建筑专业英语翻译
原文：
Using Consultants for Community Comprehensive Planning1 When a community decides to develop or update its comprehensive plan, it is immediately plagued2by a number of decisions regarding how should they develop it, what should be contained in it, how professional assistance should be used, and what form it should take.
In the main, many communities having no, or a small, planning staff turn to professional planning consultants for assistance in the endeavor. This results in the establishment of a consultant selection process that can be as short as hiring the one firm someone knows about or utilizing a full scale “Request for Proposal” process.
Consultant selection is important since the developed plan will bear the mark of the consultant as well as the community. Therefore, it is useful to first agree upon the type of consultant desired and then the purpose of the comprehensive plan update before embarking upon the consultant selection process.
All consultants have, or should have, a particular approach to comprehensive planning—similar to doctors, lawyers, economists and other professionals. Planning consultants are not all alike in skills, approach, philosophy, and experience; community comprehensive planning is different from other forms of urban planning—it is not regional planning, metropolitan planning, corridor3planning, project planning, or site planning. Because a consultant has experience in site planning or metropolitan planning does not mean that they are a skilled or experienced community comprehensive planner. Therefore, the selection of a planning consultant for comprehensive planning purposes should reflect an understandin g and agreement with the consultant’s view as to the purpose of the plan development and the approach they will use.
Such an understanding can easily be articulated4by the consultant. While a consultant can bring sound technical skills and an objective viewpoint to the planning process, the key to developing a realistic and usable plan is to have the policies and programs for action emerge from the desires and capabilities of the community. To do this, the role and function of the consultant—for the duration of the project and within the immediate period following plan adoption—is to act as the technical area of the planning commission. This viewpoint is the result of several strongly held convictions borne out by experience in the comprehensive planning process, as well as in the implementation of such plans. Among these convictions:
●A plan is used only if it truly represents the political and social aspirations commonly held by the community and is responsive to the needs of its decision-makers.
●A plan is used only if its intent is clearly understood at the outset and its format flexible enough to respond to the changing problems, needs, and desires of the community.
●A plan is used only if it can be understood by the community’s decision-makers and if it fits into the process of local community development.
Comprehensive planning is not an end in itself. Rather, the process and the product 1This text is from https://www.doczj.com/doc/9616624227.html,.
2plague v. annoy
3corridor n. a long narrow passage on a train or between rooms in a building, with doors leading off it 4articulate v. speak distinctly
represent a tool to guide the Plan Commission and Board of Trustees in making growth management and redevelopment decisions. Such decisions encompass many aspects of community management, including subdivision5, rezoning, annexation6, historic preservation, economic development, housing, redevelopment, capital improvement and community design.
To develop such a plan it is important that the consultant charged with developing the plan clearly understands the aspirations of the community and the limitations of the real world. Secondly, it is important that the local decision-makers accept the consultant as a professional who understands the needs and aspirations of the community.That is, it is necessary that a trusting relationship be built between the consultant and the client - staff, Planning Commission, or City Council - and through them, the community as a whole.
A comprehensive plan (or master plan) is a guide for moving a community from today to some point in the future. Just as a business or corporation may adopt a long-range strategic plan for their company, a community must also plan for its future through the development of a comprehensive plan. The process of comprehensive planning and the final product represents a tool to guide Planning Commissions, Zoning Boards, and local governing officials in making municipal policies and development decisions.These decisions encompass many aspects of community management, including subdivision, zoning, annexation, historic preservation, economic development, housing, redevelopment, capital improvement and community design. In developing such a plan, it is important that it serve the following purposes.
It should provide a clear and supportable statement of the type of future that is desired. This statement must consist of:
●Goals: Community derived statements of aspirations
●Objectives: Statements of how the goals will be achieved
●Plans: Supportable illustrations of how the community should develop over time in terms of land use, transportation improvements, community, facilities, etc.
●Policies and Programs: Supportable rules for decision-making, courses of action to gain the objectives and projects which can move the community toward its vision of the future It should identify needed capital improvements.
Public improvements, such as transportation, utility and other community capital improvements, provide the community’s primary method of directing growth so as to reach the “vision” of the plan. As such, a strong emphasis upon the type, phasing, cost and financial resources for such improvements is a necessary component of the plan.
The plan must provide a realistic basis for the use of zoning and other land use and redevelopment controls and incentives7.
5subdivision n. a product of subdividing, as a section of a department
6annexation n.that which is annexed
7incentive a. something that encourages you to work harder, start a new activity etc.
翻译：
地区综合规划中顾问的使用
当一个社区决定发展或更新它的综合规划时，会有大批折腾人的决策比如说他们该怎样发展；规划应该包含些什么；使用什么样的专业帮助以及该采取何种形式。
重要的是，在努力的过程中许多社区仅有或只有小部分负责的规划员工会向专业的规划顾问寻求帮助。这一现象就导致了一个顾问的选择过程可以像雇佣一个彼此很了解的合伙人或像万事具备的求婚过程一样短暂简单。鉴于一个完善的规划可以显现出顾问及社区的能力，所以顾问的选择相当重要。因此，在开始顾问选择程序之前最有效地是弄清楚到底需要哪一类的顾问，然后才是完善综合规划的目地。
所有的顾问都有或者应当具有特殊的应对综合规划的对策。就像医生律师经济学家以及其他职业一样。规划顾问在技术，方法，哲学及经验方面并不都一样，社区综合规划和其他形式的城市规划是不一样的。它不仅仅是区域规划，大城市规划，走廊规划，工程规划或地址规划。一个有丰富地址或大城市规划经验的顾问并比意味着他就是个有技术经验的社区综合规划者。因此，一个综合规划中规划顾问的选择应该是有洞察力的并且顾问的观点该与规划发展目地和他们采用的途径相一致。
顾问能轻易地分辨出这样的洞察力。尽管顾问可以给规划的过程带来成熟的技术性技巧和明确的观念但是开发一个现实并可用的规划的关键是有社区期望和能力所必须的行动的政策和程序。为了做好这些，顾问的角色及职能是担当计划委员会的技术领域。（规划必须在规划所规定的时间内完成）这一观点是由几个确信的在不断综合规划过程以及这类规划执行中衍生出来的。这些坚持包括：
。只有当这一规划真实的反应了地区的政治和社会的强烈愿望时并反应了决策者需求时才回被采用
。只有这一规划的目的从一开始就能被理解并且它的形式很多样能应对不断改变的地区题，需求和想法
。只有规划被地区决策者理解并能适应当地社区发展过程时才回被采用
综合规划并不是终结，相反的，这一过程和气产品象征着领导规划委员会以及董事会取得管理，重建决定的工具。这些决定包括了社区管理的许多方面。有进一步细分区制，附属建筑，历史保护，经济发展，住房，重建，资金改善和社区设计。
为了发展这样的规划最重要的是负责这个规划的顾问能清楚地了解社区的期望以及现实世界的约束。第二，当地决策者接受顾问的想法并把他当成能了解社区期望和需求的专业人士也很重要。也就是说一个建立在顾问与客户之间的互信关系很必要。通过规划委员会和城市理事会社区才是一个整体。
综合规划是引导社区从今天走向未来的好的向导，就像工商企业和公司为自身发展可能会采用一个长期的策略。社区也需要通过社区规划的发展来计划它的未来。社区规划的过程及其最终的成品是一个引导规划委员会，区域理事会和当地政府机关在做出市办政策及发展决定时的一个好的工具。这些决定包括了社区管理的许多发面。如：进一步细分区制，附属建筑，历史保护，经济发展，住房，重建，资金改善和社区设计。为深入发展这个规划按下述条例来做很重要。
对于未来想要的类型得提供一个清晰地被广接受的这个结算单包括:
。目标：结算单来源于社区强烈的愿望
。目地：结算单怎样实现这一目标
。计划：支持率阐明了社区在以后的时间内就土地使用，交通改善，设施的问题该怎样发展
。政策与程序：做决定的规则，实现目地和工程这一行动的过程能社区转移到未来的视
野上.
这一系类的结算单需要资金的改善。
公共的改良,比如交通，公共事业及其他的公众资金改善，给大众提供基本的指向规划梦想扩大的途径。本身，一个关于类型，阶段，花费及财政资源的强有力的强调是这个规划成功的必要的组成部分。
规划必须向地区的使用，其他土地征用，重建控制和刺激提供一个实际可行的基础。
建筑专业常用英语词汇
建筑专业常用英语词汇 A design basis 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design B stage of design 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing C climate condition 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning
A-frame A型骨架 A-truss A型构架 abrasion 磨耗；磨蚀 abrasive cut-off machine 磨切机 abrasive grinding machine 磨机(火石机) abrasive particle 磨粒 absorption 吸收 abutment 桥台；拱座 abutting end 邻接端 acceleration 加速 acceleration lane 加速车道 acceleration pedal 加速器踏板 accelerator 催凝剂；加速器；催化剂acceptance criteria 接受准则 access 通路；通道 access door 检修门；通道门 access lane 进出路径 access panel 检修门 access point 入口处；出入通道处 access ramp 入口坡道；斜通道 access road 通路；通道 access shaft 竖井通道 access spiral loop 螺旋式回旋通道 access staircase 通道楼梯 access step 上落踏板；出入踏板 access tunnel 隧道通道 accessible roof 可到达的屋顶；有通道的屋顶accessory 附件；配件 accident 事故；意外 accidental collapse 意外坍塌accommodate 装设；容纳 accredited private laboratory 认可私营实验室accumulator 储压器；蓄电池 accuracy limit 准确度极限 acetylene cylinder 乙炔气(风煤)樽 acid plant 酸洗设备；酸洗机 acid pump 酸液泵 acid tank 酸液缸 acoustic couplant 声耦合剂 acoustic coupler 声耦合器 acoustic lining 隔音板 acoustic screen 隔声屏 acrylic paint 丙烯漆料 acrylic sheet 丙烯胶片(阿加力胶片)
建筑专业英语词汇(A) a block 空心块 a frame a 型框架 a line 支座反力影响线abaciscus 嵌饰 abacus 栏杆小柱顶 abamurus 扶壁 abat jour 灯罩 abat vent 遮阳帘 abbrasive wheel 磨盘 aberration 偏差 ability 能力 ablation 磨蚀酌 abode 住宅 above ground structure 地面建筑物abrasion 磨耗 abrasion concrete 磨蚀性混凝土abrasion hardness 耐磨硬度abrasion proof 耐磨的 abrasion resistance 耐磨性abrasion test 磨耗试验 abrasion tester 磨耗试验机abrasion value 磨耗值 abrasive 磨料 abrasive aggregates 耐磨骨料abrasive disk 磨盘 abrasive paper 研磨纸 abrasive tile 粗面瓷砖 abridged notation 简化符号 abs plastic abs塑料 absolute deformation 绝对变形absolute displacement 绝对位移absolute error 绝对误差 absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute value 绝对值 absolute viscosity 绝对粘度absolute weight 绝对重量absorbed water 吸附水absorbent 吸收剂 absorbent filter 吸收剂滤器absorber 吸收器 absorbing ability 吸收能力
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings. A wider definition would include within its scope the design of the total built environment, from the macro level of town planning, urban design and landscape to the microlevel of furniture and product design. Architecture, equally importantly, also refers to the product of such a design. 建筑学（或建筑设计）是设计建筑的艺术和科学。一个更广泛的定义是包括建筑范围内的总体环境设计，宏观上包括城市规划，城市和景观设计，微观上包括家具和产品设计。建筑也是指像这样设计而成的产品. Architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, including within its fold mathematics, science, art, technology, social sciences, politics, history, philosophy, and so on. In Vitruvius' words, "Architecture is a science, arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning: by the help of which a judgment is formed of those works which are the result of other arts". 建筑是一个多学科领域，包括在其倍数学，科学，艺术，技术，社会科学，政治，历史，哲学，等等。维特鲁威认为"建筑学是产生于多种学科的一门科学，充满了深邃且丰富的学问：建筑学是人们借助于多学科融合而成的知识体系而形成的一种判断体系，是其他艺术成果发展的结晶。 Theory is the result of that reasoning which demonstrates and explains that the material wrought has been so converted as to answer the end proposed. 理论是推理的结果，它展示并解释了那些已经加工过的材料再被转变是为了达到最终合理的结果. 自己翻译的不是很准仅供参考by:肖莹莹 In Europe in the Classical and Medieval periods, buildings were not attributed to specific individual architects who remained anonymous. Guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trade. 古典和中世纪时期在欧洲，建筑不会由那些特定的不知名的个体建筑师设计。建筑都是由工匠门所组成的公会去设计建造. by肖莹莹 With the Renaissance and its emphasis on the individual and humanity rather than religion, and with all its attendant progess and achievements, a new chapter began. 随着文艺的复兴越发的强调人本主义，而不是宗教，与此同时也取得了很大的进步和成就，一个新的篇章开始了。
1DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design 2STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing 3CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning 飓风hurricane 台风typhoon 旋风cyclone 降雨强度rainfall intensity 年降雨量annual rainfall 湿球温度wet bulb temperature 干球温度dry bulb temperature 冰冻期frost period
建筑学专业英语翻译 1.1 新建筑时代的文化融合 Since the 1990s, China has obviously speeded up its steps to open the architectural field to the outside world. That is fully testified by its extensive adoption of the competition mechanism,introducing intern ati onal bidd ing for some importa nt con structi ons. As a result, visi ons of domestic architects have been expanded, t heir mentality updated, and a number of prominent masterworks created.The successful biddi ng for quite a few major projects by foreig n architects marks the begi nning of Chin a's accession into the international community in the architectural sector. 自20 世纪90 年代开始，中国明显力口快了向世界开放建筑领域的步伐，此事通过中国广泛采纳竞争机制，为一些重要建筑引入国际招标可以得到充分证 实。由此，国建筑师的眼见得以被扩充，心态得到升华，大量的知名建筑被创造。大量的重要建筑项目被国外的建筑师成功中标，标志着在建筑面中国融入国际社会的开始。 Just like the country's accession into the World Trade Organization, which originally provoked controversies among some Chinese people who worried aboutabout the fate of the domestic enterprises, only a temporary sacrifice of domestic architectural sectors can create cha nces for theirfuture success in ever- in creas ing intern ati onal competiti ons. 正如中国加入世界贸易组织一样，一些中国人担心国企 业的命运，只是暂时牺牲国建筑行业，在不断增加的国际竞争中创造未来的成功几会。 We still remember the words sighed out by a participating Chinese group of architects after the first round of review of the desig ning biddi ng for the Nati onal Cen ter for the Perform ing Arts. "We admit our in feriority to foreign competitors," they said. 我们还记得一个参与表演艺术中心投标的中国团队的建筑师们在 第一轮审查之后的叹气。我们承认相比外国竞争对手我们的劣势，“他们说。
a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段 c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称 e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚 f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟 h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯 j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语 【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】 【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】 【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】 【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】 【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】 【Timber 木材】 【Metallic Materials 金属材料】 【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】 【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】 【Building Hardware 建筑五金】 【Paint 油漆】 k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语 【Discipline 专业】 【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】 【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】 【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】 【Drafting 制图】 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design b. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段
Exhibition Hall Art Gallery In Bonn 波恩美术展览馆 这个建筑坐落在波恩市博物馆的旁边,非常地醒目，它是另一个建立在这个庞大正方形基础上的建筑，（它的）平行六面体的每条底边均长达95.7米，该建筑还有一个高11米的平台，可以栽种树木，有一个可供展览的花园以及恍如天堂般的曲径小道；上面还建有三个突出的焦点——3痤园锥体塔楼，屹立在开阔的风景线上，3面用于内部采光的天窗就是该建筑的标识了。 主通道位于东北方，通向与博物馆共享的公共区域，布满了像迷宫一样呈网状分布的小型植物。沿着弗里德里希·埃伯特大道，往东北方向或有些阻碍——11根柱子分列于两痤恢宏大厦之间，柱上点缀着一些纵向的充满韵律感的浮雕，象征并代表着十一个领域所取得的丰功伟绩。从这些柱子开始，地面上的一道时髦的白色线条引领着人们直达入口，一条又长又窄的阶梯将人们从这个区域引向最高的天台。 这个入口门厅是虚化处理的平行六面体结构，穿过它的就来到另一个外部天井，门厅的表面朝两个方向分别布满了光滑的波纹状和对角形斜纹。 这个正方形基础，已按9×9m的网形布局进行过调整，分为一个沿边的环状带和四个内部区域，即入口门厅，有观众席的讨论区，主馆和中央大厅。 外围的地带包括办公室，商店，会议室，图书馆，经典画廊。它露出了它自己在屋顶上覆盖了西南一半的天窗，（通过天窗）将自己从花园中分离出来。 展览的地方提供了一个独特的可供小型、中型、大型房间单独使用的同时，其或以不同方式合并的系统。 主馆是一个大的、呈长方形、两层高的空间，它被在两个侧面的天窗和对面角落里的锥形光明塔照亮。在中央大厅，有一个双跑的楼梯爬上墙壁、庭院和内部的双重空间。两者结合起来形成的中心广场的空间被上层的房间包围。在背叠式风格里，在这个楼层和双重空间里，可以找到对应的第二光塔的圆形大厅。第三个(光塔的圆形大厅）位于建筑的东北- 西南轴上，这个轴线包含了一个集合在门厅和礼堂之间的部分大厅、一个在东南外立面上的三层双跑楼梯的后门。
建筑build; architecture; construct; architectural; architectural & industrial ceramics 建筑安装工程量construction work quantity 建筑板材building board 建筑材料表list of building materials 建筑材料检验building material testing 建筑材料行building material dealer 建筑材料运输列车construction train 建筑草图architectural sketch 建筑朝向building orientation 建筑成本预算construction cost estimate 建筑承包商building contractor 建筑尺度architectural scale 建筑处理architectural treatment 建筑创作architectural creation 建筑大五金architectural metalwork 建筑大样architectural detail 建筑单元building unit 建筑费construction cost 建筑风格architectural style 建筑辅助系统building subsystem 建筑钢construction(al) steel 建筑钢板building sheet 建筑高度building height; height of building 建筑高度分区building height zoning; height zoning 建筑工程升降机builder's lift 建筑工地选择siting 建筑工羊角锤头builder's claw hammer head 建筑工业building industry; construction industry 建筑工种building trades 建筑构思architectural conception 建筑构图composition on architecture; architectural composition 建筑构造building construction 建筑估价building cost estimate 建筑管理architectural control 建筑规程building regulations 建筑规范building code 建筑机械construction machinery; building machinery 建筑及维护规则recommendation 建筑结构building structure 建筑结构分析语言structural engineering system solver (STRESS) 建筑立面elevation of building; building elevation 建筑沥青bitumen for building; building asphalt No. 10 建筑力学architectural mechanics 建筑铝型材生产线architectural aluminum profile production line 建筑毛面积gross floor area 建筑毛造价gross building cost 建筑面积area of structure; covered area 建筑面积比floor-area ratio (F.A.R.) 建筑面积指标floor-space index (F.S.I.) 建筑模数building module
超全建筑专业英语词汇搜集大整理！全英文出图OK！ 来源：秦泽倓的日志 建筑类常见英语词汇 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段 c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称 e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚 f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟 h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯 j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语 Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦 Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石 Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土 Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料 Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉 Timber 木材 Metallic Materials 金属材料 Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属 Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料 Building Hardware 建五金 Paint 油漆 k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语 Discipline 专业 Conventional Terms 一般通用名词 Architectural Physics 建筑物理 Name Of Professional role 职务名称 Drafting 制图 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书 planning proposals 设计任务书 design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图 information drawing 设计基础资料 basic data for design 工艺流程图 process flowchart 工程地质资料 engineering geological data 原始资料 original data
第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他
A acceptable quality 合格质量 acceptance lot 验收批量 aciera 钢材 admixture 外加剂 against slip coefficient between friction surface of high-strength bolted connection 高强度螺栓摩擦面抗滑移系数 aggregate 骨料 air content 含气量 air-dried timber 气干材 allowable ratio of height to sectional thickness of masonry wall or column 砌体墙、柱容许高厚比 allowable slenderness ratio of steel member 钢构件容许长细比 allowable slenderness ratio of timber compression member 受压木构件容许长细比allowable stress range of fatigue 疲劳容许应力幅 allowable ultimate tensile strain of reinforcement 钢筋拉应变限值 allowable value of crack width 裂缝宽度容许值 allowable value of deflection of structural member 构件挠度容许值 allowable value of deflection of timber bending member 受弯木构件挠度容许值allowable value of deformation of steel member 钢构件变形容许值 allowable value of deformation of structural member 构件变形容许值 allowable value of drift angle of earthquake resistant structure 抗震结构层间位移角限值 amplified coefficient of eccentricity 偏心距增大系数 anchorage 锚具 anchorage length of steel bar 钢筋锚固长度 approval analysis during construction stage 施工阶段验算 arch 拱 arch with tie rod 拉捍拱 arch—shaped roof truss 拱形屋架
Laminar and Turbulent Flow Observation shows that two entirely different types of fluid flow exist. This was demon- strated by Osborne Reynolds in 1883 through an experiment in which water was discharged from a tank through a glass tube. The rate of flow could be controlled by a valve at the outlet, and a fine filament of dye injected at the entrance to the tube. At low velocities, it was found that the dye filament remained intact throughout the length of the tube, showing that the particles of water moved in parallel lines. This type of flow is known as laminar, viscous or streamline, the particles of fluid moving in an orderly manner and retaining the same relative positions in successive cross- sections. As the velocity in the tube was increased by opening the outlet valve, a point was eventually reached at which the dye filament at first began to oscillate and then broke up so that the colour was diffused over the whole cross-section, showing that the particles of fluid no longer moved in an orderly manner but occupied different relative position in successive cross-sections. This type of flow is known as turbulent and is characterized by continuous small fluctuations in the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the fluid particles, which are accompanied by corresponding small fluctuations of pressure. When the motion of a fluid particle in a stream is disturbed, its inertia
建筑专业英语词汇 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段 c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称 e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚 f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟 h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY (HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件 I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯 j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语 Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦 Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石 Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉 Timber 木材 Metallic Materials 金属材料 Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属 Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料 Building Hardware 建五金 Paint 油漆 k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语Discipline 专业 Conventional Terms 一般通用名词 Architectural Physics 建筑物理 Name Of Professional role 职务名称 Drafting 制图 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design b. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as-built drawing c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning 飓风hurricane 台风typhoon 旋风cyclone 降雨强度rainfall intensity 年降雨量annual rainfall 湿球温度wet bulb temperature 干球温度dry bulb temperature 冰冻期frost period 冰冻线frost line 冰冻区frost zone 室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature 采暖地区region with heating provision 不采暖地区region without heating provision 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure 相对湿度relative humidity d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称 办公室office 服务用房service room 换班室shift room 休息室rest room (break room) 起居室living room 浴室bathroom 淋浴间shower 更衣室locker room 厕所lavatory 门厅lobby 诊室clinic 工作间workshop 电气开关室switchroom 走廊corridor 档案室archive 电梯机房lift motor room 车库garage 清洁间cleaning room 会议室(正式) conference room 会议室meeting room 衣柜间ward robe 暖风间H.V.A.C room
英语翻译1 外文原文出处： Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering, 1, Volume 10, Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting, Pages 329-342 补充垂直支撑对建筑物抗震加固 摘要：大量的钢筋混凝土建筑物在整个世界地震活跃地区有共同的缺陷。弱柱，在一个或多个事故中，由于横向变形而失去垂直承载力。这篇文章提出一个策略关于补充安装垂直支撑来防止房子的倒塌。这个策略是使用在一个风险的角度上来研究最近实际可行的性能。混凝土柱、动力失稳的影响、 多样循环冗余的影响降低了建筑系统和 组件的强度。比如用建筑物来说明这个 策略的可行性。 1、背景的介绍： 建筑受地震震动，有可能达到一定程 度上的动力失稳，因为从理论上说侧面 上有无限的位移。许多建筑物，然而， 在较低的震动强度下就失去竖向荷载的支撑，这就是横向力不稳定的原因(见图。提出 了这策略的目的是为了确定建筑物很可 能马上在竖向荷载作用下而倒塌，通过 补充一些垂直支撑来提高建筑物的安 全。维护竖向荷载支撑的能力，来改变 水平力稳定临界失稳的机理，重视可能 出现微小的侧向位移(见图。 在过去的经验表明，世界各地的地 震最容易受到破坏的是一些无筋的混凝 土框架结构建筑物。这经常是由于一些
无关紧要的漏洞，引起的全部或一大块地方发生破坏，比如整根梁、柱子和板。去填实上表面来抑制框架的内力，易受影响的底层去吸收大部分的内力和冲力。 这有几种过去被用过的方法可供选择来实施: ) 1、加密上层结构，可以拆卸和更换一些硬度不够强的材料。 2、加密上层结构，可以隔离一些安装接头上的裂缝，从而阻止对框架结构的影响。 3、底楼，或者地板，可以增加结构新墙。这些措施(项目1、2和3)能有效降低自重，这韧性能满足于一层或多层。然而，所有这些都有困难和干扰。在美国，这些不寻常的代价换来的是超过一半更有价值的建筑。 4、在一些容易受到破坏的柱子裹上钢铁、混凝土、玻璃纤维、或碳纤维。 第四个选项可以增加柱子的强度和延性，这足以降低柱子受到破坏的风险在大多数的建筑物中。这个方案虽然成本比前面低，但是整体性能也会降低，对比较弱的地板破坏会更加集中。加强柱子的强度在美国很流行，但它的成本依旧是很高的。在发展中国家，这些先进的技术对某些种类的加料或加强，还不能够做到随心所欲。 这个程序的提出包含了另一个选择，美国已经运用这个选择用来降低房子倒塌的风险。这个方法是增加垂直支撑，来防止建筑在瞬间竖向荷载作用下就倒塌(见图。这是 为支撑转移做准备的，当柱子 被剪切破坏和剪切衰弱时。这 个补充支撑通常是钢结构、管 道支撑或木材支撑。他们通常 安装在单独的柱子上，但(图 钢柱也可以被放置在能承担 的水平框架上。这种技术能有 效的降低自重，从而降低了建 筑在瞬间竖向荷载下就遭到 破坏。在水平方向的强烈震 动，产生的不稳定大概很少被想到。补充的安装垂直技撑相对比较便宜。一些有用的空间可能通过安装支撑被影响，可是这是一些微不足道的比较。在美国为建筑安装一些补充支撑现在非常流行。
建筑专业英语词汇 o ring 圆形截面环 oak 栎树 oakum 麻絮 obelisk 方尖碑 object 对象 object of construction production 工程项目oblique butt joint 斜对接 oblique projection 斜投影 oblique scarf 斜接榫 oblique section 斜截面 obscured glass 毛面玻璃 observation 观测 observation light 碍航物灯标 observation of the work 操奏视observation point 观测点 observational data 观测资料 occupancy 居住 occupancy load 收容能力;居住载荷occupancy rate 居住率 occupant space requirements 居住空间标准occupants 居住者 occupied zone 实占地域 ocher 袅 ochre 袅 ocrate process 四氟化硅处理 ocrated concrete 四氟化硅混凝土 oder suppression 臭气排除 odor 臭气 odor control 四氟化硅处理 odorimeter 气味计 odour 臭气 off center load 偏心荷重 off formwork concreting 无模壳灌筑混凝土off grade size 不合格粒径 off ground hauler 越野土运机 off loading ramp 卸载斜坡道 off peak electric heating 非峰期电供热 off peak load 非峰值负载 off peak period 非高峰时间 off set joints 错缝 off shore boring 海底钻探 off shuttering concreting 无模壳灌筑混凝土off the site work 现场外工作