For many years, glass and carbon fiber have been the accepted traditional reinforcements to polymers. But now many people have recognized that glass fiber is difficult to be disposed(处理）and carbon fiber is too expensive. Natural fibers are a realistic alternative reinforcement because of the advantages of their low cost, relatively high toughness, good thermal properties and excellent environmental performance, and their reinforced polymer composites have attracted a lot of attention in automobile industry as environmental friendly and recycleable materials. This work has successfully fabricated ramie fiber reinforced polypropylene composites (RF/PP) with injection moulding method, which is more economic than press moulding method. RF/PP is fabricated by blending treated RF with PP using a twin-screw extruder and then making them as blended pellets. The blended pellets were subsequently injection molded to obtain the ramie fiber reinforced ploymer composites.
很多年以来，玻璃纤维和碳纤维对高分子来说已经成为公认的传统增强剂。但是现在很多人意识到玻璃纤维很难被处理，并且，碳纤维很昂贵。传统纤维是理想的增强剂，因为它们价格低廉，韧性十分强，很好的热性能和优异的环境表现性能的优点，而且，它们的加强聚合物复合材料在汽车工业作为环境友好和可回收材料吸引了很大的注意力。这个工作已经成功地制造出用注射成型方法苎麻纤维加强的聚丙烯复合材料（RF/PP），注射成型方法比模压成型方法更经济。RF/PP是将处理过的RF和PP用双螺旋挤出机混合，然后将他们制成混合粒料制造的。混合粒料随后被注射成型就获得了苎麻纤维加强聚合物复合材料。
The effects of fiber length, fiber content and fiber treatment method on the mechanical properties of the fabricated RF/PP composites being applied as automobile interior were investigated using an Instron computer-controlled testing machine at room temperature. The morphologies of the
RF/PP composites were investigated by a scanning electron microscope (JSM-5610). It is found that the increases of fiber length and fiber addition can improve the tensile strength, flexural strength and compression strength apparently with slight decrease of the impact strength. The treatment of ramie fiber can not only clean the fiber surface, but also modify its microstructure. This is good to get better mechanical properties of RF/PP composites.
纤维长度，纤维含量和纤维处理方式对应用于汽车内部的制造的RF/PP复合材料的力学性能的影响用Instron电脑控制测试机器在室温下研究。RF/PP复合材料的形态用扫描式电子显微镜(JSM-5610)研究。我们发现纤维长度增加和增加纤维可以提高拉伸强度，扭转强度和抗压强度，同时伴有冲击强度的少许下降。苎麻纤维的处理不但可以清理纤维表面，而且可以改善它的微观结构。这对于得到更好力学性能的RF/PP复合材料是非常好的。
Polymer/inorganic particle nanocomposites have attracted considerable attention owing to their excellent processability, mechanical, optical, electric, magnetic, bioactive and gas sensitive properties. Among the numerous nanocomposites, silica nanoparticles are the most commonly reported, and have been employed in a variety of applications due to their optical transparency, electrical insulation, biocompatibility, chemical and thermal resistance, mechanical stability and variable sizes, tunable surface properties and low costs [1, 2]. The greatest challenge to their large-scale production and commercialization is how to control the homogeneous dispersion of nano-silica in polymer matrix [3]. Here, the colloidal silica nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel process, then a series of composite particles with colloidal silica as the core and the polymer as the shell were synthesized by in-situ polymerization of vinyl monomer, whose formed polymer
is miscible or compatible with the following compounding polymer matrix, such as isotatic polypropylene and acrylic resin. Compared to the colloidal silica particles, the composite particles exhibit better dispersion in polymer matrix, the received polymer/silica composites exhibit excellent thermal and mechanical properties.
聚合物/无机粒子纳米复合材料由于它优异的的反复加工性、力学性能、光学性能、电性能、磁性能、生物活性、气体敏感性，已经吸引了相当多的目光。在大量的纳米复合材料里，二氧化硅复合材料是最常报道的，并且由于它们优异的光学透明性，电绝缘性，生物相容性，耐化学与耐热性，力学稳定性和不同的尺寸，表面可调性，低成本而被各种应用。对于它们大规模生产和商业贸易最大的挑战是在聚合物基体中怎样控制纳米二氧化硅的均相分布。这里，胶态二氧化硅纳米粒子通过溶胶过程被合成，然后以胶态的二氧化硅的一系列复合材料粒子为中心，聚合物为壳被乙烯基的单体用原位聚合法人工合成，之前的聚合物和接下来的组分聚合物基体混合是易混合的或者相容的，例如全同立构聚丙烯和丙烯酸树脂。和胶体二氧化硅粒子相比，复合材料粒子在聚合物基体中展现出更好的分散，标准的聚合物/二氧化硅复合材料表现出优异的热性能和力学性能。
Hybrid composites are complex systems in which there are more reinforcing materials in one matrix (hybrid fiber) or there is one type of reinforcement in a mixed matrix (hybrid matrix). The application of these materials is more and more common in the industry since several properties of their (e.g. toughness) are more competitive than that of conventional mono-composites.The most common composite reinforcing material today is glass fiber, which has a good mechanical properties and properly feasible interface coupling with relatively low price. More demanding applications require carbon fibers, though these have essentiality higher price and it is more difficult to assure the satisfactory interfacial adhesion. Due to the market competition and growing economic and environmental demands, many new fibers come into consideration as potential composite reinforcements.Basalt（玄武岩）fibers are such new reinforcing materials [1]. Basalt is a common volcanic（火山）rock that can be found virtually(实际上）in every country around the globe. Basalt fibers are good electric insulators, not sensitive to moisture, biologically inactive and environmentally friendly. Basalt fibers can be divided into two groups: short basalt fibers made by melt spinning (e.g. Junkers method) and continuous basalt fibers made by spinneret（喷丝头）method [2, 3]. Basalt fibers are produced in one step, directly from crushed basalt stone. Some melt spinning technologies (e.g. the duplex and Junkers method) are suitable for producing cheap, short basalt fibers, but such fibers have relatively poor and uneven mechanical properties.The aim of the present study is to develop a new basalt fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composites and compare their properties to the common fiber reinforced composites. Further aim is to find the positive hybrid effects between the composites.
混杂复合材料是一个复杂体系，在这个系统中有更多的加强材料在一种基体中（混杂纤维），或者有一种类型的增强剂在一种混合基体中（混杂基体）。这些材料在工业上的应用越来越普遍因为它们的几种性能（例如：韧性）比传统的高聚复合材料更具竞争性。如今最常见的复合加强材料是玻璃纤维，玻纤有良好的力学性能，良好的界面相容以及相对低廉的价格。有更大需求需要碳纤维，虽然它们有更高的价格并且很难保证满意的相互粘合作用。因为市场竞争和经济的增长和环境需要，很多新纤维被考虑成为潜在的的复合材料增强剂。玄武岩纤维成为这样的新增强材料。玄武岩是一种常见的火山岩石，这种岩石实际上可以在地球上每一个国家找到。玄武岩纤维是一种很好的电绝缘体，对
水分也不敏感，无生物活性，并且环境友好。玄武岩纤维可被划分为两种：短玄武岩纤维用熔融纺丝而得（例如Junkers方法），而连续的玄武岩纤维用喷丝头方法得到。玄武岩纤维用一步生产，直接从粉碎的玄武岩岩石中得到。一些熔融纺丝工艺（例如两部和Junkers 方法）非常适合生产便宜的，短的玄武岩纤维，而这种纤维力学性能不好，参差不齐。现在研究的目的是发展一种新型玄武岩纤维加强的混杂聚合物复合材料，并且把它们的性能同普通的纤维加强复合材料相比较。更远的目标是找到在复合材料中混杂的正影响。
The Effect of Reprocessing on the Morphology and the Properties of Polypropylene/Wood Flour Composites Compatibilized with Ethylene-Butyl Acrylate-Glycidyl Methacrylate (EBAGMA) Terpolymer(三元共聚物）Composites made from blend of thermoplastics and wood fillers have attracted a number of researchers and manufacturers due to the many advantages that they present [1]. Indeed, the addition of wood flour as renewable natural filler in polymer composites aims to produce an unique combination of high performance, great versatility（多功能性）, light weight, recyclability, biodegradability and processing advantages at favourable cost [2]. Among polymer composites, special attention has been given to polypropylene (PP) composites, due to their added advantage of recyclability [2]. Most of the polymer composites are generally subjected to a degradation of the mechanical and physical properties under the increase of temperature. It is important to understand the effects of the processing temperature, because there is constant thermal stress during the manufacturing of filler reinforced composites [2]. This article reports the effects of repetitive extrusion cycles on the morphology and the rheological and mechanical properties of PP/wood flour (20 wt-%) composites in presence of EBAGMA terpolymer used as compatibilizer. The morphological analysis by SEM indicated that the interfacial adhesion between PP and wood flour was improved after six extrusion cycles, being much improved with the compatibilizer. However, the mechanical properties of the polymer composites, especially the Young’s modulus and the stress at break were found to be less affected by reprocessing cycles when compared with PP that was strongly degraded after the first cycle. Moreover, the complex viscosity of the neat polymer decreased very rapidly compared with the composite materials.
循环加工对于由热塑性塑料和木料混合制得的用乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(EBAGMA) 三元共聚物相容的聚丙烯/木粉复合材料的形态和性能的影响由于他们现在的许多优点吸引了一大批研究者和制造商。实际上，木粉的加入在聚合物复合材料中是作为可再生天然填料，目的在于产生高表现性，多功能性，质地轻，可回收性，生物降解性和在可接受的价格循环加工的独特结合。在聚合物复合材料里，由于增添了可回收性的优点，聚丙烯复合材料而被特别关注。大多数聚合物复合材料通常在温度上升时会遭受力学和物理性能的下降。理解加工时温度的影响很重要，因为在制造填料加强复合材料时会有持续的热应力。本文陈述了重复挤压周期对有EBAGMA存在为增容剂的PP/木粉（20wt-%）复合材料形态和流变和力学性能的影响。用SEM测得的形态分析表明PP 和木屑的相互粘合在六个挤压周期后提高，有增容剂则更大提高。然而，在和第一次挤压周期就大量降解的PP相比，聚合物复合材料的力学性能，特别是杨氏模量和断裂应力，被发现循环周期影响较小。并且，和复合材料相比，纯聚合物的复合粘度迅速降低。
现在英语的重要性相信大家都是有所了解的，特别是外贸工作者对英语的重要性更是深有体会的。同时在学业学习的过程中我们也是会经常遇到一些英汉互译的问题的额，那么我们应该怎样在线实现英汉互译的问题呢？下面就一起来看一下吧。 步骤一：要在线实现英汉互译的问题，我们就需要通过浏览器搜索在线翻译，进入下面这个页面来帮助我们进行实现。 步骤二：通过浏览器进入在线翻译页面后，有两个选项一个是短句翻译的选项，中文150字以内，英文150词以内都支持进行翻译，适合零散短句，日常用语，商贸交流，邮件往来，地址信息等短文本的翻译。
步骤三：还有一个选项是文档翻译的选项，一次只支持翻译一个文档，所支持翻译的文档格式有一下几种：PDF、WORD文档中的图片、扫描件、图纸。但是背景模糊的纯图片无法进行翻译。 步骤四：了解完上面的两个选项后，我们就可以根据需要选择一个选项进入了，下面小编就选择短句翻译的选项，来为大家进行讲解。
步骤五：转入短句翻译的选项后，会出现两个文本框，我们需要在左边的文本框中输入需要进行翻译的语句。 步骤六：语句输入好后，在文本框的上方可以对一些翻译的选项设置，这样可以帮助我们更快的实现翻译。
步骤七：翻译选项设置好后，就可以通过选择开始翻译按钮，对短语进行翻译了。 步骤八：耐心等待短语翻译结束后，翻译结果会在右边的文本框中呈现，我们可以通过文本框上方的复制按钮对翻译后的结果进行复制粘贴，也可以直接通过鼠标选中进行复制粘贴。
英汉互译的实现方法，上面已经为大家分享过了，实现过程简单快速，生活中再遇到关于翻译的问题，就可以用这个方法来进行实现了。
英译汉重点：Unit 1 (1) Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree. 力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。 (2) The stumbling block of assumed similarity is a “troublem,” as one English learner expressed it, not only for the foreigner but for the people in the host country with whom the international visitor comes into contact.正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个的绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅仅是对于来访的外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是个问题。 (3) They abstract whatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret it through the frame of reference of their own culture. 他们只提取出那些适合他们认可的个人世界的东西，然后按照他们自身文化为参考系来加以解释。 (4) A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. (2008 Paper A) 更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。 (5) The confidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiting tentative assumptions and behavior and a willingness to accept the anxiety of “not knowing.” (2009 Paper A)相信相似性的神话比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知”而产生的焦虑。 Unit 3(1) The key to Crockpot stepfamilies is time and low heat. I’ve already stressed the importance of being patient with the integration process and not trying to force love, care, or togetherness. Often, in an attempt to quickly combine various ingredients such as people, rituals, and backgrounds, stepfamilies use the food processor, microwave, pressure cooker, and blender integration styles. 瓦罐煨汤式融合的继亲家庭的关键是温火慢炖。前文我已经强调了整合过程中有耐心，而不强迫关爱、强迫关心、强迫在一起的重要性。通常，为了快速的将诸如人，仪式和背景等原料合并一体，继亲家庭采用食品加工式，微波炉式，高压锅式和果汁机式的融合方式。 (2) Stepfamilies need time to adjust to new living conditions, new parenting styles, rules, and responsibilities. They need time to experience one another and develop trust, commitment, and a shared history. They need time to find a sense of belonging and an identity as a family unit. None of these things can be rushed. (2008 Paper A) 继亲家庭需要时间来适应新的居住环境，新的父母家教风格，规矩和责任。他们需要时间来相互体验，产生信任，形成忠诚，创造共同的历史。他们需要时间来寻找作为一个家庭的归属感和认同感。所有这些都不能操之过急。继亲家庭需要时间来适应新的居住条件，新的父母家教风格，规矩和责任。他们需要时间来寻找作为一个家庭的归属感和认同感。 (3) A watched pot never boils. 心急水不开。 (4) Meredith considered it her “down time” to relax and read a good book, Terry enjoyed playing with friends, while Joe mastered his latest computer game. Meredith会把闲暇时间当作者“工歇时间”，放松自己，读一本好书。Terry喜欢和朋友们一起玩，而Joe则精通又一种最新的电脑游戏。 (5) It is quite normal for a stepparent to have close bonds with one stepchild, be working on bonds with another, while experiencing a distant relationship with an older child. (2009 Paper A) 对继父或继母来说，和一个继子女有着亲密的关系，正在和另一个继子女建立关系，还和年纪较大的那个继子女有一定距离，这些都是很正常的。 Unit 4 (1) When economists first began to measure the sources of economic growth, what previously had been considered an unexplained residual became identified as human capital. 当经济学家开始测定经济发展的因素时，从前被认为是无法解释的剩余因素被决定为人力资本。 (2) The term “human capital” suggests to some a depersonalization of individual and is associated in the popular mind with a dehumanizing society that equates men with machines. “人力资本”这一术语让人觉得是剥夺人的个性，在公众的脑海里联想到将人与机器等同的异化社会。 (3) When we think about an appropriate investment strategy in China, and the development of its regions, it is very important to understand that optimizing over the full portfolio of investment—both human and physical capital—promote the highest rate of growth. 当我们思考在中国的适当投资策略以及各地区发展的时候，十分重要的是要知道，优化人力资本和实物资本投资组合将推动最高速度的发展。 (4) There are benefits to education that are not directly captured by individuals; these externalities are likely to be quite large in China.教育的收益有些并不是个人直接获得的，这些间接受益在中国很有可能是巨大的。 (5) It is important to evaluate government activity on a quantitative basis, to screen the bad investments from the good ones and to conduct policy on a factually informed basis. (2008 Paper A) 对政府的活动进行量化评估，剔除坏的投资保留好的投资，实事求是地执行政策，这是至关重要的。 (6) Labor markets are so distorted that wages do not reflect this true marginal contribution of educated labor to the economy. 劳动市场如此被扭曲，结果工资没有反映出受教育的劳动者对经济的真实的边际贡献。 (7) However, evidence indicates that the true rate of return to education and skill formation is very一high and that the imbalance is symptomatic of a serious distortion of current policy that retards economic development in China. (2009但是，事实表明教育和技术培养的实际回报率非常之高，而且这种（投资的）不平衡是当前政策严重扭曲的典型表现，而这（种不平衡的投资政策）阻碍了中国经济的发展。 Unit 5(1) The synergies between the goals of gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability are explored below in terms of addressing poverty, health, climate change, natural disasters and creating sustainable livelihoods by
1. Contrast Between English and Chinese Put the following into Chinese, pay special attention to the linguistic differences between English and Chinese. Sentence translation: 1.Now that you are in for it, you must carry on. 2.Cigarettes were the death of me. 3.If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening does not wish to get into trouble, he will return the umbrella to No. 10 Broad Street. 4.If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always. 5.Her sighs made it clear that she was unhappy. 6.They had no running water where they lived. Nor did they have any conveniences of life such as gas and electricity. 7.Theatre will be reinvented and become much freer and more imaginative. 8.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. 9.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. 10.It should be noted that he and she were extremely close allies. Passage translation: It seemed a point scored for her side when Joanne, panicked that her father-in-law would bungle the turnoff for the Pulaski Skyway, shattered the tip of her cigarette against the back of the seat and a live ash fell on the baby?s belly. It went unnoticed for a second until Corinne screamed; then they all saw it, a little flea of fire glowing beside the perfect navel. Joanne jumped, and squealed with guilt, and flapped her hands and stamped her feet and hugged the baby against her, but the evidence could not be destroyed; a brown dot of char on the globe of immaculate skin. Corinne continued her screams, splicing them with shrill hard gasps of intake, while everyone rummaged through purses and pockets for Vaseline, butter, toothpaste – anything for an urgent. Mother had a tiny bottle of toilet water given her in a department store; Joanne dabbed some of this on, and in time Corinne, shaken by more and more widely spaced spasms of sobbing, mercifully dragged her injury with her into the burrow of sleep. 2. Cohesion 1.When Smith was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter; and the next morning, with a headache, he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse, with a good
[标签:标题] 篇一：2015汉译英句子翻译(包括参考译文) 2015年汉译英综合练习 1. 她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。 This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year round. 2. 西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光奇丽。 The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with emerald hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty. 3. 但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。 But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 4. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地地受到关怀和照顾。 From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 5. 袭人道：“一百年还记得呢！比不得你，拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”“I’ll remember it if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma. “I am not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.” 6. 要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be made. 7. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？ Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me? 8. 只有在我过于劳累，在我长时间无间断地工作，在我感到内心空虚，需要补充精神营养 的时候，我才感到寂寞。 I am lonely when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. 9. 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。 The successful explosion of the first atomic bomb in China caused great repercussions all over the world. 10. 我们应该实行国民经济信息化和科研成果产业化。 We should build an information-based national economy and apply scientific research achievements to industrial production. 11. 你说的倒轻巧，你也给我捧个奖杯回来。 You talk as if it were very simple. Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too? 12. 中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治、永不称霸。 China should show the world through actions that she is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony. 13. 中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。 Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, visited 16 provinces in his lifetime, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. 14. 阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！ Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!”
一至五单元翻译题 1.The sum of $20 is【due to you as a bonus】(是你应得的奖金). 2. He had just received a doctorate【in recognition of his contributions to psychology】(以表彰他为心理学作出的贡献). 3. Insurance is only valuable if it【serves a purpose】(达到一种目的). 4. Don’t worry, everything will be【attended to in due course 】(在适当的时候得到处理). 5. This problem should be discussed first, as it 【takes precedence over all the others】(比其他问题都重要). 6. Y ou’ve been promoted? This【calls for a celebration】(需要庆祝一下). 7. The scholar’s mind【thirsted for a few new books 】(渴望一些新书). 8. I am writing to you【with reference to the job opening in your department 】(有关你们部门的工作机会). 9.【Mary has a great diversity of interests】(玛丽有广泛的兴趣爱好), she like sports, travel, photography and making radio sets. 10. The banks have【committed themselves to boosting profits 】(承诺增加利润) by slashing costs. Paragraph One “Business happens 24/7/365, which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,”says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting ‘there’faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move quickly, but you have to know how to decide where ‘there’is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions. This needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” “一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” Paragraph Two Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation. 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Paragraph One The decline goes well beyond recent surveys that show growing complaints about mediocre quality and high prices—no small concern in a country where tourisme gastronomique earned 18 billion euros in 2002, a quarter of all tourist revenues. More and more restaurateurs say that government tax and economic policies are limiting their profits, and thereby hurting their capacity to invest and hire more staff. They have become ensnarred in the red tape for which France is infamous—not to mention edicts from Brussels that affect everything from sales taxes to the bacteria in the Brie. 最近的调查显示越来越多的人抱怨饭菜质量平平，价格昂贵，而法国烹饪的衰落还不止于此。这在法国可不是个小问题，要知道2002年美食旅游为法国创收180 亿欧元，占到全部旅游收入的1/4。越来越多的餐馆老板反映政府的税收和经济政策限制了他们的利润，也就影响了他们投资和雇佣更多人手的能力。束缚他们手脚的是令法国不那么光彩的繁琐拖拉的公事程序，更不要说那些来自欧盟的规定，从销售税到布里乳酪里含细菌的指标统统都在严格的掌控之中。 Paragraph Two Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Y angtze River. One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature. Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake. 浙江菜口味清淡，精致玲珑，是长江下游区域菜肴的代表。西湖醋鱼是其中的一道名菜。这道菜鲜美，酥嫩，带着自然的清香。中国乃至世界各地的中餐馆大都能找得到这道菜，但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般纯正。因为只
实践报告 这周是英语专业的翻译实践周，这次的专业实习让我受益匪浅，收获颇多。专业实习的主要目的是要培养我们理论联系实际，综合运用所学基础知识、基本理论和技能，独立分析、解决问题的能力。在大学的第三学年，实习是一个很重要的环节，对我们以后的工作实习也有一定的帮助。所以，我们要端正态度，认真对待这次的专业实习。 我们的主要任务是进行英译汉和汉译英的翻译实践，为此在实践的过程中，我总结了四种必备的翻译工具：一是灵格斯翻译工具，里面可安装各式的词典；二是百度搜索工具；三是有道词典；四是英汉词典；五是汉英词典。翻译的过程如下：首先可以现在灵格斯里查询不懂的单词和词组，寻找最符合原文的解释。然后采取同时在百度和有道词典搜索的做法，并对同种搜索工具搜索结果进行比较。他们有着各自的优缺点。所以我们最后用到的就是英汉和汉英辞典，可以对我们翻译之中的词汇，进行最后的确认，确定出最最准确的译法。 在翻译过程中也遇到到了一些困难，这说明在漫漫的英语学习过程中我还要继续努力。学如逆水行舟，不进则退，只要每天我认真学习，那就是一种进步。人生总归会有许多挫折，但我们若不跨过这道坎，就不会有进步，滞留不前。我们要用有限的生命创造无限的价值，勇敢面对每一个挑战。 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地表达出来的语言行为。当然纸上谈兵是无稽之谈，光有理论知识而不实践操作也是没有用的。有位翻译家这么说过，“学翻译犹如学游泳。只在岸边看别人游，或只听教练讲解，是学不会的。”所以要想提高自己的翻译能力，一定要通过实践。实践可以分为两类，直接的实践和间接的实践。 所谓直接的实践，就是自己亲身参加的实践，也就是自己动手翻译。一回生，二回熟，日积月累，第一手经验多了，做起来得心应手，翻译能力有所提高。所谓“熟能生巧”，就是这个道理。但自己能译的东西是有限的，从这种实践中得出的经验也是有限的。因此，还需要借助于间接的实践。 所谓间接的实践，就是研究别人的译文。比如，一篇文章在手，准备翻译，这时先找一些有关的资料或同类文章的译文看一看，在词语和风格方面定会有所借鉴。别人的译文是别人直接实践的产物，看了别人的译文，就是从事间接实践。
Chinese-English Translation Course Unit One Error Analysis: Part One On the test paper I. Choose the one which is proper and idiomatic . 1. Our home, once full of laughters, now deafens us with its silence. 译文A: 我们的家，曾经充满了欢声笑语，现在却充满了令人震耳欲聋的沉寂。 译文B: 我们的家，曾经充满了欢声笑语，现在却十分安静。 2. There are few of us but admire his courage. 译文A: 我们人人都佩服他的勇气。 译文B: 我们中很少有人佩服他的勇气。 3. All cities did not look like as they do today. 译文A: 在过去，城市面貌并不都像今天这样千篇一律。 译文B: 过去，城市面貌与现在完全不同。 4. To starve oneself emotionally is a mistake. 译文A: 不满足自己感情上的需要是一种错误。 译文B: 使自己的感情挨饥受饿是一种错误。 5.The boss’s girl Friday called me. 译文A: 老板的女儿星期五打电话给我了。 译文B: 老板的女秘书打电话给我了 6. Marriage bed is full of roses and thorns. 译文A: 婚姻总是有苦有甜。 译文B: 婚姻的花坛里既长鲜花也生荆棘。 7. I never go past that kindergarten but think of my happy childhood there. 译文A: 每当我走过那所幼儿园，我就回想起在那里度过的幸福童年。 译文B: 尽管我从未经过那所幼儿园，但是我回想起在那里度过的幸福童年 8. And soon over the whole surface of the marsh, a great cloud of birds hung screaming and circling in the air. 译文A: 很快就有一块乌云似的一大群野鸟在沼泽上空惊叫着，盘旋着。 译文B: 很快就有黑压压的一大群野鸟在沼泽上空惊叫着，盘旋着。 9. SS guards then shoved each prisoner in the direction the doctor had indicated. 译文A: 希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向推着被监禁者。 译文B: 希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向推着犯人。 10. Thus it was that our little romantic friend formed visions of the future for herself. 译文A: 我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想，憧憬着美丽的未来。 译文B: 我们浪漫的小朋友憧憬着美好的未来。 II. Improve the Chinese version. 1. He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair. 译文：他又皱又黑，头发灰白稀疏。 2. Wall Street is a dog-eat-dog place. 译文：华尔街是个狗咬狗的地方。 3. All freely falling bodies descend from the same height in equal time. 译文：一切自由降落的物体，从同样的高度，以相等的时间下降。 4. Why waste breath on them, who have turned such an unwilling ear? 译文：为什么对他们浪费口舌呢？他们又不愿意听。 5. We have plenty of company in the way of wagonloads and mule-loads of tourists — and dust. 译文：跟我们做伴的人真不少，有乘马车的，有骑骡子的——一路尘土飞扬。 6. His speech leaves no room to improvement. 译文：他的演讲没有改进的余地。 7. He thought, not very vividly, of his father and mother. 译文：他并不是很鲜明地想到了他的爸爸和妈妈。 8. Casualties were taken to several hospitals in southwestern Georgia, some of which operated on backup generators. 译文：伤亡人员被送往佐治亚州西南部的几所医院里，其中一些伤者在备用发电机的帮助下动了手术。 9. To cure his patients, he relied on a palette of remedies that included modern science, folk medicine and plain common sense. 译文：为了治疗患者，他运用了调色板方法，其中包括现代科技、民间药物和自己的直觉。
Just as Adam was cast out of Eden, I was kicked out of university; but while his transgression was eating the fruit from the tree of knowledge, my sin was ignoring the tree. After my dismal performance in my first year of university, I contemplated the reasons for my failure. Now, I understand the two factors that contributed to my downfall: the lack of a career goal and premature independence. 正如亚当被逐出伊甸园，我被撵出了大学校门：亚当违反的戒律是偷吃了善恶之树的禁果，我的罪恶就是无视知识之树。在我大学第一年差劲表现之后，我仔细考虑自己被逐出大学的原因。现在我意识造成我被逐出校园的两个因素：缺乏职业目标和过早的独立。 Without a career goal, I lacked direction and motivation. About halfway through my final year of high school, I was hounded by my parents to enroll in university, but until that time had not given any thought to what career I wanted to pursue. To silence their nagging, I told them I wanted to be an engineer. Though I got high marks in math, physics, and chemistry, I was bored with them, and my dislike of the science became apparent in the first four months of university. I failed all my science courses. 没有职业目标，我缺乏方向和动机，大约在中学最后一年过了一半时，我被父母追逼着到大学注册，但直到那时候我还未考虑我想追求什么职业。为了让他们不再说我，我告诉他们我想当一名工程师。虽然我在数学、物理和化学上得了高分，但是我对这些课感到厌倦，接着在大学的最初四个月里我不喜欢这些理科课程变得明显了。所有的理科课程都不及格。B． (1) 当他向朋友借钱时，又一次遭到拒绝，顿时勃然大怒。(fury)When he went to borrow money from his friend and was refused again, he flew into fury. (2) 在这次战役中，除了偶尔的无线电联络之外，麦克同部队之间的其它联系都被切断了。 (cut off) Mike was cut off from all but occasional radio communications with his armies in the campaign. (3) 我们正在向前走着，看到一只兔子突然从洞里跳出来，穿过田野。(pop up) As we walked along，we saw a rabbit pop up from it's burrow and scurry across the field. (4) 有人认为对加拿大整个地区的独家经销商来说，三百架钢琴的年销售量未免太保守了。 (sole) Someone thinks the annual sale of 300 pianos for a sole distributorship in Canada is rather conservative. (5) 有人认为，要结婚就应结为终身伴侣；法律对离婚者太宽大了。(lenient) Some people think if people marry, it ought to be for life, the laws are altogether too lenient with divorcees. (6) 在头四圈里，本杰明一直与那名德国赛车手并驾齐驱。(stay abreast of)Over the first four laps, Benjamin stay ed abreast of the German driver. (7) 速度、耐力和战术是选手在比赛中夺冠的重要因素。(tactics) Speed, endurance and tactics are important factors in gaining the victory. (8) 一支球队能够在常年锦标赛中不断的蝉联冠军，关键是临场状态奇佳、合作无间、斗志 高昂。(morale) A soccer team that remains championship year after year must have kept up it's extraordinary performance with close coordination among its high-morale members. Unit 4 英译汉：The capital account is a record of investment and capital transactions between a