分析几个译例: 1)A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper. 译文一:一本书,紧紧合上,只是一叠纸。 译文二:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠纸。 译文三:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠废纸。 译文四:闲置之书只是一叠废纸。 上面同一个句子四个译文,可以体现翻译不同层次。译文一,与原文似乎丝丝入扣,但却显得支离破碎、关系不清、语意不足;译文二,增加了“如果……不读”,意思明白无误,只是觉得言犹未尽;译文三,又增加了一个废字,这可是点睛之举。能否译出这个废字,是翻译这个句子的关键。一个废字,说话者语意才得以充分表达。译文三不足之处,就是行文拖沓累赘;而译文四则简明扼要,笔酣墨浓了。 2)Success is often just an idea away. 译文一:成功往往只是一个念头的距离。 译文二:成功往往只是一念之差。 译文三:成功与否往往只是一念之差。 译文一让人看后莫名其妙;译文二改变说法,但仍让人似懂非懂,而译文三只是简简单单增加了一个“与否”,但却使人豁然开朗!原句意思表达得淋漓尽致。 如同文学翻译一样,经贸文字翻译增词现象也是千变万化。下面实例可供学习者体会增词原理和技巧。 1)All cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.所有现金红利,均须缴纳所得税。(根据汉语行文习惯,增加动词。) 2)It's more expensive than it was last time but not as good.价钱比上次高,但质量却比上次差。(增补原文省略部分,原句后半句完整形式应该是:...but it's not as good as it was last time.) 3)The application of plastics in automobile industry has brought about great increase of the consumption.塑料在汽车工业上的使用大增加了塑料消费量。(增补原文省略部分,以使意思更加清楚。) 4)Commission depends on the quantity of goods ordered.佣金多少取决于订货量大小。(增词以使译文语意完整,更符合汉语表达习惯。) 2、减词 由于两种语言表达习惯不同,翻译时如果一字不漏地照搬,往往会显得累赘、拖沓、冗杂、或不合行文习惯,甚至产生歧义。采取减词译法可以使译文言简意赅。涉外文书翻译常

英语翻译技巧_“增词减词”--免费.

英语翻译技巧_“增词减词” 有人误以为,所谓合乎翻译标准,就是在把一种语言转换为另一种语言时,做到“不增不减”。翻译实践告诉我们,由于两种语言表达方式上存在差异,翻译时往往都是“既增又减”。这种根据各自语言特点,在具体上下文中适当地“增、减”,就是我们所要讨论的翻译技巧。 词量增减,是指根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含的词,或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着的词。必须指出的是,词量增减必须防止两个倾向:一是添枝加叶,任意发挥;二是避难就易,肆意裁割。 1、增词 增词,从理论上说可以增加任何词,但在什么时候增加什么样的词,才能恰到好处,而不超出一定界限,则需要悉心体会。下面试分析几个译例: 1A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper. 译文一:一本书,紧紧合上,只是一叠纸。 译文二:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠纸。 译文三:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠废纸。 译文四:闲置之书只是一叠废纸。 上面同一个句子四个译文,可以体现翻译不同层次。译文一,与原文似乎丝丝入扣,但却显得支离破碎、关系不清、语意不足;译文二,增加了“如果……不读”,意思明白无误,只是觉得言犹未尽;译文三,又增加了一个废字,这可是点睛之举。能否译出这个废字,是翻译这个句子的关键。一个废字,说话者语意才得以充分表达。译文三不足之处,就是行文拖沓累赘;而译文四则简明扼要,笔酣墨浓了。

2Success is often just an idea away. 译文一:成功往往只是一个念头的距离。 译文二:成功往往只是一念之差。 译文三:成功与否往往只是一念之差。 译文一让人看后莫名其妙;译文二改变说法,但仍让人似懂非懂,而译文三只是简简单单增加了一个“与否”,但却使人豁然开朗!原句意思表达得淋漓尽致。如同文学翻译一样,经贸文字翻译增词现象也是千变万化。下面实例可供学习者体会增词原理和技巧。 1All cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.所有现金红利,均须缴纳所得税。(根据汉语行文习惯,增加动词。 2It's more expensive than it was last time but not as good.价钱比上次高,但质量却比上次差。(增补原文省略部分,原句后半句完整形式应该是:...but it's not as good as it was last time. 3The application of plastics in automobile industry has brought about great increase of the consumption.塑料在汽车工业上的使用大增加了塑料消费量。(增补原文省略部分,以使意思更加清楚。 4Commission depends on the quantity of goods ordered.佣金多少取决于订货量大小。(增词以使译文语意完整,更符合汉语表达习惯。 2、减词 由于两种语言表达习惯不同,翻译时如果一字不漏地照搬,往往会显得累赘、拖沓、冗杂、或不合行文习惯,甚至产生歧义。采取减词译法可以使译文言简意赅。涉外文书翻译常有以下几种减词情况:

增词译法

增词译法Amplification(amplify放大,增强) 省略补齐: 1 Unemployment, particularly among blacks, has become a serious problem. 失业,尤其是黑人失业,已经成为一个严重的问题。 2 Americans view relationships in terms of “rights”; Chinese in terms of “obligations”– to family, to one’s elders, to the country. 美国人认为关系是一种“权利”,而中国人认为关系是一种“义务”——对家庭的、对长辈的、对国家的义务。 3 One generalization概括often made about Americans is that they value their individualism quite highly. They place great emphasis on their individual differences, on having a great number of choices, and on doing things their own way. 常听到人们这样描述美国人,说他们崇尚个人主义,重视个性差异,注重拥有大量的选择,强调各行其是。 4 And so we let the exciting new knowledge slip from us, a little further every day, and our confidence with it. 我们让那些新知识与我们擦肩而过,连同我们的自信一起渐行渐远。 5 Detroit owes its rapid growth and one-time prosperity to the automobile, and above all to Henry Ford. 底特律的迅速发展及其一度繁荣归功于汽车业,尤其归功于亨利·福特。(重复归功于) 6 Minorities must unite to fight against racism and against discrimination in the US. 少数民族必须团结起来反抗美国的种族歧视。 7 With a foreign-funded company, you provide all the funds needed, and take all the profits as well as risks. 对于外商独资企业,由外商提供所有资金, 赚取所有利润,同时承担所有的风险。 8 The company launched its slim and smart new model which analysts expect will boost profits as well as market share in the tough mobile phone market. 手机市场竞争激烈,该公司推出小巧时尚的新机型,专家预测这种机型能够增加利润,扩大市场份额。 9 We won’t retreat, we never have and never will. 我们从未也绝不会撤退。 10 Hong Kong has developed into a regional telecom hub中心, Singapore an electronic commerce hub and India a computer software development hub. 香港已经发展成为地区电信中心,新加坡已经成为电子商务中心,印度则已成为软件开发中心。 11 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric修辞able to contend争夺. 读史使人明智,读诗使人聪慧,数学使人周密,自然哲学使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑与修辞使人善辩。 增译必要的连词:

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