一.思大作文的15大考察内容
考察频率最高专题：
? 1. 教育：儿童，中学，大学教育体制和方法
? 2. 科技发展对生活的影响
? 3.文化的组成因素和保护
? 4.生活方式的转变和社会观念
? 5. 全球化及其影响
? 6. 环境问题和环境保护
?7. 政府投资
考察次重点专题：
? 1. 艺术的价值
? 2.媒体的作用
? 3.广告的影响
? 4.动物的保护和动物实验
? 5.城乡差距和城市化
? 6.犯罪
?7.弱势群体：妇女的权利，妇女参军
?8.体育
雅思写作错误检查表（10条）
1.使用了正确的语法结构：时态语态，主谓一致，从句，用词准确(名词，动词，形容
词的形式)，介词，冠词
2.句式有变化
3.使用了一定量的词汇
4. 拼写没有错误
5. 观点明确，语意精准不模糊
6. 每段主题句都表明了该段中心思想，所有拓展句支持句都紧扣主题
7. 大量的过渡性词语(逻辑连接词)，使句子间和段落间都具有逻辑性和条理性
8. 提供了足够的细节，例子或论据
9. 每一段话都得到充分展开
10. 每一段话都紧扣文章主题
如何应用：
a.1347当做检查项目，其他当做考前提醒
b.时间紧，就改第一段和每段的前两句话
三.大作文首段基本写作策略---三步走
1.转述背景，扩展题目(setting/ background information )：把题目所提供的背景再用自
己的话拓展转述同义替换一下
题目：It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sports or music, and others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to be a good sports person or musician.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
考官写的开头段：
The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sports, art or music.
2. 说明意图(statement of purposes)：
写作意图=你的立场或者观点，争取用一句话说明你的观点，位置可以是在首段的最后一句
3. 提及下文，分支观点的罗列和总结(summary of main points):
对主要观点用短语或者短句形式进行总结概括
注意：一般情况下包括前两步就可以了，第三步视情况而定.句子个数不是绝对的
开头段写作套路赏析
It is inevitable that as technology develops, so traditional culture must be lost. Technology and tradition are incompatible, you cannot have both together. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
开头段1：
It is a fact of life that the advance of science and technology has been accompanied by a decline in traditional culture. (背景转述) In my opinion, this is not necessarily a bad thing, because some aspects of traditional culture hamper progress and should be abandoned. Moreover, it is natural that people should want to find new ways of doing things .(写作意图) It is a fact of life that…
这是现实中的事实….
It is natural that…
很自然….
It is quite common these days that…
目前很普遍的是….
开头段2：
It is an undeniable fact that scientific and technological developments have brought considerable benefits to every walk of life. Especially since the Industrial Revolution took place, our lives have been made much more convenient by inventions such as trains, airplanes and computers. (背景转述) But I think that the loss of our traditional culture is too high a price to pay for it. (写作意图)
1. It is an undeniable fact that…
不可否认的是…
2. A is too high a price to pay for B
A对于B来说是一个巨大的代价
The environmental deterioration and destruction are too high a price for our economic growth.
四.议论文五大题型分类和写作套路
(一)讨论型discuss
题目表述：
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
讨论正反两方面观点并给出你的观点
例如:题目1
Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
题目2：
Some people believe that culture will be ruined if it is used to earn tourism revenue, but others consider that tourism is the only way of protecting a culture.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
讨论型discuss写作套路
套路1.两方平衡式---两个观点公平讨论
开头段：不表达个人观点立场
主体段1:反方观点(你不倾向的观点)--2点理由
主体段2:正方观点(你相对倾向的观点)-- 2点理由
结尾段：方法1---你同意其中一个观点
方法2---都同意
套路2. 一方倾向式---两个观点不公平讨论
开头段：表达个人观点或立场
主体段1:详谈正方观点(你相对倾向的观点) ----2-3点理由
主体段2:简谈反方观点(你不倾向的观点) ----1-2点理由
结尾段：重申你的观点或立场
文章布局及思路练习题目1---犯罪类
Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
正方观点—惩罚固定
1.Fixed punishment will have a deterring effect on society.(对…有威慑作用) , accomplish
the purpose of deterrence
2.Guarantee / ensure social stability and security to a large extent
3. A sign of the triumph of good over evil
4.fixed punishment to each type of crime could raise individuals’awareness of obeying the
law.
反方观点—惩罚不固定
1.Taking the circumstances and motivation of a crime into account is a prerequisite for establishing and ensuring justice and equity.
绿色部分：同类信息大量携带（并列）
前提,先决条件：precondition, premise, prerequisite
在….的前提下: under the premise precondition / prerequisite of
2.Some kinds of crimes should be taken differently, such as self-defense and manslaughter.自我防卫和过失杀人
3. Criminal laws have to provide minimum and maximum penalties惩罚for the punishment and the law also have to foresee certain cases of exemptions. 免除，豁免
文章布局及思路练习题目2---旅游类
Some people believe that culture will be ruined if it is used to earn tourism revenue, but others consider that tourism is the only way of protecting a culture.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
正方观点---旅游业有益于文化保护
1.Intergrating tourism and cultural heritage could provide economic incentives for protecting culture.
economic incentives = financial support
2. Museums, historical sites and ruins enable the visitors to get a deep insight into local customs and practices, experience local traditions , art and heritages, respect the host community and its environment , promote the dialogue over natural and cultural resources between different countries.
反方观点---旅游业有害于文化保护
1. Tourism creates pollution and waste. The rubbish discarded by travelers would have a negative impact on / do harm to / do great damage to the tourist spots and local cultural ruins.
2. Excessive building (roads, hotels etc.) destroys natural habitats and spoils the landscape.
3.Local traditions may be lost due to the exotic cultural conflicts.
4.Traditional jobs and skills die out (e.g. farming, fishing).
5. Local people are forced to work in the tourist industry, which would take their attention and vigor away from the cultural conservation.
(二).同意与否型agree or disagree
题目表述：
Do you agree or disagree…?
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
考试重点
例如:题目1
It is often said that the subjects taught in schools are too academic in orientation and that it would be more useful for children to learn about practical matters such as home management, work and interpersonal skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
题目2：
Some people think that stricter punishment for driving offenders is the only effective way to improve safety on the road. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
同意与否型agree or disagree写作套路
开头段：明确表达个人观点立场
辩护段：用2-3个理由(分支论点)为自己立场辩护, 每个分支论点后紧跟2-3句支持句让步段：承认对方观点有好处(1句)并解释(1-2句)，然后指出其缺陷并进一步修正它或提出改进建议(1-2句)
结尾段：重申立场并引申展望
文章布局及思路练习题目1---教育类
Education used to be a short period of training, but today, people treat it like a lifelong practice. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
接受终生教育的理由
1.In order to survive in the fierce competition out of society, people need to receive reeducation to improve qualification and obtain specialized expertise or all-round ability.
2. People’s education concept is in transition, students are not confined to a certain age group and everyone could choose the way of study suitable to himself .
3. Value of life, self-value, self-worth,自我价值ambition, quest for knowledge求知欲and spiritual needs motivate / urge / stimulate / spur 促使people to pursue lifelong education.
让步：教育可以是短期的
1.Some kinds of schooling could be accomplished in a relatively short period, such as
language training, or computer skills training.
2.For some relatively impoverished / poverty-stricken families, a short-term education is
much more affordable and accessible.
文章布局及思路练习题目2---政府职能类
There is now an increasingly tolerant attitude towards homosexuality in society, especially in the west. Some governments should change the law to allow homosexual marriages. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
同意特殊癖好者结婚
1.Effectively slow down the birth rate and population growth.
2.Is good for eliminating discrimination against homosexuals in general.
3.Ensure the justice and equity of society and civic rights.
4.Lighten the spiritual burden and kill the loneliness of the homosexuals
不同意特殊癖好者结婚
1.As gay or lesbian couples are unlikely to have children, there is no real necessity for the
right to marry ---marriage is the grave of love.
2.Most of the major religions in the world, such as Christianity, Islam and Judaism frown
upon homosexuality.
frown upon:不赞同，不批准
(三).比较优缺点型advantages and disadvantages
题目表述：
Advantages and disadvantages
Benefits and dangers
Strengths and weakness
Merits and drawbacks
Positive and negative
例如:题目1
In order to improve the quality of education, students should be encouraged to evaluate and criticize their teachers. Do you think the advantages of this practice outweigh its disadvantages?
题目2：
Nowadays, more and more students choose to pursue their advanced study in foreign countries. Discuss the merits and drawbacks of studying abroad.
比较优缺点型写作套路
开头段：先不用表达个人立场
主体段1：论述advantages
主体段2：论述disadvantages
结尾段：表达个人立场
文章布局及思路练习题目1—教育类
In order to improve the quality of education, students should be encouraged to evaluate and criticize their teachers. Do you think the advantages of this practice outweigh its disadvantages?
学生参与评估老师的好处
1.Contribute to the improvement of teaching methods, change the traditional learning by rote 死记硬背or spoon-feed schooling.填鸭式学习，boost students-centered / students-oriented education, and eventually realize the improvement of instruction.
2.Strenghten teacher-and-student interaction and relationship, open up a heart-to-heart dialogue between the teachers and students, which could not only enhance the teaching quality of the teachers but also contribute to the psychological growth of the pupils.
3. Evaluation from the students may be the most effective way, for students could judge whether the teaching is productive or not according to the increased knowledge, comprehension , motivation and result.
学生参与评估老师的坏处
1.The evaluation could contain prejudice and personal willingness, which could disrupt the normal teaching process.
2. result in a loss of respect for the teachers and discipline in the classroom.
3.cause the phenomenon that some teachers would cater to 迎合the students and distort the education content, which will make education lose prestige and original purposes.
文章布局及思路练习题目2---留学类
Nowadays, more and more students choose to pursue their advanced study in foreign countries. Discuss the merits and drawbacks of studying abroad.
出国留学的优点
1.Immerse into 融入an environment that can aid languages learning
2.Expand one’s outlook, experience diverse culture, local customs and practices, match the
need of this shrinking world.
3. Make full use of the advanced teaching and experimental facilities to improve academic level
4. Promote academic communication
5.Cultivate the ability of living alone and confidence，lay a solid foundation for the future 出国留学的缺点
1.Cause cultural conflicts, difficult to assimilate接受a new culture
2.overcome difficulty in daily life, feel lonely and depressed
3.High financial expense, including cost of living and tuition fees
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3318368717.html,plicated groundwork before going abroad, including visa, passport and IELTS is highly time-consuming
(四)个人观点型opinion
题目表述：
What is your opinion about…?
What do you think of …?
How do you think about…?
个人观点型写作套路
此种题目写法较灵活，你的回答可以是正面也可以是反面，还可以从正反两方面论述最便捷的写作套路：
转移成同意与否型agree or disagree写作套路
文章布局及思路练习—动物类
Some people strongly oppose animal experimentation, believing that it causes pain to animals, while some other people consider it necessary because it can promote the scientific development. What is your opinion?
同意用动物做实验
1.Human could not find better replacements / alternatives of animals at the present time.
2.Human interests should be placed above animals’welfare 健康, 幸福, 繁荣, 福利
3.Animal experimentation contributes to / is conducive to有助于scientific progress and
breakthrough
不同意用动物做实验
1.Over exploitation of animals to do experiment would disrupt the biological chain and
even the ecological balance
2.Animals have the right of life生存权like human
3.Some people use animals to pursue commercial benefits rather than experimental
purposes
(五).问题分析型problem+reasons+recommendations
题目表述：What caused this problem, and what solutions can solve this problem?
一般会出现reason, cause, problem, effect, suggestion, solution, recommend, recommendation, what等词(但what extent do you agree or disagree和what is your opinion 除外)
问题分析型写作套路
开头段：背景拓展+改写题目
主体段1：列出2-3个原因，每个原因后支持句1-2句
主体段2：列出2-3个解决方案，每个方案支持句1-2句
结尾段：总结原因和解决方案
文章布局及思路练习---环境类
We have developed into a “throw-away society”and are filling up our environment with plastic bags and rubbish that we cannot fully dispose of. What are the causes of this phenomenon and recommend some measures to reduce this problem.
原因
1.population growth-----the increase of material needs----the increment增长,增量，增加of rubbish
2.Disposable items---disposable chopsticks
3. Low awareness of waste issues among the public
4. Lack effective monitor and supervision from relevant departments
Lack 用法
1.Vt：lack sth
He lacks sincerity.
2. N: lack of sth
Lack of sincerity is his biggest problem.
3. Adj.---Lacking : be lacking in sth
He is lacking in sincerity.
解决方案
1.Enforce / enact some related laws or rules, step up supervision 加大监管力度
2. Raise people’s awareness of preserving environment, reduce the discharge of rubbish.
3. Adopt some recycling schemes
4. Reduce the use of raw materials原材料
总结：分清题型，确定题材
题型：五种题型----可以简单归为两大类：
1).需要双边讨论:discuss, agree, advantage, opinion
2).不需要讨论，需要分析：problem----suggestion
换掉被人用烂的恶俗表达
1.Pay attention to = lay / place emphasis on …
= attach importance to …
2.Make / let sb do = enable / allow sb to do
Make sb adj.= render sb adj.
3.Basis = cornerstone , foundation, groundwork
4.Each coin has two sides.=…is a double-edged sword.
5.Sth is wrong= sth is unwarranted / unjustified
6.Sth is the first thing = give priority to sth
7.Be likely to do = tend to do =be inclined to do
8.There is no doubt that = It goes without saying that …= it is manifest that ….
9.Most likely, = in all likelihood, = as is often the case, 很可能，通常是…
10.This trend is common= this trend is not restricted to…..这个现象不仅限于…
11. In this side / aspect = in this respect / regard 在这方面
12. Most of the time= more often than not, constantly, frequently
13.Difficult =painstaking, burdensome, troublesome, formidable, rough, stiff, knotty
difficulty= hardship, adversity, obstacle
14. Realize= be aware of, be conscious of
15. Consider = take…into account , take …into consideration , take account of….
16. Help = aid(n, v) / assist (v)/ assistance (n)
17. Sb may do = it is standard practice for someone to do 某人通常会…
18. Sb should do = sb would be well-advised to do 某人应该做
19.A is important to B = A is to B what foundation is to a skyscraper./ water is to fish./ heart is
to a man.
20.高分合成词范例：time-consuming, time-saving, fast-paced, thought-provoking,
attention-getting,
environmentally-friendly, decision-maker,
fast-changing, well-informed,
在高分范文寻找积累，好的表达不是难词，而是巧词妙词，不要显摆专业术语
五.雅思大作文审题要素
1.找关键词：先确定主语和谓语
2.找具有强烈意向的修饰语：adj, adv
3.找句子主干:先主句，后从句；先主谓宾，再定状补
4.根据题目表述确定文章题型，题材，文章布局
5.每个题目至少读3遍
例如：Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal of money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
题材：体育媒体类
题型：discuss
文章布局：四段式--- 开头段反方观点正方观点你的观点
六. 雅思议论文开头段写法
(一)agree, discuss, advantage, opinion开头段写法：(3句话左右)
Sentence 1: background / general statement 背景介绍，引入话题
Sentence 2:rephrase the topic / thesis statement 改写题目, 点明论题，两方观点Sentence 3: personal opinion or brief description of the main body 个人观点立场（主体部分的简要介绍）
如何写Sentence 1 ---背景句：记住常用句式
例:
Some people who have been successfully in the society don’t attribute their success to the theoretical knowledge they learned from their university. Do you agree or disagree?
背景句范例1：
In contemporary society, the importance of theoretical knowledge to one’s success is a topic which has aroused public attention and debate.
……已经引起关注，讨论，争议
…has aroused / sparked / given rise to / created / caused / provoked / triggered/ invited 引起hot / heated / fierce 热烈的，激烈的
debate / discussion / controversy/ concern/ attention 讨论，争议，关注
背景句范例2:
In the present age, theoretical knowledge is playing a significant part in every walk of life, nevertheless, individuals have had a hard time reaching consensus on whether our success results from the theoretical knowledge learned from universities.
reach consensus on…对…达成共识
背景句范例3
The importance of theoretical knowledge to one’s success is a matter for debate / is a frequent topic of discussion.
背景句范例4：
Individuals have long been interested in identifying the factors that contribute to personal achievement.
背景句常用表达
1.In the fast-changing world, heated debate has been going on concerning whether…
2.Nowadays, …is a topic of public interest and concern.
3.In the contemporary world, there has been much discussion revolving around the issue of
whether…
4.When it comes to…,people have mixed views on whether…
5. Nowadays there is a growing awareness / tendency among the public that …
6. It is high time that we explored the truth of…
7. Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible that…
8. Common sense / Common knowledge tells us that…
9. In this fast-paced world, never is the issue concerning (whether)…failing to attract our eyes.
10. …is a frequent topic of discussion.
首句—背景句写作练习
The advertising is discouraging people from being individual and makes people be or seem to be the same. Do you agree or disagree?
Discourage: 1. 使气馁; 使沮丧；使泄气 2. 阻碍; 劝阻
背景句范例1
The influence of advertising on our buying behaviors is a subject matter.
Subject matter: 主题，主旨
背景句范例2
In recent years, much more emphasis than ever before has been placed on the influence of advertising.
如何写Sentence 2---改写题目,点明论题
改变：句式，同义替换，先后顺序
两个原则：
1.转述而非照抄题目
2.转述定要避免累赘
例1:
Do you think it is better to send criminals to jail or let them receive education or job training?
先练习写首句----背景句
第一句：
The treatment of criminals has been open to debate in recent years.
第二句：
Some individuals claim that imprisonment is better than education or job training in treating criminals , while others believe the other way around.
believe the other way around:从相反的角度来考虑
点明论题常用表达
1.When it comes to …some individuals assert / claim / argue that…, while others believe the other way around.
2. People hold different / divergent / contrasting / conflicting / contradictory / opposing views / perspectives/ standpoints with reference to / concerning …
3.There is a perception that…, while a counterargument is that…
4.Currently people in ever-increasing numbers are coming to be aware of the importance of….Some individuals are against and some for it.
5. There is no consensus of opinion among the public as to the standpoint of….Some suggest that…, while others argue that…
6. …now plays such an essential part in our life that it is necessary for us to have a clear perspective of whether it is a blessing or a curse. With every respect taken into account, I believe that …has both merits and demerits.
7.Perhaps nothing is more dominant / popular / indispensable / attention-getting than…in the modern world. Obviously, it does some good to us. When we applaud its benefits, nevertheless, it is necessary for us to acknowledge its enormous potential threat / danger / damage / harm to our life.
Sentence 3 ---表达个人立场常用表达
1.Personally , I am in favor of the former / the latter view.
2. From my perspective ,I firmly subscribe to the opinion that…
3. As for me, I vote for the standpoint that…
4. I am inclined to the point that…
5. As far as I am concerned, my favor goes to the point that…
6. I am firmly convinced that…
7. Personally, I tend to believe that…
8. My personal view is that…
9. In this essay, I will compare and contrast the two typical views regarding this issue.
10. There are some points in both aspects.
11. This essay will compare and contrast its benefits and downsides.
开头段最后一句承上启下的过渡性句子
1.My statement will be justified and exemplified in the following aspects.
2. As far as I am concerned, the merits of …fail to justify the demerits. With regard to this issue, a detailed analysis will be provided in the following text from the perspective of my own.
3.The reasons for my support of this view are outlined as follows. 牛掰~~~
4. There are several points to be listed as follows to justify my perspective.牛掰~~~ Convincing and logical arguments can be made that…..( 可以提出有说服力的证据来证明…….的观点) , and my views are based on the following considerations.牛掰~~~
开头段写作练习
练习1.
Some people believe that air travel should be restricted because it causes serious pollution and uses up the world’s resources. Do you agree or disagree?
练习1参考开头段答案：
There is little room for doubt about the convenience brought by air travel to every walk of life. Nonetheless, with reference to its impact on the environment, no consensus has been arrived at. As far as I am concerned, its benefits fail to justify its harmful effects. A detailed analysis will be provided in the following text from the perspective of my own.
练习2.
Children in secondary school study international news as a subject, but some think that is a waste of time. Discuss both views.
练习2参考开头段答案：
International news represents one of the main sources of information from which we discover what is happening around the world. Nevertheless, when it comes to including it in the curriculum in secondary school, there is an ongoing debate. My personal view is that studying international news is of benefits to students.
练习3.
In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility.
What are your opinion on this?
练习3参考开头段答案：
The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one. It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is wrong or valuable. Opinions will also differ as to learning benefits: no doubt teachers and factory owners, for example, would have varying concerns.
练习4.
Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change.
Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
练习4参考开头段答案：
Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it.
考官稀罕用词组~~~
1. beyond our wildest expectations
超过了我们最狂野的想象，让人吃惊=at a staggering rate
2. on an daily basis 以日常的基础，每天
3. adapt to: 适应…
4. keep pace with…与保持同步，并驾齐驱
开头段“四不要”
1.不要照搬照抄题目
2.不要太累赘冗长，一般3句左右
3.不要模板化痕迹太重
4.不要出现任何语法和拼写错误，要不考官会吐血的……
问题解决型开头段写法：3句话左右
Sentence 1: 文章的背景介绍，引入话题（同其他四类开头段写法）
Sentence 2:概述造成这一问题的原因
Sentence 3:说明文章要讨论的内容
例: What are the causes and solutions of problem of the scarcity of water resources? Sentence 1:背景句：
Water shortage is one of the most challenging issues to address in many countries on a worldwide scale.
on a worldwide scale:在世界范围内
Sentence 2:概括原因
There are some factors contributing to this problem.
Sentence 3:暗示下文
In this essay, the most common factors will be discussed and analyzed, followed by some responsible solutions.
问题类开头段常用句总结
In this age of change, the human society is processing rapidly in various fields. Yet meanwhile, many problems have arisen, an attention-getting / thought-provoking one of which is…. In this essay, some possible causes of this phenomenon will be analyzed and some advisable solutions will be proposed as well from the perspective of my own. Advisable =feasible=available 可取的，可行的，明智的
问题类开头段练习1
练习：In terms of living standards, there is a gap between living in the city and living in the countryside. What are the reasons in your country and how can the difference be reduced?
问题类开头段1练习参考答案
In terms of standard of living, the gap between the urban areas and rural areas is widening
at a staggering rate in many nations. There are some factors contributing to this issue. The focus of this essay is to illustrate the causes and explore some relevant and feasible measures to combat this situation.
问题类开头段练习2
Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness?
问题类开头段2练习参考答案
Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people. While some people link happiness to wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationship. Yet others think that spiritual paths, rather than either the material world or the relationships with people, are the only way to true happiness. 问题类开头段练习3
In many countries schools have severe problems with student behavior. What do you think are the causes of this?
What solutions can you suggest?
问题类开头段3练习参考答案
Poor students behavior seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think modern lifestyles are responsible for this.
七.雅思议论文主体段写法
1.主体段总体要求：
1）correctness(正确性)：用词句法正确
2）coherence & consistency(一致性):前后论证一致，逻辑性好
3）cogency(说服力):观点要有力度,紧扣题目
2.主体段结构：
Topic sentence + Supporting sentences
(1)Topic sentence: highlight your central point with one sentence (1 sentence)
(2)Supporting sentences：sentences for the extension, explanation and justification of the topic sentences (2—3 sentence)
例: Do the positive effects of advertising outweigh its negative effects?
例题三个分支观点
1.To begin with, one of the major functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and
buy suitable products.（正面观点1）
2.What is also worth noticing here is that advertising serves to stimulate consumption and
contributes to economic development. （正面观点2）
3.In spite of its importance, there is no denying that every now and then, advertising leads
customers into an impulsive purchase, thereby causing wasteful spending. （反面观点）3.写分支观点的注意事项
1.分支观点要清晰明显: 放在段首
2.分支观点之间使用信号词：分支观点之间要有明显的逻辑连接词来彰显清晰的结构
和思路
3.先重后轻原则: 2-3个论点按照说服力合理排序
4.分支观点之间不要语意重复或重叠
5.分支观点追求reasonable,不要标新立异
4.如何构思分支观点？----万能理由
(一)与物相关的话题：
1.便利和方便：节省时间，提高效率，加快节奏
Convenience : be time-saving, enhance efficiency, quicken the tempo of…
2. 经济和发展：带来就业机会，提高就业率，增加税收收入，促进当地经济发展，促进相关产业发展
Economy and development: bring job opportunities, raise employment rate, increase tax revenue, promote the progress of local economy and relevant / associated industries
3. 安全：食品安全，人身安全，财产安全，社会安全
security: food , personal, property, social security
4. 空间：过度建设, 占用土地，生活空间减少，人口密集，对当地造成就业，资源，交通各方面压力
Space: over construction, occupy land illegally, the decrease of living space, be thickly populated, pose great pressure on employment, resources and traffic
5. 环保和生态：破坏或保护生态环境，生态平衡，沙漠化，滥砍滥伐，酸雨，臭氧层空洞，噪音，水污染，温室效应，辐射，白色垃圾
Environmental protection: damage ecological environment, ecological balance, desertification, deforestation, acid rain, ozone depletion, noise, water pollution, greenhouse effect, radiation, white trash
6. 科技发展：全球化带来机遇和挑战，工业生产，高科技产业，媒体，网络，高效率，数字化
Scientific development: globalization has brought opportunities and challenges, industrial production, high-tech industry, medium(复数media),the Internet, high efficiency, digitization 7. 社会：社会整体发展,公共设施，法律，社区安全，医疗卫生
Society: the overall development of society, infrastructure, laws and principles, community safety, medical treatment and hygiene
（二）与人相关的话题：
1.健康：
身体健康---营养平衡，强健体魄，缓解压力，减少焦虑，辐射，垃圾食品的危害Health：
Physical health: nutrition balance, build up one’s strength, relieve / ease stress, reduce anxiety, radiation, junk food
心理健康---面对困难和挑战时乐观积极，充分了解自己，对自己的能力作适当的估价保持良好的人际关系，适度的情绪表达与控制，保持人格的完整与和谐
Psychological / mental health: optimistic and motivated, fully understand oneself, properly evaluate one’s ability, keep loving interpersonal relationship, proper emotion expression and control, keep personality complete and harmonious
2. 交流和情感：交朋友，集体活动，促进彼此交流和理解，增进感情，扩大视野，促进人际关系发展
communication : group activities, promote mutual understanding, promote feeling, expand one’s outlook, promote interpersonal relationship
3. 成就感和自我价值：为国家增添荣誉，得到社会和公众肯定，实现自我潜力和价值，树立正确价值观
A sense of achievement and self-value: add honor to the country, receive appreciation and approval from the society and public, realize one’s potential and value, establish one’s value
4.经验习惯：知识积累，工作和生活经验丰富，好的习惯促进人格的全面健康发展Experience and habit: accumulate knowledge, enrich work and life, good habits promote the all-round growth of personality
5.品格：独立，合作精神，坚韧不拔，乐观，勤奋，负责，诚实，成熟
Personality: independent, teamwork, cooperative spirits, perseverant / persistent, optimistic, diligent, responsible, honest, mature
5.如何写分支观点后的支持句
分支观点后的支持句很重要！！
1.考官最喜欢把玩你的地方
2.最能体现你逻辑思维的地方
3.凑字数的最好方式
4.每个分支观点后的支持句至少2-3句，可以继续多发挥几句，但不要超过5句
写支持句的五大方法
1. Explanation:延伸解释法---对分支观点进行解释和说明，进一步细化它的含义---车轱辘话法
常用解释句表达：
That is to say, …
That means….
To be more precise / specific,…
2. Extension: 因果关系法
1)分支观点中的情况出现——影响
2)原因——分支观点中的情况出现
追溯分支观点中的现象产生的原因，或者分之观点中的现象会导致什么后果
主题句：There are more job opportunities readily available in the big cities than in small towns.
支持句:The economic conditions in big cities are generally better than those in small towns, which, in return, attracts more investment from commercial corporations. Therefore, compared with most of small towns, there are always more modern and international enterprises which can offer city residents numerous job opportunities.
原因句常用表达
One of the most common factors is …
…is also responsible for this problem.
…is the root cause of this phenomenon.
Another contributing factor is …
Perhaps the primary reason is …
3. Data: 胡诌数据法
用数据说话，可以根据题目适当编撰，但不要太离谱，一定要写明数据出处
常用表达：According to a recently conducted research / investigation /survey by authorities / …department, …….
1. People in my hometown do not care about forest. They are shortsighted as to sell these trees cheaply. Their descendents would have no trees if they continued to do so.
2. According to a recently conducted investigation by the government in my hometown, my hometown used to have one million acres of forest. People here are shortsighted as to sell the trees for $10 per piece. Trees are sold at a rate of approximately 100 thousand pieces annually,
a speed fast enough to leave no trees to their descendents within a decade.
4.contrasting 对比反证法-- 假设消失法
描述和中心句相反的情况,或者对题目中的关键词进行假设
1.假设在它出现前的情况
2.假设现在如果没有它会出现什么样的结果
(在无话可说时非常有效的一种方法)
主题句：The most apparently important characteristic of air plane travel is the high speed involved.
支持句：A hundred years ago, when we did not have the flights in the sky, and when there were only ships, the only transportation facility across the ocean, an international journey was exhausting and time-wasting. It took weeks to cross the Atlantic or Pacific oceans via a ship. Today with the advent of airplanes in our life, those same trips could be accomplished in a matter of hours.
常用假想句总结
1.without…, we would…
2. If we did not have …in our life in the future, we would..
3. One hundred years ago when we did not have …in our life, ….
4. The situation would be completely different without…
5.Exemplification:举例论证法
举例论证分支观点更加详细形象
举例常用表达总结：
1.For example / for instance…
2.Take..for example, take ..as an example
3.… is a case in point.
4.This point can be confirmed by the example of…
This point is best illustrated with the example of…
5. From my own perspective, no illustration is more convincing than this one.
6.……could best substantiate my point of view.用事实支持(某主张、说法等);证明, 证实
7. What can vividly exemplify this fact is…
举例论证时的注意事项
1. 泛泛而非个人：杜绝举个人经历的例子，自己，亲戚，朋友---将个人例子普遍化，转化成一种普遍趋势
2. 杜绝中式谚语：不要硬性翻译中式谚语，外国谚语可以考虑，但也不可泛滥。
“是福不是祸是祸躲不过”
3.少举纯中国式的例子：一个国家不代表整体，上升为很多国家的共同情况
1.Many factories in China dispose of industrial waste without any preliminary treatment.
2.Many factories around the world, especially those in developing countries, dispose of industrial waste without any preliminary treatment.
如何写支持句举例
1.To begin with, one of the major functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and
buy suitable products.（正面观点1）
2.What is also worth noticing here is that advertising serves to stimulate consumption and
contributes to economic development. （正面观点2）
3.In spite of its importance, there is no denying that every now and then, advertising leads
customers into an impulsive purchase, thereby causing wasteful spending. （反面观点）拓展例题的第一个分支观点
1.To begin with, one of the major functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and
buy suitable products.
（正面观点1）
支持句1. Common knowledge is that advertising refers to presenting information relevant to a product or service by a variety of media, such as television, radio, newspaper, magazines, brochures and so forth.
所用方法：延伸解释法和举例论证法
支持句 2. With the presence of advertising, a consumer is able to acquire the latest information in the market, such as features of a product or service, and thereby making a wiser buying decision.
所用方法：延伸解释法和举例论证法
支持句3. By contrast, without advertising, a consumer is at the risk of purchasing a product that fails to meet all of his or her needs, because of lack of knowledge of better alternatives in the market.
所用方法：对比反证法（假设消失法）
拓展例题的第二个分支观点
2. What is also worth noticing here is that advertising serves to stimulate consumption and contributes to economic development. （正面观点2）
支持句1.
As said before, advertising is responsible to introduce a product, but in reality, it does more than that.
所用方法：延伸解释法
支持句2：
Advertising describes a product in such an impressive way and with adding so many visual appeals that it always succeeds in attracting the eyes of the customers and driving them into a final purchase.
所用方法：延伸解释法
支持句3：
In addition, advertising reminds the intended customers of their existing needs or create fresh needs, keeping them aware that only by purchasing a product can their needs be met.
所用方法：延伸解释法
支持句4：
By these two approaches, advertising encourages spending and contributes to economic development.
所用方法：因果关系法
拓展例题的第三个分支观点
In spite of its importance, there is no denying that every now and then, advertising leads customers into an impulsive purchase, thereby causing wasteful spending. （反面观点）
支持句1.
It is a shared convention in the advertising industry that some properties of a product are highlighted while the others are simplified.
支持句2：
A product, when promoted well, will be highly desired by many, as customers are misguided to ignore the products’downsides.
支持句3：
It accounts for why many shoppers regret their buying decisions before long, observing that what they have bought is not what they actually need or fails to live up to their expectations.
live up to one’s expectation:满足期望，符合期望
支持句4：
Cosmetics and dietary supplements are among those typical examples, costing buyers a lot but not achieving desirable outcomes.
八. 议论文结尾段的写法
1.再次重申强调比较优缺点
2. 重新阐述你的立场和观点（必须写）
3. 总结你的理由或者总结在主体部分你讨论的要点
4. 发出相关议论，但不要加入新的内容，尤其不要加入主体段没有讨论过的内容
例题结尾段
In conclusion, adverting plays an essential role in society, not only making consumers well-informed buyers, but also fostering economic development. However, customers should be aware of the misleading nature of advertising.
结尾段常用句总结
总而言之，综上所述：
1.in summary 2 to sum up 3.to summarize
4.in conclusion
5. to conclude
6. in the final analysis,
7.based on all the arguments mentioned/ offered above,
8. on the basis of the above discussion,
9.taking all the factors into account/ consideration,
10. All the evidence discussed in the above supports/justifies/confirms/warrants/points to my conclusion that (an/a/ unshakable/unmistakable/sound conclusion that)…..
11.From what has been discussed above /judging from all the evidence offered, we may safely draw/reach/come to/ arrive at a conclusion that…..
辩论类讨论类结尾段常用句总结
1.Based on all the arguments mentioned above, I firmly subscribe to the notion that…
2. Having considered the respective merits of both views, I assert that…. In addition, I would suggest…, which I believe is soundly based on the above reasoning I have presented.
3. Judging from all the evidence offered, I would concede that…. (填写你不倾向的观点)Despite this, I am in favor of the opinion that…(填写你倾向的观点)Overall, I claim that …should …
4. To conclude, regarding this issue, my personal view is…. Furthermore, I would argue that it seems highly advisable for…to…
问题类结尾段常用句总结
1. On the basis of the above discussion, several factors contribute to ….I am convinced that we should take effective and immediate measures including …, …and …to address this problem.
2. In the final analysis, the causes of…are complicated; therefore, we should take a wide
range of measures, including…, …and…to handle this issue before the damage caused by this trend becomes irreversible.
雅思大作文高分要素
1.语法和拼写错误越少越好(3个以内)
2.少用或不用模板：
3.词汇多样性：专项高分词汇10个左右，亮点词组5个左右，加大词组的使用
4. 句式多样性和复杂性：长短句交替进行，高分句型，一定要有3---5个复杂句(占句子
总数的三分之一左右)
考官常用句型：定语从句，虚拟语气，强调句，宾语从句，主语从句，插入语，平行结构，副词修饰动词
考官长句子的秘诀：
1)用and, but, because, so等连词连接几个简单句(占大多数)---平行结构
2)多层复合关系的从句结构---从句套从句（数量不多，全篇2--3）
5. 结构清晰，立场不要一边倒，要两边论述
6. 逻辑性要强---在主体段的论证中加大连词的使用：
1）并列连词：十天突破上有总结
2）从属连词：从句中的连词
7. 加大分支观点后支持句的分量：每个分支观点后至少2-3句支持句，可以多说，但不
要超过5句
8.结尾段再次重申立场，并适度引申1-2句
9.大量使用平行并列结构：
句子和句子，短语和短语，单词和单词平行
如何写出牛掰句型？
口诀：
看见if就虚拟，看见短语就置中，
看见状语就提前，倒装强调巧使用，
名词性从句穿插来，非谓语动词是大牛。
Listening 1.开头——复习+主旨 例外：①课堂复习——不考标志过去时态 开始标志：now,today，OK，while ②教师道歉 ③归纳法开头，先给出例子，再给出结论--记例子主体&论点 2.结尾——推断+细节 3.注意重复细节与观点 4.举例——记例子主体，注意提示词 5.定义解释——其中关系 6.注意可以停顿 7.注意课堂引导词——remember now OK while imagine today 8.授课中问答 9.因果关系 10.听清层次——firstly secondly... 11.注意转折 12.Listen again 专业术语不变避免原词重复 Speaking notes Q1&Q2 To start with I believe most of people would choose... However i would like to choose... today i have two arguments to supports to support my idea. Today i mainly have one important argument to back up my idea Take me for example... For instance... For example Furthermore what's more
To summarize to conclude all in all Based on the two points i have already mentioned ...will always be my choice... Q3 1.The school wants/plans to do The school policy is... The school wants to carry out a policy which is... 2.sb suggests/advises that the university should (stop) do... 3.In the conversation，the man disagrees，and he has two points In the listening material，the man agree with the policy because of the following reasons... 4.First，the school think，however the man think... Second... Based on the two points the man disagree. Q4 In this set of material，the reading passage introduce a theory/principle/definition...which means(suggests) that... In the lecture，the professor uses/gives us/provides us/offers us one/two examples to explain/illustrate/demonstrate/clarify this theory. The first is about... The second is ... Q5 1.time conflict ①to find sb else to replace/take place of you to find sb to help him
一.雅思大作文的15大考察内容 考察频率最高专题： ? 1. 教育：儿童，中学，大学教育体制和方法 ? 2. 科技发展对生活的影响 ? 3.文化的组成因素和保护 ? 4.生活方式的转变和社会观念 ? 5. 全球化及其影响 ? 6. 环境问题和环境保护 ?7. 政府投资 考察次重点专题： ? 1. 艺术的价值 ? 2.媒体的作用 ? 3.广告的影响 ? 4.动物的保护和动物实验 ? 5.城乡差距和城市化 ? 6.犯罪 ?7.弱势群体：妇女的权利，妇女参军 ?8.体育 雅思写作错误检查表（10条） 1.使用了正确的语法结构：时态语态，主谓一致，从句，用词准确(名词，动词，形容 词的形式)，介词，冠词 2.句式有变化 3.使用了一定量的词汇 4. 拼写没有错误 5. 观点明确，语意精准不模糊 6. 每段主题句都表明了该段中心思想，所有拓展句支持句都紧扣主题 7. 大量的过渡性词语(逻辑连接词)，使句子间和段落间都具有逻辑性和条理性 8. 提供了足够的细节，例子或论据 9. 每一段话都得到充分展开 10. 每一段话都紧扣文章主题 如何应用： a.1347当做检查项目，其他当做考前提醒 b.时间紧，就改第一段和每段的前两句话 三.大作文首段基本写作策略---三步走 1.转述背景，扩展题目(setting/ background information )：把题目所提供的背景再用自 己的话拓展转述同义替换一下 题目：It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sports or music, and others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to be a good sports person or musician. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 考官写的开头段： The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sports, art or music. 2. 说明意图(statement of purposes)：
09.02.01 翻译 专八真题+散文佳作108篇 听力特快 普特听力网 互相英语 特点： 1.较正式的文体 2.只翻译划线部分（汉译英不用看，英译汉最好看完整） 3.人生哲理，道德教育 注意： 1.时间分配 2.书写工整 3.难点应对相对难点绝对难点 英语与汉语对比： 1.英语重结果， 汉译英要还原逻辑关系，还原结构 2.英语重直线，汉语重螺旋 English meat with Chinese bones. 3.语重分析，汉语重综合 还原逻辑词（重点） 4.英语多长句，汉语多短句 5.英语多被动，汉语多主动 6.英语多省略，汉语多补充 E.g. Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. 野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源。
7.英语多前重心，汉语多后重心重心前置 8.英语多写实，汉语多联想 9.英语多引申，汉语多推理 “但是”的区别意义： 让步：对推论的否定 转折：直接否定 虚度年华：spend life in vain 翻译时，加插入语处理是一个很好用的方法。实践注意点： 1.理解清晰 字面→实质 例如：冷若冰霜→icy manners to their fans 词语的逻辑关系： 1)偏正 2)动宾 3)并列 2.表达困难 1)拼写 2)时态 3)虚拟域去 4)表达突破 例如：若有所失→a vague sense of loss
如果考试中遇到难点，要灵活处理 上下义改写+同义词替换 2009.02.02写作 教育的目的： Adequate expertise fd Professional commitment Upright conduct Competent mental condition 经典写作模式 Agree or disagree? Introductory paragraph(不写题目) 1. general statement →背景交代 开头先写一个与主题思想相反的观点（以第三人称的方式） ◆多用大词（3个或3个音节以上） 大词含量10%＊400=40 Some /many /a number of people who think this view that……claim that…… Large /great /huge /certain/ considerable /infinite/tremendous /enormous /astronomical Hold /believe / insist / propose / assert/ maintain Idea /standpoint ◆实词要多样化variety
常用万能句型： 1、Nothing has received more praise and abuse than something 译文：没有什么能像…这样毁誉参半。 2、There is no doubt that 译文：毫无疑问 3、The reason why + 句子~~~ is that + 句子 译文：之所以…主要在于 4 、So + 形容词+ be + 主词+ that + 句子（如此…以至于…） 译文：如此…因此 5、It is conceivable that + 句子 译文：可想而知 6 、Leave much to be desired 译文：…远不能令人满意 7、The most obvious reason for this phenomenon is that 译文：造成该现象的最主要原因在于 8 、A is to B what C is to D 译文：A 对于B 就恰如C对于D 9 、There are probably many reasons contributing to this phenomenon 译文：造成该现象的原因有许多。 10、When it comes to ……， 译文：一谈到… 11、No one can deny the fact that…
译文：没有人能否认 12、To be sure, the topic concerning ……can always attract our eyes 译文：无疑，有关…话题总是能够引起人们的关注 13、Never has …failed to fascinate us in modern society 译文：在当代社会…总是能够引起人们的关注 14、Simply put,… 译文：简而言之， 15、It is no overstatement to say that 译文：可以毫不夸张地说 16、…is a good case in point 译文：…就是一个绝佳的例子 17、People assume different attitudes towards this issue 译文：人们对该问题的观点不一而同。 18、As is widely-accepted,… 译文：众所周知， 19、To conclude,… 译文：总之， 20、Nothing is further from the truth than this opinion 译文：没有任罕菊净种说法比这种观点更加荒唐了。 21、There is an element of truth in both opinions 译文：这两种观点都有其可取之处。 22、Another consideration in this case is that…
托福写作圣经： 1.写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚；（就是解释） 2.习作考试不基于考试的真实身份；（可以作假，真情实感没有任何意义） 3.写作考试只考察语言水平，不考察思想水平（unique, critical ideas mean nothing） 4.写作考试不测试考生的真实想法； 5.写作是基于表达，而不是基于翻译； 6.写作考试不同于平时写作； 7.写作内容和语言同等重要； 8.观点的层次比观点的数目更重要； 9.逻辑错误比语法错误更严重; 10.跑题就完蛋（finish egg）. “T he longer, the better.”------黄金规则 Use best structure and sentence Sentence: “我认为…………….” I feel/think/hold/claim/believe/deem/maintain/reckon/argue/assume that…………. In my opinion From my point of view From my perspective/angle As far as I am concerned I hold/share the opinion/belief/position/standpoint/idea that My viewpoint/belief/opinion is that……… As I see/view/perceive/ the problem/question/issue/case/discussion/argument/controversy……. 托福作文不需要标题 段落格式：缩行式，空行式 教材推荐： 俞敏洪：《托福词根》 张洪伟，戴云《托福词汇10000》 张道真，《实用英语语法》 戴云，《托福语法精要》 张洪伟，戴云《新托福写作词汇小伴侣》 句子训练方法 1.多种方法表达同一句意 e.g A 对B很重要 1) A is important to B
雅思写作完全攻略Total Solution of IELTS Writing 俞伟国 －2009－ 雅思考试作文部分题型 课时安排： Marking System Essay Writing Introduction Body Conclusion Structure Report Writing
(From Mat Clark) 近年雅思考试中国大陆考区作文部分得分情况Band4 or below: 15%-20% Band5: 60% Band6: 15%-20% Band7: <5% Band8 or above: Rare Key Language Features in Marking System Task Response: 1. No evidence of digression/irrelevant content 2. Adequate Words 3. Position + Supporting Ideas + Development Coherence and Cohesion 1.Logical overall structure 2.Topic Sentence 3.Cohesive devices Lexical Resource 1.Accurateness 2.Authentic Vocabulary (Less-common Vocabulary) 3.Variety Grammatical Range and Accuracy 1.Accurateness https://www.doczj.com/doc/3318368717.html,plex Sentence 3.Variety
欢迎光临俞老师的BLOG: Chapter One－Essay Writing 第一章. 议论文完全攻略 _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ Part One－Introduction －闪亮开篇－ －Version 5.7－ Structure of Introduction 1. Background Information (1). Lead-in Sentence (Introduce the subject of the topic) (2). Public Opinion (State your position) 2. Statement1．主体背景（Background Information） (1) In the last century, the first man walking on the moon said: “It is a big step for mankind”. However, some people think it made ______________________________, when _______________________________________________________________ _ he time, the first for
新东方内容整理 7．11： Writing: A.托福写作主要是注重daily affairs,而不是political issues. 注重的是examples,而不是critical thinking and reasoning. 是低级写作，而不是高级写作。 注重vocabulary和sentence structure. B. score5： a．Effectively address the topic and task. b. well organized: Structure: Introduction Body1 Body2 Body3 Conclusion C. unity(切题)，progression(层次)，coherence(连贯，承接词) Firstly, . Theoretically speaking, . For instance, . Moreover, . Briefly, . d．Word choice, syntactic variety 词汇的转换： E.g. 好：good better best nice(低级) Excellent, perfect, （中级） Outstanding, brilliant, fantastic, awesome, remarkable, impressive, extraordinary, fabulous （高级）词组的转换：由低级结构向高级结构转化。 陈强调了由adj.+n.向n.+of+n.的转化。 E.g. A man of wisdom An individual of intelligence A man of respect A book of deep philosophy A magazine of good sales A flower of beauty Patriotism is the tree of liberty refreshed from time to time with the blood of tyrants and patriots. Thomas Jefferson It was the best of time, it was the worst of time; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair. We have everything before us, we have nothing before us; we are all going direct to the heaven, we are all going direct to the other way.
最新新东方听力笔记 概述： 一．雅思听力基本情况 可做任何标记。 分数段：12-18：4分19-24：5分25-30：6分 31-35：7分 36-38：8分39-40：9分根据难易要乘系数 二．两个误区 听懂核心词汇，掌握拼写。 极少考理解，多考记录信息点，所听即所得。 三．两个基本范围 1． survival english （社会生活，人际交往等） 2． academic english （学术类，教育类，热点话题） 四．问题 1．利用停顿时间抢读后面题目 2．直接书写答案 3．区分考试安排者声音，根据指导做题 4．手眼耳并用，听看写一体 五．雅思听力四大特点 1. 国际口音：（英、美、澳）（英音50%，澳20%，美20%，其他10%） 不利：习惯美音，不习惯英音，必须熟悉英音； 有利：新口音（大西洋口音，适于中国人）；动词短语不是考试重点（掌握一般程度：第一个意思即可），去掉了很多地域性的方言。 2. 四段叙述：1、3section是对话，2、4section是陈述，一般来说难度递增。 不利：a.不知道听力磁带和题目间如何建立关系——采用顺序原则(85%)：答案顺序和问题顺序一致。 b.无法集中注意力（听力中不包含问题，无法对大脑产生刺激）——改变听力学习习惯，练习时应聚精会神，忌跑神和恐慌。 有利：不是每句话都要听懂，应试图听懂每一句包含答案的句子（先看题，再猜答案，然后做题） 3. 边听边做： 不利：a.阅读量大——要求快速阅读（技巧+能力）——速读 b.写量大——要求手眼耳并用（加强听写能力，掌握四级单词听写） 有利：a.不考推理、总结、归纳题，主要考查细节，所听即所得。 4. 题型多样：10种题型 不利：不熟悉题型 有利：难度较低 六、听力应试策略 短期目标：1.紧扣9套题，十种题型，十种场景。 2.记补充的单词和地名。四级词汇(大学英语四级速听速记)。 3.精听六盘磁带。 中期目标：1.短期任务。 2.再做一点题。听力强化最新指南，雅思听力课外强化教程，英语中级听力（关于hotel/resta urant，news不听）。 3.背单词。 长期目标：1.加强发音以及听音的训练。 2.再做一些题目。
一、概括： 1.写作考试介绍： Time: 60mins 20mins TASK1 150words 40mins TASK2 250words 2.考试题型： TASK1 Process 和Introduction 题目罕见出现。 TASK2 I. Discuss Eg: 2005年7月9日 Some people think the government should pay for health care and education, but other people do not think it the government’s responsibility. Discuss both and give your opinion. II. Advantages and Disadvantages Eg: 2005年5月14日 Some school leavers go to travel or work for a period of time instead of going directly to university. What are the advantages and disadvantages for their studies? III. Agree or Disagree Eg: 2005年6月25日 People think that the news media has influenced people’s lives nowadays, and it is a negative development. To what extent do you agree or disagree? IV. Your Opinion Eg: 2005年3月5日 Some academic subjects are useful for children’s future career while others such as music and sports are not so useful. What is your opinion. Give your reasons. V. Problem, Reasons and Solutions Eg: 2005年1月22日 Statistics suggest that nowadays an increasing number of crimes are committed by the young people. Explain the reasons for this and give solutions. 二、小作文解析（T ASK 1）： 1．通用格式： ⑴OPENING—1SENTENCE--- A. Paraphrase 5W & B. Overall trend Ⅰ.Line phases Ⅱ.Pie classification Ⅲ.Bar the gap between A&B e.g. The graphs and charts tell us a clear overview of the characteristics and trends of…… It can be seen from the table that….. 详细见白书P6/下，“Referable IELTS Writing opening &writing” ●RULE 1： A.不可以抄题目 B.不可以写“According to ….”，只能写“In that figure….” C.不可以写“below/following” D.不可以写“that/this” E.第一段不出现数据
Lesson 2: Introductions ---- Four types of questions 1. Discussion Some people think that it is more effective for students to study in groups, while others believe that it is better for them to study alone. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Topic- study in groups or alone Answer- sometimes better alone, usually better in a group People have different views about the effectiveness of group study as opposed to working alone. While there are some benefits to studying independently, I believe that group work is usually more productive. 2. Opinion Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school programmers. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Topic- community service for all teenagers Answer- 3 choice (agree, disagree, balanced opinion) It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in their local communities. (agree) I completely agree that this kind of scheme would be a good idea. (disagree) It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in their local communities. In my opinion, it would be wrong to force teenagers to do any kind of unsalaried work. (want mention both side) It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in their local communities. While I disagree with the idea of making such programmers compulsory, I do believe that voluntary community service could benefit young people. 3. Problem and solution Some people reoffend after they have been punished. Why do some people continue to commit crimes after they have been punished, and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem? Topic- criminals reoffend Answer- several reasons, a variety of measures (government, communities) It is true that punishments do not always deter criminals from committing more crimes. There are various reasons why offenders repeatedly break the law, but governments could certainly take steps to address this issue. 4. Two-part question As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual well-being. What factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers? Topic- job satisfaction Answer- several factors, unrealistic / impossible Work plays a central role in our lives, and we would all like to feel fulfilled professionally. While a variety of factors may lead to job satisfaction, it would be unrealistic to expect everyone to be happy at work.
新东方·北京2008年7月 庄重 整理：Sketch K＆Tina （思琦＆萌萌） 2008年7月28日第一讲 一．托福写作的评分系统 官方指南 按分数档次进行微调 评判：一分钟内浏览给分数档次 根据闪点+- 1分 必须给评分者短时间内最好的印象 不能在关键的地方犯恶心的错误 关键：各段首句，文章末句及具有强结论的句子 恶心：主谓不一致 时态问题 名词单复数 印象极为关键：紧扣题目，紧扣要求 二．如何取悦评卷人 1 必须有清晰的整体脉络
2 必须有自然的段间衔接 3 经典的用词用句 经典用词用句的锻造： 用词：动词 核心动词的动词的使用是写作能力的标志 e.g,: eat ---consume 英语写作表达的美在于用不同的单词表达相同的含义 e.g.:show ---display --- demonstrate 近义词的积累 英语中“好”的词有： Good / ok Perfect / glorious / terrific / fantastic Superb 用句： It 作形式主语或形式宾语 e.g. : It is easy to learn English there be 倒装、虚拟、强调 名人名言（不要使用c-e）（千万不要乱编） ***said + 直接引用———不用 ***believed + 自由表述 -----用 可用人物: Kant& Nietzsche 只用于道德和爱心之类的话题 三．文化差异对应试写作产生的影响 1 必须有清晰的结构 观点鲜明的开头 紧扣主题的结尾 由主题句引导的衔接自然的中间段落 引导：主题句一定要在该段首句 2 必须要有统一的中心 3 自然的衔接（衔接为其生命） 中文：意合语言 英文：形合语言 逻辑关系的显性化 逻辑关键词 衔接方法：1 重复词：概括重复直接重复和齐头重复 2 序数词：first…second… 3 关联词：并列 and 转折 but 让步 although 递进 in addition 因果 because e.g. Because of having rain ,he developed a high fever , and thus has to sleep at home .his absence resulted in the reduction of his pay. 4 转折和让步之间的差别 让步好于转折 democracy 民主 e.g. they are poor ---they suffer from poverty They are hungry ---they struggle against starvation ------they suffer form poverty ,struggling against starvation 左手：遣词造句的上升 右手：思维方式的改变 e.g: 我们不会把所有秘密告诉其他人 we don’t tell others all the secrets we don’t let others know all the secrets we hide some secrets from others everyone has privacy 四．平时训练写作的方法 境界：手中有文章心中有文章出口成章 手中无文章心中有文章 手中无文章心中无文章妙笔生花 《新东方英语中学版》 1 阅读 I will think about it 没戏
Brainstorm （1）Friends 1.intelligent rather than sense of humor. Agree 1.help us with academic success.——my math weak, he is good, teach me skills and help me solve 2.enlarge our horizon, open up our mind.——different thoughts. fail the test, I only negative, he 辩证 3.Find a competitor on studying and intrinsic desire to work hard. Me,总是第一，him transfer and competitor. Both. 2.older people’s advice is more useful than young. Disagree 1.time has changed, exp that time is not available now.——judging weather by means of watching clouds, due to the pollution is not yet. 2.Have a widen horizon by means of computer and internet, know more——want to know about fashion clothes, old people are blab la bla。 3.Old people has some bias and their mind is conservative because of age.——career, have a stable salary, but young want to advance and enterable 3. Future is relative more on others than us. Disagree. 1. academic skills, demand for people is decanting——reporterGPA3.4 2. spirit of never giving up——a stuff in investigating bank, overloaded and stay up. 3. can’t get recognized by other people by help. Friends bla. 4. More influence from teacher than friends. Disagree. 1. share the same interest——basketball, NBA, boys 2. being a competitor as a motive——my friend Nicolas, transfer. 3. gather potential social connection——alumni in a US, find a job. Suppose. (2) Education relatives. 1. should limit watching TV or playing computer games? Disagree 1. can learn something that never be learned in books.——watching discovery, the progress of finding scientific results. 2. grasp the method of managing time efficiently.——Bill gate young. 3.have some common topics with others——example NBA，in boys, blablabla 2. Should take course in every aspect. Agree 1. in the society of accelerating competition, more skills demanded.——a reporter, not only the degree, but also CS Econ bla 2. build up a overall characteristic——in history class, critical thinking and writing a paper, demanded in all subs. 3. a opportunity to change to another profession.——wenke_math good_econ(build up interests in other views) 4.appreciation 4.should mark student? Agree 1.in such a society of competition, the demand of student is decreasing——reporter，GPA。 If not ,no else. 2.there are indeed some difference. If not, not equal to who works hard.——suppose a student who party and working hard . 3.a motive of students——my friend Nicolas,
Topics of Task 2 （2008～2009.11.21) 一、教育（共25题，占%） 1. In countries where there is a high rate of unemployment, most pupils should be offered only primary education. There is no point in offering secondary education to those who have no hope of finding a job. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? (08.01.26) 不同意： 中学教育是一个重要的德育阶段，如果在这个时候中断，带来的不仅仅是失业这样的问题，还有青少年犯罪等社会问题vital stage for moral education. If it was interrupted, numerous of social problem/headaches may create as juvenile delinquency. (正如马克吐温说：你每关闭一所学校，你就必须开设一座监狱。Every time you stop a school, you will have to build a jail ） 教育能够帮助培养个人素质；提高劳动力的素质，从而提高生产效率，推动社会发展，从根本上解决失业的问题。do a favor to/be beneficial（advantageous, preferable) to personal quality, enhance/boost/promote the quality of the labor force, thereby increase production efficiency, social development, solve the problem of unemployment 从长远来看，如果受过更高的教育，则有更多的机会找到好的工作。In a long run／term, if pupils could receive better education, they may have far more opportunities to find better jobs. 教育的作用不仅仅应当局限在找工作，而是为了将来更好的发展。The function of education should be not only focused on \limited in job hunting, but also for a better development. ＊＊失业的原因是综合的comprehensive/complicated，例如经济原因：经济衰退或者不景气economy recession/depression，就业岗位剧减，导致市场对于劳动力的需求整体下降 a fall in the overall demand for labor;社会原因，个人原因等 2. Most countries spend much money on education, as they start to realize the importance of education. In your opinion which subject is the most important for young people and which one is the least important? Subjects: Literature Sports Mathematics Economy Physics History Music Geography (08.03.01) 整个题目可以分为理论科目和实践科目两种： 理论科目的好处：智的角度 实践科目（音乐、体育）的好处：美、体、劳的角度 E.g.: What does sports benefits your academic? Any sport will have a positive effect on academic performance simply because exercise is good for the brain, and teamwork and strategy that are focal to most sports are applicable as well to many academic areas. 理论科目的坏处：枯燥、单调、需要长时间的学习、结合实践时较为困难 体育、音乐的坏处：需要天赋；需要大量时间和金钱的投入；就业范围小，职业生涯短 3. Schoolteachers used to be the source of information, however, some people argue that teachers are not as important as before as the increasing variety of information resources. What is your opinion? (08.0 4.24) 和以前一样重要：（也就是说老师的重要性） 学校教育更加有利于学生的道德培养，尤其对于年龄较小的学生。老师可以帮助学生建立自信心，培养能力，塑造良好的性格最终成为一个有利于社会的人。Teachers could help the students to build up confidence, shape upright character and ultimately grow a full man beneficial to the society. 通过老师的讲解，能够更加容易接受知识。By lectures, students are more easily to receive knowledge.可以根据学生的需要而改变teach students in accordance with their own characteristics and differences 学生在学校里能够参加体育锻炼，有利于身体的健康和成长 学校教育给了学生一个交流、沟通、合作的机会，有利于团队精神team spirit、合作精神cooperation、创新能力innovation的培养foster/cultivation。 其他信息途径的好处（远程教育的好处） 提供了一种更为新颖有效的教育形式an original and effective educational model；增加人们接受教育的机会increase the opportunities of being educated;提高参与者的科技能力develop technology competencies、拓展技术面broaden skill set,从而提高就业机会job opportunity。 为地处偏远和行动不便的人、工作时间不稳定的人提供了受教育的机会those with restricted mobility, such as elderly, disabled, injured, irregular work schedule. 可以同时和全国各地甚至全世界各地的人进行交流和学communicate and interact with students all over the country or even the world 文档和资料容易储存、易提取、打印和阅读documents and materials are easily recorded, retrieved, printed and read 远程教育的缺点： 缺乏和老师面对面的交流lack of in-person contact with faculty members很难及时接受到老师的反馈wait for a long time before receiving feedback about assignments 不能像传统教育那样和同学之间更多地接触，没有机会提高口头交流能力和合作能力等have no chance to enhance oral communication skills and cooperation skills 精力和注意力会被很多东西分散many distractions at home 并不是所有的行业都承认网络教育的学历，缺乏就业认可。not all work industries acknowledge online degrees 4.Schools should teach children some academic subjects, which will be beneficial to their future careers. Therefore, other subjects such as music and sports are not important. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? (08.0 5.22) 同第2题 5.University students always focus on one specialist subject, but some people think universities should encourage their students to study a range of subjects in addition to their own subject. To what