重庆科技学院
跨文化交流与沟通
姓名：曹俊
班级：国贸11-03
学号：2011443913
学院：法政与经贸学院
题目：跨文化商务沟通中的文化差异
跨文化商务沟通中的文化差异
引言
随着经济全球化的不断发展，跨文化商务沟通，也就是国内企业与国外企业的交往沟通越来越频繁，越来越密切。在交往沟通过程中，由于种种文化差异的原因，经常会产生冲突，阻碍了双方的经济交往。如何在交往沟通中避免冲突，就成为了人们关心的首要问题。因此了解各国间的文化差异就显得格外的重要，否则将会引起不必要的误会，甚至可能直接影响跨文化商务沟通的实际效果。这就意味着如何化解各国不同的文化背景在国际商务交往中是非常重要的。
正文
一、主要的跨文化商务沟通的
文化差异是指不同国家、不同地区、不同民族在历史、政治、经济、传统及风俗习惯等方面的差异。在国际商务沟通中，由于参与者来自不同国家，受其政治制度、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、教育背景的影响，其文化背景存在着明显的差异。不同文化背景的人，对同一件事、同一句话、同一个动作都有着不同、甚至相反的理解，中国古代哲人的名言“性相近，习相远”，也说明了这个道理。主要的
文化差异有：
(1)商务时间观：文化不同，对时间的期求和处理的规则也不同。霍尔把时间的利用方式分为单一时间利用方式和各种时间利用方式。单一性时间利用方式强调“专时专用”和“速度”，北美人、中欧人和斯堪的纳维亚人具有此类特点。多种时间利用方式强调“一时多用”，中东和拉美文化具有此类特点。在商务谈判中，美国人视时间为金钱，而阿拉伯、南美和亚洲某些商务会谈可能一连数小时都不涉及正题。因此，两个采用不同时间利用方式的经营者遇到一起时，就需
(2)商务空间观：不同群体空间开放程度不同，如美国人工作时开门表示愿意与外界沟通，而德国人工作时喜欢闭门享受安静的空间。空间占有欲不同，有的国家喜欢将所有的空间利益据为己有，而有的国家追求空间的合理规划和分工
协作。对各自空间保留的需求不同。西欧人喜欢保持距离，而阿拉伯国家则倾向
(3)商务价值观和道德观：西方的伦理体系重视竞争，鼓励个人奋斗，倡导民众不断开拓进取，通常在取得成就后会充分肯定自己的能力、体现自信心和荣誉感。而东方文化鼓励民众遵规守纪，流行中庸主义，主张含蓄的表达和谦虚的态度。在经济全球化时代，过度的谦虚是不受国际主流文化欣赏的。在道德方面，东方强调奉献和助人，而西方人注重独立平等和自我意识，鼓励个人能力，不允许他人侵犯自己的权利。在国际商务沟通中，我方人员应尽力培养和提高自身独
(4)人际交流：商务礼仪虽不是沟通活动中最主要的差别，但其影响不可忽视。在寒暄方式上，中国人喜欢询问对方的姓名、职业等个人情况，而西方人忌讳陌生人问及个人私事，因此在见面的寒暄环节应注意方式和内容，以免礼貌的问候和善意的关心被外方误会为干涉私事。在致谢方式上，通常中国人对于赞美都会谦虚回敬，而西方人推崇自身价值的肯定，总是得意的致谢。在交流上，性格直爽的美国人总是直接简洁，而谨慎又重礼仪的日本人通常不明确说不，尽可能含蓄的推委。在招待方式上，西方人主张自便、自取所需，而中方对待来客热情周到，有时过度的热情被西方人视为不文明。因此，了解不同的文化对商务沟通的影响有助于正确理解和应对不同国家和地区的习惯风俗，从而在商务沟通中事半功倍。
二、解决跨文化商务沟通中的文化差异的对策方针
文化差异虽然可能给商务沟通带来一定的障碍,但也蕴含着许多可利用的因素,采用准确的策略,经过有效的沟通途径,克服不利因素,加强理解与融合,完全可以在国际经贸与商务活动中实现有效的跨文化沟通。
（1）相互尊重,求同存异。要达到跨文化商务沟通的目标,首先要学会尊重别人,真诚对待别人。尊重别人的目的是为了达到沟通,能达到有效共识。
（2）增强跨文化意识,缩小文化差异。要在商务沟通中提高对异国文化和企业文化的敏感性和包容性,理解对方的价值观念和行为方式,建立良好的沟通氛围。很多商务沟通的文化冲突并不是参与者蓄意引起的，而恰恰是由于缺乏相关文化差异知识。作为工作在跨国企业中的工作人员，要树立和加强文化差异意
识，树立主动的了解工作伙伴或是合作伙伴的文化的意识。更正错误认识，很多人常常认为沟通中的文化冲突很恼人，给工作带来了困难。这种想法是错误的，我们应该把在工作中所遇见的文化差异及冲突看作是一种机遇，耐心真心地去了解。了解的多了，积累多了，就可以避免冲突的产生。
（3）把握沟通环节,采取相应沟通技巧。跨文化商务沟通涉及到很多方面,所以针对其每一个环节,应采取相应的沟通技巧,以达到最佳沟通效果。
（4）加强文化沟通与交流,建立全球文化观。在商务沟通中,出现分歧和争执是难免的,但它也是双方通往默契合作、达成共识的必经之路。消除文化冲突,最有效的办法莫过于加强与国际市场的文化沟通与交流,从而达到沟通的满意效果。
（5）加强沟通与交流, 建立相互尊重合作原则。如何使不同文化与社会背景下的管理人员在合资企业中形成一致的企业管理观念对建立良好的中外管理人员的人际关系、对健康、快速发展合资企业起着十分有利的作用。
（6）多渠道的了解和学习不同文化。多渠道的了解和扩展自己的文化差异知识。现在国内外对文化差异的研究越来越重视，有很多学者钻研对此类问题的研究，作为商务沟通人员可以在利用业余时间多学习，通过阅读书籍，了解文化冲突的案例，通过对已经发生的冲突的学习，在今后工作中避免文化差异而导致的各类文化冲突。
结尾
文化为沟通提供了可接受的行为和信仰的模式。文化与企业管理和人际沟通之间相互依存、相互适应,这是一个不可质疑的问题。从最基本的角度来看,沟通反映出文化的倾向、文化的基本内涵。而文化又是沟通价值观的体现,对沟通的思维方式、内容和形式有深刻的影响。在这个管理思想日益丰富多彩的时代,成功的跨文化沟通者必须对文化变革持通融和开放的态度。人们选择的价值观和信仰受到文化的影响,应用到现实的沟通活动中,又对现实的管理或商务活动产生巨大的影响。随着全球化企业时代的到来,文化是竞争所必要的基本因素的问题更为突出,文化与沟通的相互作用也愈加有意义。
参考文献
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智慧树知到《跨文化商务沟通》章节测试答案 第一章 1、The belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is superior. culture communication ethnocentrism sender 答案: ethnocentrism 2、The total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. intercultural communication culture business communication feedback 答案: culture 3、A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior. ethnocentrism noise communication horizontal communication 答案: noise
跨文化商务沟通期末考试的复习内容 一、单选题（10题×2分=20分） 1、__A____ i s called interracial communication。 A.The communication between African Americans and European Americans. B.The communication between two people‘ https://www.doczj.com/doc/294278309.html,munication we have with ourselves D.Interactions among people from different nations. 2、The nail that sticks up gets hammered down is a proverb revealing____. A. individualism B. collectivism C. self-centered D. independence 3、The colour red means prosperity(繁荣、兴旺）in___D_____ . A. American B. England C. Spain D. China 4、“Yellow dog” refers to ___C___ in England. A.someone who is happy B. Someone who is brave C. Someone who is coward（卑鄙的） D. Someone who is sad. 5、A：Thank you so much for what you have done for me and I really appreciate your kindness. B:___C_____ (If you were B, which of the following you would choose as a polite and proper answer) A. It’s my duty to do so. B. No, it’s nothing. C. It’s my pleasure. D. It’s what I Should do.
《跨文化商务沟通》课程论文规范 （2008年06月编制） 论文组成部分排列顺序 ●封面(Cover) ●正文(Main body) 标题(Title)、 副标题(Subtitle) 作者(Author) 摘要(Abstract) 关键词(Key words) 正文内容(Text) ●参考文献(References) 论文格式规范细则 纸张和打印 打印：标准A4白纸，根据论文的篇幅，单面打印。 页边距：上空2.5cm,下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cm。 对齐：节标题左对齐（left alignment），正文使用两端对齐。
字体 字体（font）大小：全文一致。 英文：Times New Roman 12 pt，中文部分使用宋体小四号（即12 pt）。 标题(Title)：Times New Roman 16pt 加粗；副标题(Subtitle): Times New Roman 14pt 一级标题：Times New Roman14pt 加粗。 二级标题及以下标题：Times New Roman 12pt 加粗 表、附录中的文字以及页码的字体可根据需要调整大小，一般用Times New Roman 加粗。 段落首行：缩进5格或1个制表符（TAB）的距离。 正文行距：1.5倍。 引语段（block quotation）、参考文献著录条目：单倍行距。 页码（Pagination） 论文所有的页码标注在每一页右下角，第1页为正文第一章的第一页，10.5号字。 章节的区分： 鉴于篇幅原因，本课程论文不允许使用“章”为单位，由于文章内容需要时，通过序号用阿拉伯数字编排序号，如1，2，3加以区分等。正文二级标题（节）及二级以下标题用阿拉伯数字编排序号，如3.1、3.2.2等
Chapter 1: Communication:An intercultural Perspective 1、N eeds and purposes for communication （1）Maslow’s hierarchy of needs----------be suit of developed country The most basic at the bottom to the most refined at the peak of a triangle---------Physiological needs,such as food,shelter,and sex;Just above that come the needs of safety like family ; then there are social needs for things like love and friendship ; these are followed by ego and esteem needs ,which are above us as individuals wanting self-respect,recognition,and even power;finally ,at the top of the traingle comes the most sophidticated need----------for self-actulization.this is about self-fulfillment,about finding and being oneself. （2）For developing countrys-------------10 items Survival ---------rent a flat/shelter ; try to get help Co-operation---------work with others ;social groups Personal needs（within survival） Relationships（love/belonging） Persuasion Power Social needs Information Making sense of the world Self-expression 2、d efinition of communication （1）Communication simply refers to the process of sending and receiving messeges among people .-------限定于人 （2）Communication is someone perceives behavior or its residue and attributes meaning to it,communication has taken place regardless of whether that behavior is concious or unconcious ,intentional or unintentional . --------------没有限定于人 3、the scope and classification of communication （1）there are at least two or more people Classification: 1) frist classification of communication-----five tapes A ：human communication B : animal communication C : human – animal communicatiom E : machine-to – machine communication F : human –machine communication 2)the second classification of communication
跨文化商务沟通案例与分析 跨文化商务沟通案例与分析 案例一 1925美国总理福特访问日本，美国哥伦比亚广播公司（CBS）受命向美国转播福特在日的一切活动。在福特访日前两周，CBS谈判人员飞抵东京租用器材、人员、保密系统及电传问题。美方代表是一位年轻人，雄心勃勃，提出了许多过高的要求，并且直言不讳 地表述了自己的意见，而日方代表则沉默寡言，第一轮谈判结束时，双方未达成任何协议。两天后，CBS一位要员飞抵东京，他首先以个人名义就本公司年轻职员的冒犯行为 向日方表示道歉，接着就福特访日一事询问能提供哪些帮助。日方转变了态度并表示支持，双方迅速达成了协议。 分析： ? 在这个案例中可以看出，美国人坦率外露的思维方式和日本人内部思维方式相冲突。美国人反对过分拘泥于礼仪，办事干净利落，注重实际，语言表达直率，而且耐心 不足；日本人讨厌过分施加压力，比较注重资历、地位。CBS的要员充分掌握了日本人的性格及谈判风格，才促成了谈判的成功 案例二 ? 美国福特汽车公司和通用汽车公司最初来上海谈判时，正值美国政府要对中国进 行制裁，并提出美国在中国的合资公司不能提出国产化要求的时候。但福特汽车公司代 表一开始就提出合作期间可考虑50%的国产化要求，通用汽车公司接着在上海谈判时， 又主动提出国产化率可从60%开始。由于他们并未理会其政府的限制，我方代表也充满信心的与其谈判，最终达成协议。 分析： ? 美国人热情奔放，性急但信心十足、很容易接近，认为自己是谈判高手，希望对 方也是谈判高手，含糊隐晦、高深莫测的对手只会让美国人纳闷，只有同样充满信心才 能获得对方的好感。 案例三 ? 1998年11月，德国戴姆斯----奔驰公司并购美国三大汽车公司之一的克莱斯勒公司，被全球舆论界誉为“天堂里的婚姻”。戴姆勒是德国实力最强的企业，是扬名世界 的“梅塞德斯”品牌的所有者，克莱斯勒则是美国三大汽车制造商中盈利能力最强，效 率最高的公司。人们认为，这宗跨越大西洋的强强联合定会造就一个驰骋世界汽车市场，所向无敌的巨无霸。然而谁会想到，这桩“婚姻”似乎并不美满。并购后并没有实现公
重庆科技学院 跨文化交流与沟通 姓名：曹俊 班级：国贸11-03 学号：2011443913 学院：法政与经贸学院 题目：跨文化商务沟通中的文化差异
跨文化商务沟通中的文化差异 引言 随着经济全球化的不断发展，跨文化商务沟通，也就是国内企业与国外企业的交往沟通越来越频繁，越来越密切。在交往沟通过程中，由于种种文化差异的原因，经常会产生冲突，阻碍了双方的经济交往。如何在交往沟通中避免冲突，就成为了人们关心的首要问题。因此了解各国间的文化差异就显得格外的重要，否则将会引起不必要的误会，甚至可能直接影响跨文化商务沟通的实际效果。这就意味着如何化解各国不同的文化背景在国际商务交往中是非常重要的。 正文 一、主要的跨文化商务沟通的 文化差异是指不同国家、不同地区、不同民族在历史、政治、经济、传统及风俗习惯等方面的差异。在国际商务沟通中，由于参与者来自不同国家，受其政治制度、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、教育背景的影响，其文化背景存在着明显的差异。不同文化背景的人，对同一件事、同一句话、同一个动作都有着不同、甚至相反的理解，中国古代哲人的名言“性相近，习相远”，也说明了这个道理。主要的 文化差异有： (1)商务时间观：文化不同，对时间的期求和处理的规则也不同。霍尔把时间的利用方式分为单一时间利用方式和各种时间利用方式。单一性时间利用方式强调“专时专用”和“速度”，北美人、中欧人和斯堪的纳维亚人具有此类特点。多种时间利用方式强调“一时多用”，中东和拉美文化具有此类特点。在商务谈判中，美国人视时间为金钱，而阿拉伯、南美和亚洲某些商务会谈可能一连数小时都不涉及正题。因此，两个采用不同时间利用方式的经营者遇到一起时，就需 (2)商务空间观：不同群体空间开放程度不同，如美国人工作时开门表示愿意与外界沟通，而德国人工作时喜欢闭门享受安静的空间。空间占有欲不同，有的国家喜欢将所有的空间利益据为己有，而有的国家追求空间的合理规划和分工
《跨文化商务沟通》 第三章跨文化非语言沟通课后练习 一、单项选择题共9 题 1、（）The study of people's perception and use of space. A . gesture B . kinesics C . expression D . proxemics 参考答案：D 2、Facial expressions are important in human communication, and sometimes it could be misunderstood as the（）in cultural background. A . conversations B . activities C . negotiations D . differences 参考答案：D 3、Private space refers to the（）that people have for their own activities. A . ground B . room C . bedroom D . space 参考答案：D 4、（）The process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context.
A . verbal communication B . nonverbal communication C . posture communication D . face-to-face communication 参考答案：B 5、（）The nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body. A . proxemics B . complement C . kinesics D . mannerism 参考答案：C 6、（）It means that nonverbal behavior can support, but could not replace the verbal message in communication. A . complementing B . substituting C . communication D . negotiating 参考答案：A 7、（）It refers to the space that people have for their own activities. A . personal territory B . personal freedom C . public space D . public environment
跨文化商务沟通 Norm:are cultural ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken, carry a form of overt or covert penalty. Intercultural business communication:is relatively new term in the business world and is defined as communication within and between business that involves people form more than one culture. Subcultures:are groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or macroculture. Stereotypes: is perceptions about certain groups of people or nationalities, exist with nearly all of people which live in different cultures. Ethnocentrism:is the notion that one’s own culture is supe rior to any other. It is the idea that other cultures should be measured by the degree to which they live up to our cultural standards. Values: are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by person in a culture. Attitudes: are our likes and dislikes to certain people, objects, or situations, and they are rooted in our behavior and in our emotions. Cultural patterns:can be viewed as a system of beliefs, attitudes and values that work in combination to provide a coherent, if not always consistent, model for perceiving the world. Cultural shock: is basically a communication problem that involves the frustrations accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture, its customs, and its value systems. Linguistic determinism:is the assumption that a person’s view of reality stems mainly from his or her language. Nonverbal communications:refers to nonword messages such as gestures, facial expression, interpersonal distance, touch, eye contact, smell, and silence. International English:is English for businesspeople that either deal with other cultures whose native language is not English or for whom English may be a second language. Etiquette:refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations. Customs:are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are long-established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstance. Negotiation:is a process in which two or more entities discuss common and conflicting interests in order to reach an agreement of mutual benefit
The essential elements of communication 1. there should be at least two part s. 2. there should be a message 3. there should be a contact between the two parts 4. there should be a language that both sides share. 5. there should a place 6.time for the communication to take place. Message (信息） Source of message encode code channel/medium decoder retriever of message （信息源）编码）（密码）（渠道/媒介）（解码）（信息接受者）Attributes of communication 1. It is a born need 2. It is interactive 3. it can be either constructive or destructive to a relation 4. It cannot be white washed in case it is performed. ?I. What is culture? The definition can be in three-step hierarchy/ the structure of culture Spiritual: beliefs, core of value, ethnics, etc.; Custom/social: manners, organizations, techniques, etc,. Material: food, tools, clothing, etc. Ideological culture/ social culture/ material culture Four Aspects of Culture 1. It’s learnt, not obtained from genes. Social, family, and regional factors as input. 2. It’s shared by a group of people. Local language and culture to be shared by people in a certain group. 3. It’s symbolic. Many can be of symbols of a culture --- language (verbal or non-verbal one), architects, arts, and so on. 4. It’s adaptive. No culture is fixed except the dead. What may effect cross-cultural communication Way of observing verbal language non-verbal language ?Kickbacks回扣（而不是：踢回） ?Honey cooler讨好女人的男子（而不是：甜饮料） ?Dog-eared书页的折角（而不是：狗耳朵） ?Sea-elephant 海豹（而不是：海象walrus) ?Street walker 妓女（而不是：行人） ?Hospital trust 银行（而不是：友好的信任） ?Lover 情人（而不是：爱人） ?Rest room 厕所（而不是：休息室） ?Dollar sale 全部商品一美圆贱卖（而不是：美圆贱卖） ?Green wash 塑造环保形象（而不是：刷绿色） ?busboy 饭店里的洗碗檫桌子的杂工（而不是：公共汽车上的售票员 ?busybody≠大忙人，它相当于汉语中的“爱管闲事的人”。 ?从跨文化角度提出了出口商标翻译的三种方法，即直译法、音译法和音意合璧法?Who to whom? ?Introduce the host to the visitor/ first(groups) ?First introduce your side to the visiting side ?Then the visiting side will make an introduction of themselves
Cross-cultural Business Communication Opinion: Learning process of Business English should n ote cross-cultural communication factors for business activ ities. Through the recognition of different cultures achie ving smooth communication. Keywords: Business English; cross-cultural communicati on; cultural identity; exchange. Nowadays, the development of any country can not be i solated and closed and always communicate with other countr ies, such exchanges on the country's social progress, econo mic development, and plays a huge role in promoting. With the development of the situation of China's reform and open ing up, our people contact with the peoples of the world ar e becoming increasingly frequent. For cross-cultural commu nication research will help us to understand the culture ar ound the world, help countries to achieve real communicatio n between peoples. Cross-cultural communicative competence of mystery,it can help people anticipate and resolve commu nication problems. Therefore, cross-cultural communication, especially for English students to improve their Business English Intercultural Communication plays a vital role.
跨文化商务沟通整理 跨文化商务沟通期末考试的复习内容 一、单选题（10题X2分=20分） 1、 __A ____ is called in terracial com muni cati on 。 A.The com muni cati on betwee n Africa n America ns and Europea n America ns. B.The com muni cati on betwee n two people ‘ https://www.doczj.com/doc/294278309.html, muni cati on we have with ourselves D」n teracti ons among people from differe nt n ati ons. 2、The nail that sticks up gets hammered down is a proverb revealing ___ . A.in dividualism B. collectivism C. self-ce ntered D. in depe ndence 3、 The colour red means prosperity（繁荣、兴旺）in___D _____ . A. America n B. En gla nd C. Spai n D. Chi na
4、“Yellowdog” refers to C ____ in England. A.some one who is happy B. Some one who is brave C. Some one who is coward （卑鄙的） D. Some one who is sad. 5、A: Thank you so much for what you have done for me and I really appreciate your kindn ess. B: __ C ______ （If you were B, which of the following you would choose as a polite and proper answer）
《跨文化商务沟通》教学大纲 一、课程名称：跨文化商务沟通 (Cross-cultural Business Communication ) 二、课程编码： 三、学时与学分：34/2 四、考核方式：考查 五、先修课程：交际管理 六、适用学科专业：英语 七、教学目的： 《跨文化商务沟通》是一门商务沟通实践课程，旨在提高学生在不同文化背景下进行常见商务沟通的能力，即英语语言的实际运用能力。本课程主要通过对在不同文化背景下各种常见商务操作以及英语语言的应用进行分析，如在不同文化背景下如何建立商务关系、商务接待、时间观念、决策制定者、商务谈判、商务缔约、市场营销、管理人员与职员的关系，以及对不同文化背景下的国际商人等进行案例分析和讨论，在跨文化沟通理论的指导下，将英语运用于不同的商务操作中，从而提高学生的语言实际运用能力。 八、基本教学内容与学时安排： 该课程持续17周，每周2学时。具体安排如下： 第1周：Unit 1 Stereotypes Across Cultures 介绍不同文化背景下的价值观、文化模式、文化总体概括以及对文化模式的应变。 第2周：Unit 2 Making Initial Contacts Across Cultures 通过案例分析，导出在不同文化背景下怎样建立商务联系。 3--4周：Unit 3 Hospitality Across Cultures 学习怎样与来自不同文化背景的同事的交往以及怎样招待客户。 5--6周：Unit 4 Time Across Cultures 通过案例分析，了解不同文化社会的时间观以及商务安排中的公司时间与个人时间的协调关系。 7--8周：Unit 5 Decision Makers Across Cultures通过案例分析，掌握不同文化背景中谈判代表的才能以及说服能力。 9--10周: Unit 6 Negotiation Across Cultures讲述非语言表达在不同文化背景中沟通的作用，了解不同的谈判形式，掌握自己的谈判风格。 11--12周: Unit 7 Contacts Across Cultures 了解不同文化背景中的明确协议和隐含协议形式，以及怎样遵守合约。 13--14周: Unit 8 Marketing Across Cultures 了解全球化市场，以及全球分公司和国内分公司区别。 15--16周: Unit 9 Management and Employee Relations Across Cultures 通过案例分析，了解文化对决策制定和管理形式的影响，以及管理者与职员的关系。 第17周：Unit 10 The International Businessperson Across Cultures 了解不同文化背景中国际行政代表的培训，为成为国际化商人做准备。 九、教材：Larua M. English, Sarah Lynn，Business Across Cultures: Effective Communication Strategies (English for Business Success), May 1, 1995 十、主要参考书目：
跨文化商务沟通复习资料 第一章 一．文化适应的四个维度P9 Dimensions of Acculturation Integration - persons become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity Separation - individuals keep their culture and stay independent of the new culture Assimilation - persons are absorbed into their new culture and withdraw from their old culture Deculturation - individuals lose their original culture and do not accept the new culture 第二章不作为考试重点 第三章 一．不同文化的人们对待女性，道德标准以及工作的态度不同P47~P56 ①Attitudes Toward Women： Influenced by cultural roots;U.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as men;Kenya women are considered subordinate to men;Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are de-emphasized - women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many companies；U.S. women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created; they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men;In France, one-fifth of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is one-third；The U.S. and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers. Percentage of Women in Top Management Positions:The Russian Federation 42%，European Union 30%,Australia 23%,United Kingdom 21%,United States 20%,Japan 7%. ②Cultural Attitudes Toward Work: Work ethic - hard work is applauded and rewarded; not working is viewed negatively. U.S. persons value work; executives work -56 hours per week. -take 14 days of vacation a year. European persons work -36 to 41 hours per week. -take 4 to 6 weeks of vacation a year. Europeans:Relaxed;Vacation during month of August;Do not work weekends or holidays (The French take longer vacations than people of any other country.) Australians:Value free time; Value short work week Japanese :Work Monday through Friday, often 18 hours a day;Work until their boss leaves ③Attitudes Toward Ethics: Ethical behavior means acting with integrity, honesty, competence, respect, fairness, trust, courage, and responsibility. Ethical standards are guidelines established to convey what is perceived to be correct
跨文化商务沟通复习资料 一．文化适应的四个维度P9 Dimensions of Acculturation Integration - persons become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity Separation - individuals keep their culture and stay independent of the new culture Assimilation - persons are absorbed into their new culture and withdraw from their old culture Deculturation - individuals lose their original culture and do not accept the new culture 第二章不作为考试重点 第三章 一．不同文化的人们对待女性，道德标准以及工作的态度不同P47~P56 ①Attitudes Toward Women： Influenced by cultural roots;U.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as men;Kenya women are considered subordinate to men;Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are de-emphasized - women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many companies；U.S. women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created; they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men;In France, one-fifth of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is one-third；The U.S. and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers. Percentage of Women in Top Management Positions:The Russian Federation 42%，European Union 30%,Australia 23%,United Kingdom 21%,United States 20%,Japan 7%. ②Cultural Attitudes Toward Work: Work ethic - hard work is applauded and rewarded; not working is viewed negatively. U.S. persons value work; executives work -56 hours per week. -take 14 days of vacation a year. European persons work -36 to 41 hours per week. -take 4 to 6 weeks of vacation a year. Europeans:Relaxed;Vacation during month of August;Do not work weekends or holidays (The French take longer vacations than people of any other country.) Australians:Value free time; Value short work week Japanese :Work Monday through Friday, often 18 hours a day;Work until their boss leaves ③Attitudes Toward Ethics: Ethical behavior means acting with integrity, honesty, competence, respect, fairness, trust, courage, and responsibility.