热能与动力工程Thermal Energy and Power Engineering
材料与能源学院：Institute of Materials and Energy
空调制冷：refrigeration and air conditioning
热传导：thermol conduction
学生毕业后能胜任现代火力发电厂,制冷与低温工程及相关的热能与动力工程专业的技术与管理工作,并能从事其它能源动力领域的专门技术工作.
The graduates may find employment of technology and management in the fields of the Thermal Energy &Power Engineering (TEPE) and its relevance, such as modern power plant or the Refrigeration and Cryogenics Engineering (RCE), the graduates may also engaged in the special technique in the fields related to TEPE.
现代空气动力学、流体力学、热力学、水力学以及航空航天工程、水利水电工程、热能工程、流体机械工程都提出了一系列复杂流动问题,其中包括高速流、低速流、管道流、燃烧流、冲击流、振荡流、涡流、湍流、旋转流、多相流等等
A series of complicated flow problems have been posed in modern fluid mechanics, aero dynamics, thermodynamics, and aeronautical and aerospace engineering, water conservancy and hydropower engineering, heat energy engineering, fluid machinery engineering, and so on, and they cover high-speed flow, low-speed flow, eddy flow, turbulent flow, burning flow, impact flow, oscillating flow, backflow, and two-phase flow, etc.
In the thermal engineering, the studied objects normally are isolated from one another and then we try to analysis the change and interaction, the studied objects isolated is named thermodynamic system.
在热力工程中，通常将研究对象分离出来再分析其变化及（与外界）的相互作用，该对象即热力系统。
Conduction is a process that the heat transfers from the parts of high temperature of the object to the low or from a warmer object to the cooler contacting with it. 2
导热即热量从物体的高温部向低温部或从热物体向与之接触的冷物体传递的过程。
Thermal convection may occur from one location to another by means of current set up in a fluid medium. 4
对流是借助于流体介质形成的介质流来实现热量传递任务的。
For radiant heat transfer, there is a change in energy form; from internal energy at the source to e lectromagnetic energy for transmission, then back to internal energy at the receiver. 6
而热辐射（过程的实现）有一能量形式的转换过程，即热源内能（先）转化为电磁能进行传递，再于接受处转化为内能形式。Radiation is the only type of heat transfer that can travel through a vacuum, such as space, because radiation i s not dependent of matter as a medium of heat transfer. This is impossible with convection and conduction because they require some form of matter, like air or water, tobe the transmitting medium.
热辐射是唯一能够穿透真空（如宇宙空间）的热传递形式，因为热辐射不依赖于介质。这对于热对流和热传导是不可能的,因为它们需要空气和水等热传递介质。
Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water (or other fluid) is heated under pressure and generate steam, the fluid is then circulated out of theboiler for use in various processes or heating applications, such as formotive power or to provide heating in a house. 1
锅炉是一种闭口容器，水（或其他流体）被加热产生压力蒸汽，然后循环于锅炉外各种过程或加热应用，如提供动力和为房间供热。
Electric boilers use resistance or immersion type heating elements. Nuclear fission is also used as a heat source for generating steam. Heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) use the heat rejected from other processes such as gas turbines.
电锅炉使用电阻或浸入式加热元件。原子核裂变也用于产生蒸汽的热源。回热式蒸汽发生器（简称HRSGs）是利用其它过程中排放的热量来工作的，如燃气轮机中燃气的余热。
The water-tube construction facilitates obtaining greater boiler capacity,and the use of higher pressu re. In addition, the water-tube boiler offers greater versatility in arrangement and it permits the most efficient use of the furnace, super-heater, re-heater and other heat recovery components. Water-tube boilers may be classified as straight-tube and bent-tube.
水管结构有利于取得更好的锅炉容量，更高的压力。此外，水管锅炉为锅炉布置提供了更大的灵活性，它允许炉最有效地利用炉，过热器，再热器及其他热回收组件。
It is necessary to keep the tube metal temperatures in all the circuits of a steam generating unit under the critical. 2
保持蒸汽发电机所有回路的金属管温度在临界值之下很必要。
text4
The fluid of a steam turbine is steam. Some of the heat and pressure energy of it are changed into mechanical energy by imparting rotary motion to turbine blade wheels.2 In turbines the rotary motion is obtained by direct action of the steam on the blade wheels or rotors. The speed of a fluid flow, which in water turbines is produced by a fall in level, in steam turbines is produced by a fall in pressure of the steam from the boiler.
汽轮机所用的流体是水蒸汽。其中部分热能和压力能由于驱动涡轮机叶轮旋转变为机械能。在汽轮机中旋转运动是由水蒸汽对叶片轮或转子直接作用所获得的。对于流体流动的速度，在水汽轮机中是由高度差产生，在蒸汽轮机中由来自锅炉的压力差产生。
because the turbine generates rotary motion, rather than requiring a linkage mechanism to convert reciprocating to rotary motion, it is particularly suited for use driving an electrical generator — about 86% of all. electric generation in the world is by use of steam turbines.
因为涡轮产生旋转运动，而不需要联动机制转换往复运动，特别适合用于驱动发电机（世界上约86 %的发电装置采用汽轮机）。The chief advantages of the turbine are freedom from vibration and noise, smooth and uniform rotary force, and ability to handle large quantities of fluid-in this case steam,
涡轮机主要优点是无振动、低噪音、运转平稳和适应大流量
Unit3 Text7
Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from matter which may be a solid, a liquid, or a gas.1 Refrigeration maintains the temperature of the heat source below that of its surroundings while transferring the extracted heat, and any required energy input, to atmospheric air, or water.
制冷是移除固体、液体或气体物质中的热量的过程。制冷在保持热源温度低于其环境温度条件下，传递从热源吸收的热量，以及任何需要的能源投入，大气，或水。
由于利用天然冷源受地区、温度、运输条件的限制,很难达制取0℃以下的温度。
As the cold source by the use of natural areas, temperature, transport conditions, is difficult to get the system up to a temperature below 0 ℃
In 1834, An American living in Great Britain, Jacob Perkins obtained the first patent for a vapor-compression refrigeration system. In 1859, a French engineer, Ferdinand P. Edniond Carre invented an ammonia absorption apparatus. Steady technical progress in the field of refrigeration marked the years after 1890. Domest ic mechanical refrigerators became available in the United States around 1911.Today the refrigeration industry is essential part of our society，with yearly sales of refrigerant plant amounting to billions of dollars in china.4
1834年，一个在英国生活的美国人，Jacob Perkins取得的第一项专利蒸汽压缩式制冷系统。在1859年，一名法国工程师，Ferdinand P. Edniond Carre发明了氨吸收装置。1890年以后的几年标志着制冷领域技术稳定的进步。在1911年左右冰箱成为了美国人的家电。今天，制冷已成为社会最基本的部分，在中国，每年制冷装置的销售额已达到数十亿美元。
There are many methods of refrigeration. The most widely used method of refrigeration is vapor comp ression refrigeration. In vapor compression systems, compressors compress refrigerant to a higher pressure and higher temperature level. The compressed refrigerant transfers its heat to the surroundings and is condensed to liquid form. This liquid refriger ant is then throttled to a low pressure, low temperature vapor to produce refrigerating effect during evaporation.
制冷有许多方法。在制冷最常用的方法是蒸汽压缩式制冷。在蒸汽压缩系统，压缩机压缩制冷剂的压力和温度到较高水平。被压缩的制冷剂将其热量传递到环境中并冷凝为液体状态。然后液态制冷剂经节流形成一个低压，低温蒸汽的蒸发过程中产生制冷效果。
Other refrigeration methods are thermoelectric refrigeration, magnetic refrigeration, adiabatic delivery refrigeration of gases, stream jet refrigeration. These systems are used in special applications. Thermoelectric refrigeration and stream jet refrigeration are inefficient. Some small tabletop domestic refrigerators are cooled by thermoelectric refrigeration. Adiabatic delivery refrigeration of gases can reach 28K.
其他制冷方法是热电制冷，磁制冷，绝热放气制冷，制冷喷射流。这些系统用于特殊应用。热电制冷和流喷射制冷效率低。热电制冷用于一些小桌上家用冰箱。绝热放气制冷能够达到28K。
商业金融词汇 ①account 账目，账户 budget account 预算账户 current account 活期存款账户 deposit account 定期存款 ②accountant 会计师 ③accountancy 会计师工作 ④acquisition购置物购置的产业 ⑤adjustment 调整适应调节。例：She went through a period of emotional adjustment after her marriage broke up ⑥airline 航空公司 international airlines 国际航空公司 ⑦administration 政府；管理，行政；执行施行 ⑧administer 管理（国家）治理（公司，企业等）；执行，施行 例：①：to administer a charity 管理一家慈善机构 ②：The questionnaire was administered by the trained interviewers. ⑨agenda 议事日程 ⑩allocate 划拨分给......东西 allocation 划拨的东西分拨的东西 allowance 津贴补助金（collateral 抵押品担保品） analyst 分析者化验员 political analyst 政治分析员 food analyst 食品化验员announcement 公布公告；宣布宣告 assess –assessment –assessor {顾问；（财产，费用等的）估价员} asset 财产，资产{a thing of value ,especially property that a company or person owns ,which can be used or sold to pay debts} assume—assumption—{(假定，假设) （责任的承担，权力的获得）}
英语语法专业术语 本次听写要求：挑选部分英语术语打在PPT上，学生按序号写出相应中文术语。（一）词类part of speech 实词notional word ['n?u??n?l] 虚词structural word/ form word (e.g. article preposition conjunction interjection) 派生词derivative [di'riv?tiv, d?'riv?tiv] 复合词compound ['k?mpaund,k?m'paund] 词性part of speech 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form ['plu?r?l, 'plur?l] 抽象名词abstract noun [?b'str?kt,'?bstr?kt] 具体名词concrete noun ['k?nkri:t] 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb ['tr?nsitiv, 'tr?ns?tiv] 不及物动词intransitive verb [in'tr?nsitiv, in'tr?ns?tiv] 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb [?:g'zilj?ri] 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb ['freizl, 'freiz?l] 限定动词finite verb ['fainait] 非限定动词infinite verb ['infinit, 'inf?nit] 使役动词causative verb ['k?:z?tiv] 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb 形容词adjective 比较等级degrees of comparison ☆原级positive degree ☆比较级comparative degree
专业英语整理-会计 账户account 会计学accounting 会计工作accountancy 会计人员accountant 注册会计师CPAs Certified Public Accountant 财务总监CFO Chief Finance Officer ACCA Association of Chartered Certified Accountants 国际会计准则委员会IASB International Accounting Standards Board 国际财务报告准则IFRS 。。Financial Rerpoting 。。 财务会计准则委员会FASB 一般公认会计原则GAAP Generally accepted accounting principles 营运运营operation 运营结果the result of operation=performance 财务状况financial position 实际上，本质上in nature 利益，利率interest 利息Interest 利益相关者interested usered 股票share shock 股东，持有者holders 债卷bond 交易exchange 间接利益indirect interest 财务报告financial reports 财务报表financial statements 经济资源economic resources 会计期间Accounting Period 交易与事项transactions and other events\ 会计定义：Accounting is defined broadly as the process of recording, classifying ,and summarizing data related to business transactions and events to permit informed judgment and decisions by users of the information . 核心词汇 会计期，会计分期accounting period 会计程序accounting process 会计，会计学accounting 权责发生制accrual basis 年度报告annual report 审计audit 审计，审计学auditing 资产负债表balance sheet 预算budgeting 现金及现金等价物cash and cash equivalents 现金收付制cash basis 现金流量表cash flow statement 公司Corporation 成本会计cost accounting 经济实体economic entity 财务会计financial accounting 通用目的财务报表，为外部信息使用者提供满足他们共同需求的财务信息general purpose financial statements 持续经营going concern 利润表income statement 内部审计internal auditing 外部使用者external user 管理会计managerial accounting 货币计量unit of measurement 非盈利组织not-for-profits 合伙partnership 业绩performance 招股说明书prospectus 独资企业sole proprietorship 管理当局的受托责任stewardship of management 第二节： 中国证监会CSRC China Securities Regulatory Commission 经济的 a economic economical 经济学n economics经济n economy 经济学家economist 核心词汇 权衡成本效益balance between benefit and cost 可比性comparability 完整性completeness 确证作用confirmatory role 现行成本current cost 如实反映faithful representation 历史成本historical cost 编报财务报表的框架Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements 成本与可变现净值孰低法lower of cost and net realizable value 非货币性资产non-monetary assets 预测作用predictive role 现值present value
一、 resistance 阻力，电阻insulator 绝缘体conductor 导体 voltage 连续，串联capability 能力 take advantage of 利用capacitor 电容器capacitance 容量 be formed by 有。。。组成inductor 电感器oscillator 振荡器rectifier 整流器amolifier 放大器 二、 atom 原子nucleus 核子 proton 质子 negative charge 负电荷 positive charge 正电荷 electric field 电场 free electron 自由电子 alternator 交流发电机 DC (Direct Current) 直流电 三、 circuit 电路 load 负荷 battery 电池 switch 开关 voltmeter 电压表 ammeter 电流表 Ohm’s Law 欧姆定律 mathematician 数学家 voltage drop 电降压 四、 reverse bias 反偏压 forward bias 正偏压 PN junction PN结 interaction 交感 N region N区 P region P区 五、 number system 数学系统 numerical 数字值 decimal 十进制，小数 binary system 二进制系统 BCD 二进制编码的十进制 hexadecimal 十六进制 六 AC (Alternating Current) 交流电 AC motor 交流电动机electrical energy 机械能mechanical energy 机械设备 mechanical equipment 抽水机 in simple term 简言之 net force 净力 friction 摩擦 torque 扭矩 law of inertia 惯性定律acceleration 加速度deceleration 减速 inertia 惯性 external force 外力moment of inertia 惯性矩horsepower 马力 七、 closed-loop 闭环 feedback 反馈 thermostat 自动调温器deviation 偏离 proportional system 比例系 统 self-regulation 自调整 dead time 死区 八、 PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) 可编程序逻辑 控制器 configuration 结构 module 模块 digital signal 数字信号 analog signal 模拟信号 relay 继电器 microprocessor 微处理器 PPI (Point-to-Point Interface)点对点接口 PG 编程器 九、 CNC(Computerized Numerical Control) 计算机 数值控制 walk of life 行业 manufacturing 制造业 drill press 钻床 chuck 抛弃 spindle 轴 workpiece 工件 intervention 干涉 by commonality 比较 commonality 普通 accessory 附件 十、 incompatible 矛盾的 suppression 抑制 phenomenon 现象 visualize 形象 transient 短暂的 Ethernet 以太网 photosensitive 感光性的 optical 光学的
2. Trade Fairs & Exhibitions 贸易展和展览会 3. Definitions and types of fairs & exhibitions贸易展和展览会的定义和类型 4. Fair organizers 展会组织者 5. The Marketing Functions of Fairs & Exhibitions贸易展和展览会的市场营销功能 6. Promoting, Launching, and Selling 促销宣传，新产品的发布和销售 7. Assessing, Learning, and Interacting 评估，学习和互动 8. Return on Investment 投资回报 9. Journeying traders 商务旅行者 10. bazaars 集市 11. itinerant locations 流动的场所 12. permanent places 永久的/固定的场所 13. Fair Industry 集市产业 14. a permanent fair centre 永久的交易中心 15. fair 展览会 16. cash-and-carry products 现购自运 17. the Leipzig fair 莱比锡展 18. direct sales 直销 19. Sample Fairs 样品展 20. consumer goods 消费品 21. a specific theme 具体的主题 22. specialized fairs 专业展 23. temporary marketplaces 临时交易场所 24. sales and marketing tools 销售和营销工具 25. communications media 沟通媒介 26. market events 市场活动 27. a specific duration 具体的持续时间 产业部门28. industry sectors 29. sell it on the basis of samples 看样订货 30. trade and business visitors 贸易观众 31. the general public 普通观众/公众 32. UFI （=Union of International Fair）国际展览联盟 33. criteria 标准 34. an international trade fair/exhibition 国际展 35. foreign exhibitors 国外参展商 36. exhibitors 参展商 37. foreign visitors 国外观众 38. the manufacturing industry 制造业 39. trade fairs/exhibitions of consumer goods 消费品展 40. the public and end-consumers 公众和终端客户 41. a specialized trade fair/exhibition 专业展 42. a general trade fair/exhibition 综合展 43. a corporate exhibition 公司展 44. virtual fairs 虚拟展
Enhancement of Forced Convection Heat Transfer Rongzhen You Class 1202 of Power Engineering In my College Students Innovative Project, we are supposed to adopt some methods to enhance the forced convection heat transfer on the plain surface. Although we have taken several technical methods into consideration, most of them are too difficult for us to apply in our project. Therefore, I would like to make an introduction to these methods here. Firstly, machining some grooves or dimples on the plain plates is one of important methods to enhance the convection heat transfer. The grooves or dimples can change the flow field of the fluid near the surface, for which the fluid would be turbulent than before. In this way, the Nusselt number of the near surface fluid would be raised, and than the convection heat-transfer coefficient would increase. This method can enhance the convection heat transfer on the plain plate to some extent, but it’s still ineffective for the reason that the improvement of heat-transfer coefficient of the fluid in the near wall region can not enhance the heat-transfer of the mainstream. Secondly, some researchers come up with an idea that using spiral fine ribs (SFRs) in plate channel to enhance the convection heat transfer. They equally placed the SFRs in the channel, which can form a packing layer resembling a kind of quasi-porous media with large porosity and can produce efficient disturbance both to the boundary layer and the mainstream. The operation principle of SFRs is that the multi-longitudinal vortices induced by SFRs can significantly increase the tangential velocity components in the cross section, which is helpful to promote the micro-fluctuation in the fluid. What’s more, the transport action caused by the longitudinal vortices can improve the mass exchange between the boundary layer and the mainstream. These two factors can not only speed up the heat migration from the channel walls, but also enhance the heat diffusion in the mainstream. This improves the temperature distribution uniformity in channel. Thirdly, the most efficient way to enhance the convection heat transfer is installing fins on the plain plate. Base on this thought, some researchers have fabricated many different types of fins, such as columned pin fins, conical pin fins, elliptical pin fins, cross-cut pin fins and longitudinal vortex generator arrays (LVG). Nowadays, fins with geometric shape pins have been commonly used to in the engineering. As for the vortex generator, it can disturb the flow field by the vortex and generate vortex after the generator, which can break the boundary lay on the surface and transfer the heat into mainstream quickly. Nowadays, many researchers have proved that the LVG effect is much better than the straight fins within a certain limit of Reynolds number, as well as that the multi rows LVG can improve the whole heat transfer effect. The methods mentioned above sounds pretty advanced, but it’s quiet difficult for us, regular college students, to apply these methods in our project. Because we couldn’t analysis the complex flow field in these special structure, unless we use the FLUENT software to build up their mathematic model. As the advanced usage of FLUENT is out of our ability, we have no choices but to install the straight fins on the heat transfer surface. Some researchers have found that the overall thermal resistance of straight fins is lower than other geometric pin fins, due to the combination effect of enhanced later conduction along the fins and the lower flow bypass characteristics. At last, our experiment also proved that the straight fin can meet the requirement of the enhancement of forced convection heat transfer.
The term “enzyme” was coined by Wilhelm Kuhne.创造 crystallized 结晶centrifugal supernatant 离心上清液 were used to imitate enzymes mesoporous介孔材料，多孔 DMF-2甲基甲酰胺 Polymer with enzyme-like activity 聚合物 noble-metal nanoclusters 贵金属纳米团簇 In the presence of dopamine在多巴胺的存在下 Molecularly imprinted polymers were invented by 分子印迹聚合物 Nano ceria as superoxide dismutase mimic. 纳米二氧化铈作为超氧化物歧化酶模拟。 peroxidase mimic. 过氧化物模拟酶catalase,过氧化氢酶 Nano ceria as catalase and oxidase mimic纳米二氧化铈过氧化氢酶和氧化酶模拟
metal sulfide 硫化物 cobalt porphyri n钴 manganese锰facile温和的 chemicals and reagent s化学药品和试剂syring注射器 thioacetamide 硫代乙酰胺 stretching vibration 伸缩振动峰 carbonyl group羰基 aromatic acid 芳香酸 calibration curve 校准线 have been extensively explored to mimic the structures and functions of natural enzymes through various approaches.and several monographs andnumerous excellent reviews have been published have been found to exhibit unexpected enzyme-like Although the progress and achievements of classic artificial enzymes have been thoroughly reviewed in the literature, no comprehensive review has been devoted to nanozymes we discuss the current challenges facing nanozyme technologies and future directions to realize their great potential. 新方法 Hybrid materials（杂化材料） formed by incorporating inorganicmaterials into a polymeric matrix have even more promisingadvantages, such as novel
专业英语考试重点词汇整理 Mechanics of of material 材料力学 Behavior 性能 Strength of material Bar杆 Shaft轴通风井矿井 Beam 梁 Column扌七 Stress应力 Strain应变 Deformation 变形 Deformable可变形的 Formulas 公式 At right angle 直角 Unit单位 Figure图形 Be subjected to 承受经受As a test ,the material was subjected to great heat. Derivation 推导发展派生词the derivation of words from Latin. Tensile拉力的拉伸的tensile force/steel/strength拉力、手拉钢筋、抗拉强度Compressive 压力的压缩的compressive force 压力 Sectional截面的部分的sectional drawing断面图 Denote 扌旨示表示In general ,the sign X denotes ..... Equilibrium 平衡The part of scales Is not in equilibrium Resultant 合力 Magnitude大小尺寸 Equation =Eq.方程等式 Elongation伸长拉长 Specimen样品试件 Horizontal水平的horizontal axis水平轴横轴 Yielding屈服可缩性 Yield stress屈服应力 Plastic 塑性 Ultimate stress极限应力；最大应力 Reduction 减少 Pictorial diagram 图表图解 Pronounced 显著地
第二章锅炉 2.1 简介SSC 锅炉利用热量使水转变成蒸汽以进行各种利用。其中主要是发电和工业供热。由于蒸汽具有有利的参数和无毒特性，因此蒸汽作为一种关键的工质（资源）被广泛地应用。蒸汽流量和运行参数的变化很大：从某一过程里1000磅/小时（0.126kg/s）到大型电厂超过10×106磅/小时（1260kg/s），压力从一些加热应用的14.7磅/ in2（1.0135bar）212F（100℃）到先进循环电厂的4500磅/ in2（310bar）1100F（593℃）。 现代锅炉可根据不同的标准分类。这些包括最终用途、燃烧方式、运行压力、燃料和循环方式。 大型中心电站的电站锅炉主要用来发电。它们经过优化设计，可达到最高的热效率。新机组的关键特性是利用再热器提高整个循环效率。 各种附加的系统也产生蒸汽用于发电及其他过程应用。这些系统常常利用廉价或免费燃料，联合动力循环和过程，以及余热回收，以减少总费用。这些例子包括：燃气轮机联合循环（CC）：先进的燃气轮机，将余热锅炉作为基本循环的一部分，以利用余热并提高热效率。 整体煤气化联合循环（IGCC）：在CC基础上增加煤气化炉，以降低燃料费用并将污染排放降到最低。 增压循环流化床燃烧（PFBC）：在更高压力下燃烧，包括燃气净化，以及燃烧产物膨胀并通过燃气轮机做功。高炉排烟热量回收：利用高炉余热产生蒸汽。 太阳能蒸汽发生器：利用集热器收集太阳辐射热产生蒸汽。 2. 2 Development of Utility Boiler 现代660MW燃煤锅炉有大约6000吨的压力部件，包括500千米的受热面管材，3.5千米连接管与联箱和30000个管接头焊口。 这是经过大约50年发展的结果，并形成了煤粉在具有蒸发管束的炉膛燃烧，烟气然后流经对流过热器和热回收表面的基本概念并保留至今。蒸汽参数的提高，机组容量的增大及燃料燃烧特性的改进都要求在材料、制造技术和运行程序上相应发展。 二战后的一些年里，在电厂安装锅炉的数量多于汽轮机是很常见的，锅炉提供蒸汽到母管然后到汽机。这种布置反应了锅炉的可用性低于汽轮机。四十年代后期，随着锅炉可用性的提高，锅炉和汽机开始可以相互配套使用。 锅炉和汽机成套的变化使得再热成为可行，而且伴随着高温钢材的应用，经过蒸汽参数的不断提高，达到了当前的标准循环2400lbf/in2(165.5bar)，568℃和再热568℃。为充分利用更高的蒸汽参数和获得经济容量，在接下来的15年，机组容量又增加了20倍。 2.3 燃料与燃烧 大部分锅炉以煤、天然气和石油作为燃料。然而，在过去的几十年里，至少在发电领域核能开始扮演一个主要角色。 同样，不断增加的各种生物质和过程副产品也成为蒸汽生产的热源。这些包括泥煤、木材及木材废弃物、稻草、咖啡渣、稻谷壳、煤矿废弃物（煤屑）、炼钢炉废热甚至太阳能。 现代美国中心电站用燃料主要是煤，或是烟煤、次烟煤或是褐煤。 虽然天然气和燃油也许是未来化石燃料电厂的燃料选择，但煤仍然是今后新的，基本负荷电站锅炉的主要燃料。 2.3.1 煤的分类
1.开口系统：与外界既有物质交换又有能量交换，把研究对象控制在某个空间。---定容积系统 An Open system (or a control volume 控制体积）is a properly selected region in space. Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume. such as, A Water heater, a turbine and a compressor, etc 2.闭口系统：系统与外界只有能量（功量、热量）的交换而无质量交换。——定质量系统A Closed system (a control mass 控制质量) consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. That is, no mass enters or leave a closed system. such as, Piston-cylinder device (汽缸-活塞装置） 3.绝热系统：系统与外界只有功量和质量的交换，而无热量的交换。Adiabatic system is that no heat cross the boundary or heat is negligible compared with work cross the boundary 4.孤立系统：系统与外界既无能量交换又无质量交换，即系统与环境不发生任何作用。Isolated system is a special case that no mass and energy cross the boundary. 5.热力学第一定律：自然界一切物体都具有能量，能量有各种不同形式，它能从一种形式转化为另一种形式，从一个物体传递给另一个物体，在转化和传递过程中能量的总和不变。 The first explicit statement of the first law of thermodynamics："In all cases in which work is produced by the agency of heat, a quantity of heat is consumed which is proportional to the work done; and conversely, by the expenditure of an equal quantity of work an equal quantity of heat is produced." 6.热力学第二定律：不可能把热从低温物体传到高温物体而不产生其他影响；不可能从单一热源取热使之完全转换为有用的功而不产生其他影响；不可逆热力过程中熵的微增量总是大于零。 Second law of thermodynamics： Impossible to heat from low temperature to high temperature object object does not produce other effects; not possible from a single heat source heat so completely converted into useful work and does not produce other effects; irreversible thermodynamic entropy in the process of the incremental volume is always greater than zero. 7.锅炉：锅炉利用热量使水转变成蒸汽以进行各种利用。 Boilers use heat to convert water into steam for a variety of applications. 8.汽轮机：将蒸汽的热能转换为机械能的叶轮式旋转原动机。 Steam Turbine is the impeller rotating prime mover that the thermal energy of the steam is converted to mechanical energy 。 9.省煤器：省煤器（英文名称Economizer）就是锅炉尾部烟道中将锅炉给水加热成汽包压力下的饱和水的受热面。The economizer (Name Economizer) is the rear of the boiler flue of the boiler feed water is heated into steam drum pressure saturated water heating surface。 10.空预器：空气预热器就是锅炉尾部烟道中的烟气通过内部的散热片将进入锅炉前的空气预热到一定温度的受热面。 The air preheater through the fins of the internal heating surface will enter the air is preheated to a certain
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩 53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专著monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引