高中英语阅读理解之词义猜测题技巧
词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。同学们应加强训练通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及语境等确定词义的技能。由于猜测词义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等，因此联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，同学们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。我们必须熟练掌握的猜测词义的方法有：
（一）根据构词法判断词义
三种构词法，即合成、转化、派生，是我们猜测词义需掌握的基本方法。合成法：通过构成合成词的每个单词的含义猜测和领会其含义；转化法：通过一个词的本意猜测出它转化后的意思，常见的是名词和动词、形容词和动词以及形容词和名词之间的相互转化；派生法：由一个词根加前缀（p refix）或后缀（suffix）构成词的方法称为派生法。一般来说，前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性。所以掌握了一些基本的词汇和词缀，我们就可以猜测出很多词的意义。
（二）根据语境判断词义
这是提高阅读速度和理解率必备的判断断词义的能力。语境可能是一个句子、几个句子、甚至一个段落或通篇文章。我们可分别将其称为小语境、中语境和大语境。
1.小语境
(1)定义式
常用的词有：be,mean,deal with,be considered,to be,be c alled,define,represent,refer to等。
例1：Mark Twain was not the author‘s real name;it w as a pseudonym.
例2：Mechanized farming means the use of modern m achinery on farms.
(2)例举式
常用词有：for example,for instance,such as,like等。
例1：Newly-married young people often spend some o f their money on appliances,for instance,washing-machines,r efrigerators and televisions.
例2：Doctors suggest that everyone should exercise ev ery day,especially those who do sedentary work，like readi ng,typing and sewing.
(3)重述式
常用词有：and,or,similarly,that is(to say),in other words, namely,say,i.e.等
例1：Red had the longest wavelength;that is,the distan ce between each wave is longest in redlight than in any ot her color.
例2：The football player was penalized for his rudene ss and the punishment was a good lesson for him.
(4)同位语
构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。
例1：Dr.Baker is a member of an agricultural mission, a group of experts on better farming methods.
例2：（05浙江卷B篇）In fact,only about 80 ocelots,a n endangered wild cat,exist in the U.S.today.
（5）修饰限定式
从定语从句或状语从句提供的限定或修饰信息来猜测词义。
例1：The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650 yuan a year.
例2：The man is a tramp,who goes from place to pla ce and does no regular work.
例3：The floor was so cluttered with many toys that Mom had difficulty walking to the door.
2.中语境
(1)对比关系：有些表示转折关系的连词、介词短语和副词等使前后的意思构成对比。我们可以利用这种对比关系，判断生词的含义。常用的词有：although;even though/if;whil e;but;yet;however;instead;rather than;unlike;far from;on the o ther hand;unfortunately等。
(2)同义关系和平行关系：作者在写文章时，为避免重复，同一概念常用不同的同义词。
这种同义关系为我们猜词带来了方便。常用词：and;or; not only…but also…;besides;similarly;likewise;in the same way,like,just as,also,as well as,in other words或用分号引出相同或类似的词。另外在特定的情况下，作者经常通过一连串同一类型或同一范畴的词语来表达其思想。如果有一生词在这一系列的同一范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词语的特征和语义范围推断出生词的词义范围。
(3)因果关系：在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。常见的提示词有：because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，therefore等。
(4)根据替代、说明、描述等关系猜测词义:在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。
3.大语境
在阅读中，如果通过小语境或中语境还不能猜出该词的词义，可扩大语境来理解该词的
词义。
例1：Ann ie‘s mother died when she was eight years o ld.Two years later,her father disappeared,
never to be heard from again.Annie and her brother w ere sent to an orphanage.
例2：A very snobbish woman met George Bernard Sh aw,the famous English play writer,at a garden party one aft ernoon.She was the sort of woman who was only intereste d in people who were rich and famous,and she was very e ager to have Shaw as a guest in her own home so she co uld show him off to her friends.
III词义猜测 【命题特点】考查根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力,突出考查对语境的分析和把握的能力。【常见考法】 1. The underlined word “…”probably means____. 2. The word “…”used in paragraph “…”refers to/suggests____. 3. The phrase “…”in the sentence can be replaced by ____. 4. Which of the following is the cl osest in meaning to the word “…”? 5. What is the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph “…”? 6. By saying “…”, we mean_____. 7. What do you think of the expression “…”stands for? 8. The meaning of word “…”in the passage is related to_____. 一．通过定义或解释推测语义 有些概念性生词出现后，作者会给出它的定义、同位语、修饰性从句或是定语。这些修饰成分可以帮助我们推断出生词的语义 （1）定义句的谓语动词在文中多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define（下定义）, represent, signify（表示，表明）, constitute（指。。）等。 （2）解释则常用as you know, to be called, to mean, to refer to, that is（to say）, in other words, namely 等词语以及同位语和定语从句来提示下文将前面的信息加以重复或解释。 （3）有时作者会用复述的形式来解释语义，而复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。 （4）还有下一些标点符号，如冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。eg. 1. The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid, that is, it could not be tasted, seen, or smelled. (无法察觉的，感觉不到的) 2. The Greek marriage was monogamous-----men and women were allowed only one spouse （配偶） at a time. （一夫一妻制） Exercises: 1. Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken. ____默剧，哑剧_______ 2. Anthropology is the scientific study of man. _____人类学______ 3. We will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre. ____门厅_______ 4. He began to shave his whiskers, which had grown thick on both cheeks（脸颊）. ___胡须______ 5. Some computer scientists are developing artificial-intelligence machines that they say will think like people. ____人工智能_______ Test1 There is no cure（治愈）for Alzheimer’s. But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions of people to help their symptoms（症状）. 61. What is ARICEPT？（C） A. A medicine to cure Alzheimer’s B. A medicine to delay signs of aging. C. A medicine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s. D. A medicine to cure brain damage. Test 2 Here is The Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar and reindeer with surprising sauces. （1）According to the passage, The Pines is a ______. （D） A. place in which you can see many mobile homes
猜测词义题型阅读解题技巧 题型介绍 高考大纲要求考生能“根据上下文推断生词的词义”。词义猜测题一般占阅读理解总题量的10%左右。所猜词汇可以是生词，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是人称代词的指代内容。常见提问方式 The underlined word “______”in the passage means ______. What does “_______” in the third paragraph stand for? The word/phrase “________” most near ly means ______. The word/phrase “______” could best be replaced by ______. The word/phrase “______” in Line…, Para …refers to______. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase/word/sentence “________”? What’s the meaning of “______” in Line …, Para …? The underlined sentence in the first /second... paragraph probably means that ________. 正确选项的特点 1. 对于超纲词汇的正确解释，如果将它代入回原文，则符合逻辑，使文章通顺易懂。 2. 对于未超纲的词或短语的正确解释，往往是熟词新义，是根据上下文推测的一个特定场合的含义。 干扰项的特点 1.字面意思：对于熟悉的词，干扰项会列出它的字面意思或常规含义。 2.无关意思：除了字面意思，出题人还常用凭空杜撰出来的其它意思来干扰考生，但只要将此意思带入原文，不符合逻辑就能够排除。 解题思路 1. 返回原文，结合上下文，理解该词的意思。 2. 搜索时应注意同位语、特殊标点、定语从句、（表示上下文之间的逻辑关系）关键提示词及前后缀，特别注意找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测。 特别提示： 1.不管这个词多超纲,根据上下文都能得出其意思。 2.不管这个词多熟悉,都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。 解题技巧 构词法 派生词：通过分析派生词，猜测划线单词的意思。 Napoleon, as a character in Tolstoy’s War and Peace, is more than once described as having “fat little hands”. Nor does he “sit well or firmly on the horse”. He is said to be “undersized” with “short legs” and a “round stomach”. undersized=under (低于) +size (尺寸、大小)，通过构词法可知以-ed结尾的派生词可作形容词(如three-legged 三只脚的)，再结合后面的short legs (短腿)，可猜出undersized意为“身
阅读理解之词义猜测题 一，词义猜测类题目常见提问方式 1，The underlined word “__”in the passage means ____ . 2，What does “___”in the third paragraph stand for ? 3，3.The word/phrase “____” most nearly means ____. 4，4The word/phrase “___” could best be replaced by ____. 5，The word/phrase “__” in Line…,Para …refers to__. 6，Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase/word/sentence “____”? 7，What’s the meaning of “____” in Line …,Para …? 8，The author uses the word “____” to indicate（暗示）____? 二，技巧 技巧 1. 利用上下文，通过_________结构或________结构中的_____词、______词推测词义。反义词常见信号词有but 、yet 、while 、however、on the contrary 等。同义词常见信号词：and, or, namely, that is, that is to say,等。 1. Although the hazards of the trip were many --- for example , the unbearable heat , the lack of water, the possibility of getting lost , the presence of wild animal and poisonous snakes --- Collins nevertheless decided that she must go. A. safties B. destinations C. dangers D. pleasures 2. It will be very hard but also very brittle --- that is , it will break easily. A. breakable B. firm C. strong D. separate 技巧2 从句子或文段中找线索、信息词（如__________、________或________ 推测词义。常见的举例的提示词有for instance, for example, such as 等。 常用的解释性词提示词有that is, mean, stand for, namely, in other words, to be 等， 1. The herdsman , who looks after sheep , earns about 650 yuan a year . A. chief B. sheepherder C. merchant D. buyer 2. Japan has a problem many other countries would envy --- its workforce works too hard. Curing Japanese workers of disease "workaholism" is proving a difficult job , partly because many of them like work better than anything else , experts say. A. killer B. drinker C. jobnik D. secretary 技巧3 根据上下文___________结构(即___________句）及其语境，推断词义。文中常用解释性句子引出生词含义，有时用破折号，括弧来表示，或者用同位语、定语从句的形式出现。 1.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools ? A. co-operative educational B. separate educational C. boys and girls at the same school's educational D. individual educational 2. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor . Because of this , most people think that craft (手艺) no longer exists. A. large-scaled production B. small-scaled production C. bankrupt D. fortune hunting 技巧4 利用_______，巧解词义。
Teaching Plan Teacher: Guo Bin School: Shanghai Beihong Junior High School Students: Grade 8 Date: October 29, 2014 Student analyses The students who will watch the video are from Grade 8, Beihong Junior High School. In reading, the students are quite good at scanning information from the passage but they are relatively poor at guessing the meaning based on the context. Learning aim: After learning the video clip, the students are expected to: use the four common ways to guess the new words correctly in reading comprehension. Learning procedure: 1. Before learning the video clip (1) Think about the biggest problem in reading comprehension. 2. Learning the video clip (2) Learn the four common ways to guess the meaning of new vocabulary with the typical examples. 3. After learning the video clip (3) Summarize the key points of the video. Homework: Finish the reading exercises for more practice.
医学类高频词 1.disable vt 使无能力；使残废 2.transplant vt 移植 记：trans（转移）+plant（种植）=移植 派：transplantation n 移植 3.prescribe v 开处方 派：prescription n 处方 4. diagnose vt 诊断、判断 派：diagnosis n 诊断 5. soothe vt 安慰、使平静、减轻、缓和 例：This medicine should smooth your sore throat 这种药会减轻你的喉痛 6. alleviate vt 减轻、缓和、缓解 例：alleviate pain缓解疼痛 7. expire vi 断气、（期限）终止 例：My driving licence expires next month 我的驾照下个月到期 8. chronic a 慢性的 考：chronic diseases慢性疾病 9. dizzy a 头晕目眩的 10.resistant a 有抵抗力的、抵抗的 派：resistance n 抵抗、阻力 11.immune a 免疫的，不受影响的 派：be immune to免于，不受影响的 be immune from免除的 12.disorder n 混乱、失调 例：economic disorder经济 记：dis（否定前缀）+ order（秩序） 13.discomfort n 不适 14.syndrome n 综合症 考：AIDS艾滋病 （Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome） 15.handicap n 缺陷、障碍 派：handicapped a 有缺陷的 派：disabled a 伤残的 16. strain n 拉紧、过劳、扭伤vt 拉伤、使紧张vi 尽力 派：restrained vt 抑制，遏制；管制， 17.surgeon n 外科医生 派：surgery n 外科、外科手术 18.physician n 内科医生 19.pregnancy n 怀孕、怀孕期 派：pregnant a 怀孕的 20.remedy n 治疗法、补救办法 21.bacteria n 细菌 22.stress n 压力
专题一阅读理解(词义猜测题) 一、知识链接 英语的一个显著特点是它庞大的词汇数量。即使一个拥有上万单词量的人在阅读英语读物中 也难免会遇到生词。如果每遇到生词，就查阅词典，不但会降低阅读速度，而且往往使阅读 变得索然无味。据调查，影响人们阅读理解的，首先是词汇。因此学习并掌握一些猜测生词 词义的方法，对排除阅读时某些生词的干扰，降低生词率是十分必要的。任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。NMET阅读理解中猜测词义的考查内 容既可以是文中的生词，也可以是熟词新义、短语或句子。但都要求考生根据上下文线索(即具体语境)作出推断。此类题的提问形式一般有： 1. Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to"... "? 2. The underlined word, means_______. 3. The underlined phrase, means_______. 4. The underlined sentence, means_______. 二、真题演练 （一）典型例题 例1、 T-shirts out; uniforms in School uniforms are becoming more and more popular across the U. S. A. That's no surprise, because they offer many benefits. They immediately end the powerful social sorting and labeling (标记) that come from clothing. If all students are dressed in the same way, they will not pay too much attention to their clothing, and some of them will not be laughed at for wearing the "wrong” clothes. Some people are against the strict rule of school uniforms, but they do not realize that students already accept a kind of rule-- wanting to look just like their friends. The difference is that the clothing students choose for themselves creates social barriers; school uniforms tear those barriers down. In Paragraph 1, the word "benefits" probably means________. A. tasks B. messages C. differences D. advantages 变式练习 Wildlife belongs to everyone and not to the gunners alone. Although most people do not shoot, they seem to forgive shooting for sport because they know little or nothing about it. The only answer, then, is to bring the truth about sport shooting to the great majority of people.
阅读理解―词义猜测题 Step 1: Warming-up---guess the meanings of the underlined words. 1. The company?s profits are decreasing year by year due to mismanagement. 2. She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 3. If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. 4. It will be very hard but also very brittle —that is, it will break easily. Step2: 词义猜测题基本方法：___________; __________ ●构词法 1. Valentine?s Day is a time of happiness for lovers. Boys like to give girls flowers as presents. That day, he came to see me with a forget-me-not in his hands. 2. When he reached the place with his army, he found an impassable river in front of him. 构词法通常考虑_________和_____________ ●语境法常利用以下技巧 利用同义（向）关系：and，also，or（或者）… 3. Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. ?Which of the following words can replace “detrimental”? ____ A. helpful B. useful C. harmful D. meaningful 4. Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits die hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. ?What does the underlined phrase “die hard” probably mean? ____
阅读理解词义猜测题 词义猜测题就是考查考生在阅读时不用查词典，仅仅通过上下文的意思就能猜测出生词词义的能力。突出考查考生对语境的分析和把握能力。考查的词有时为新词，有时为熟词新义。设问方式： 对单词意思的猜测： 1.The underlined word in the … paragraph refers to / means ________ 2.What does the word “….” In paragraph … stand for /mean? 3.“….” could best be replaced by which of the following? 4.the word “…..” is closest in meaning to _______________. 对短语意思的猜测 1.The expression /phrase “….” Means __________ 2.the underlined expression/ phrase in paragraph refers to / means _________ 3.“…” could best be replaced by which of the following? 4.the phrase “……” is closest in meaning to __________\ 对句子意思的猜测： 1.The sentence “…..” indicates that ______________ 2.The underlined sentence implies /means that ____________ 3.what does the underlined sentence mean? 4.By “….”, the author means that _____________. 对代词的意思猜测 What does the word “….” Underlined in the last paragraph refer to ? What does the underlined word refer to? 解题技巧： 1．根据单词的前缀或后缀猜测单词的意思 2．注意文章中能够解释生词的定义性语句 3．根据单词与文章其他部分的关系，通过对比、因果、比较等方法猜测词义。 4．根据同义词或近义词猜测词义 答题步骤 1．首先要认真阅读文章，对文章的内容有一个大体的了解，把握好文章的整体脉络。2．对题目中出现的要求考生猜测的短语、单词或句子的部分进行反复的阅读，力求从一下句或一些定义性的语句中找到有用的信息。 3．将猜出的单词、短语或句子的意思带入文中进行检验，看是否符合上下句的意思，文章上下是否衔接、连贯。 方法指导： 单词：对单词的意思猜测时要利用构词法、同义词、近义词、反义词或提示句进行猜测，并通过文章的大意来验证。 1. 根据上下文解释作出判断 根据短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，在上文或下文出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。 例1 The reason for the size difference was easy to see. Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group. More often than not, the evicted fish is then eaten up.（09湖南C） 66. The underlined words ―the evicted fish" in Paragraph 3 refer to _____.
阅读理解的题目中常出现的词： 一、主旨题： show说明,展示mean意思是purpose目的view看法example例子experment实验conducte行为researcher研究者meant目的conclusion结论discuss讨论idea设想 main主要的mainly主要地primarily主要地topic话题concemed讨论title标题replaced取代article文章,项目argues表明,认为,坚持,争论indicates表明summary总结leare from结论attitude态度toward对于described描述carry 表达,携带message主旨,信息lead to导致cause原因 reason for原因implied暗示,意味infer推测concluded推断suggest建议advice劝告 二、词义题： refers提到,引用,参考stands for代表,象征probably可能,大概replaced取代close接近的 三、是非题： The least possible choice最不可能的选择true真空的correct正确的false不真实的mentioned提到的except除了opposite对立statement陈述describes描述 四、因果题： in that 因为as 由于due to 由于，因为consequently因此as a resulf 结果，因此depehd on 随...而定because of 由于，因为，基于 why 为什么，何必basis 基础，基准reason理由result结果because 因为for 因为，由于since 因为; 既然; 自从…以来 therefore 因此; 所以lead to导致result in导致result from起因于all this 所有这些; 这一切that is why那就是为什么; 这就是 for these reasons 因此; 由于这些原因as reasons作为原因 五、比较题： first 第一，首先major主要的,重要的,较多的none一点也不,没有一个only 但是，仅仅，可是aware of the risks了解到这些风险according根据,按照,相应的,相符的centers on集中在.上 envisions future展望将来deals with与.交易 expression表达however不管怎样,然而,可是 illustrates with阐明,举例,说明is aimede at其目的在于 problem问题whether…or…是.还是 whether or no不管怎样lies in在于 focus on针对,聚焦于,集中于it comes to涉及到 it is essenhal to 最重要的是appears出现 likely可能probably可能 possible可能的
崇真中学高三二轮阅读理解猜测词义专项训练 A. Deputy agriculture secretary kathleen merrigan sees an epidemic (流行病) sweeping across america’s farmland. it has little to do with the usual challenges, such as flood, rising fuel prices and crop-eating insects. the country’s farmers are getting older, and there are fewer people standing in line to take their place. national agricultural census (普查) figures show that the fastest-growing group of farmers is the part over 65. merrigan is afraid the average age will be even higher when the 2012 statistics are completed. Merrigan, a former college professor, is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture. aside from trying to stop the graying of america’s farmers, her work is made tougher by a recent blog posting that put agriculture at no. 1 on a list of “useless”college degrees. top federal agriculture officials are talking about the posting, and it has the attention of agricultural organizations across the country. “there couldn’t be anything that’s more incorrect,”merrigan said. “we know that there aren’t enough qualified graduates to fill the jobs that are out there in american agriculture.” In addition, a growing world population that some experts predict will require 70% more food production by 2050, she said. “Itruly believe we’re at a golden age of agriculture. global demand is at an all-time record high, and global supplies are at all-time record lows,”said matt rush, director of the texas farm bureau. “production costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved in agriculture.” The department of agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food. the national young farmers’coalition has also been pushing for state and federal policy changes to make it easier for new farmers. Ryan best, president of future farmers of america, has been living out of a suitcase, traveling the country and visiting with high school students about careers in agriculture. the 21-year-old best hopes his message—that this is a new time in agriculture—will motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics. “never before have we had the innovations (创新) in technology which have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it has ever been,”he said. “there’s really a place for everybody to fit in.” 1. what is the new challenge to american agriculture? a. fewer and older farmers. b. higher fuel prices. c. more natural disasters. d. lower agricultural output. 2. why is merrigan visiting universities across the country? a. to draw federal agriculture officials’attention. b. to select qualified agriculture graduates. c. to clarify a recent blog posting. d. to talk more students into farming careers. 3. according to matt rush, american agriculture will provide opportunities for younger people because__________ a. the government will cover production costs b. global food supplies will be even lower c. investment in agriculture will be profitable d. america will increase its food export 4. what do the underlined words “to turn around the statistics”in the last paragraph mean? a. to re-analyze the result of the national census. b. to increase agricultural production. c. to bring down the average age of farmers. d. to invest more in agricultur e.
阅读理解-词义猜测三 1、 The Edinburgh International Film Festival, after 60 years as one of the city's cultural focuses in August, will move to June from next year. Artistic director Hannah McGill said the festival needed more breathing space. “There are huge advantages in having all these cultural events in one place and time,” she said. “But there is limited space. It’s like when a child has a birthday on Christmas Day —it all comes on top of each other.” Ms McGill said that the film festival wanted to use extra places to organize events and conferences which Edinburgh was too crowded to provide in August. She spoke of her difficulty, for example, being unable to hold an exhibition as part of the film festival because of limited space. However, Jon Morgan, the director of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, deprecated the film festival s move which suggested the city was overburdened in August. “There are still hundreds of spaces that aren't used,and there is still room for it to expand,” he said The move to June made sense. It would allow more air between it and the London Film Festival, providing for more distinctive (有特色的)programming. “June will give us the breathing space to expand and create our own identity, allowing us to further develop our position as one of the world's most innovative(创新的) and challenging annual film events,” Ms McGill said The festival organisers thought that the move to June would not reduce audiences,saying film-lovers would visit Edinburgh in early summer. Ginnie Atkinson, the festival’s managing director, said, “Our audiences are very film-focused. Last year we asked in our market research if they would come if we were the only show in town and they said yes.” 1.The passage intends to tell us that the Edinburgh International Film Festival ___________. A.needs improving B.enjoys great success