英语语言学试题A卷
I. Define the following linguistic terms: (2%×10=20%)
1) duality(二层性): The property of having two levels of structures, such that the units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
2) displacement (移位): It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the present of communication.
3) phonology (音系/位学): A subbranch of linguistics that studies the system and patterns of the speech sounds and how they work and convey meaning in the system of language.
4) morphology (形态学): A subbranch of linguistics that is concerned with the internal organization of words.
5) concord (一致关系): The requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.
6) endocentric construction(向心结构): A construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent or approaching equivalence to one of its constituents.
7) hyponymy (上下义关系): It refers to meaning inclusiveness, that is, the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
8) pragmatics (语用学): It refers to the study of language in use.
9) illocutionary force (行事语力): It refers to the speaker’s meaning, contextual meaning, or extra meaning.
10) error analysis (错误分析): It is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner. II. Translation (0.5%×20=10%)
Translate the following terms into Chinese: (0.5%×10=5%)
1) affricate 塞擦音2) distinctive feature区别特征3) parole 言语
4) generative grammar生成语法5) bilingualism 双语现象
6) felicity condition 适切/合适条件7) design feature结构/设计特
8) denotation外延/所指9) labiodental唇齿音
10) linguistic relativity语言相对论/语言相对主义
Translate the following terms into English: (0.5%×10=5%)
11) 人际功能 interpersonal function 12) 真值条件 truth condition 13) 女性语域/
言 women register 14) 音节划分syllabification
15) 结构主义structuralism 16)社会语言学 sociolinguistics 17) 论元argument
18) 单元音 monophthong 19) 衔接 cohesion 20) 对比分析contrastive analysis
III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet. (1%×20=20%)
1) Language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.
A. cultural
B. conventional
C. decoded
D. vocal
2) A word with several meanings is called _________.
A. an abnormal word
B. a polysemous word多义词
C. a synonymous word
D. none of the above
3) There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________.
A. derivational morpheme
B. free morpheme
C. inflectional morpheme屈折词素
D. free form
4) The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
5) “I picked some tulips.” __________ “I picked some flowers.”.
A. entails 限定
B. presupposes
C. is inconsistent with
D. is synonymous with
6) Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.
X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?
A. quality
B. quantity
C. relation关系准则
D. manner
7) “Can I borrow your bike? ” _____ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
8) The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.
A. synchronic 共时研究
B. historic
C. diachronic
D. descriptive
9) Which of the following is a typical tone language?
A. English
B. Chinese
C. French
D. All of the above
10) Two allophones(音位变体) of the same phoneme are said to be in ___________.
A. phonemic contrast
B. complementary distribution (互补分布)
C. minimal pair
D. none of the above
11) In terms of the place of articulation(发音), the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of _________.
A. palatal (腭音)
B. alveolar (齿龈音)
C. bilabial
D. dental(齿音)
12) Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _______ in 1957.
A. L. Bloomfield
B. N. Chomsky
C. F. Saussure
D. M. A. K. Halliday
13) Which of the following is a correct description of reference(所指)?
A. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaning
B. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expression
C. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in an utterance to pick out that object
D. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items
14) What is function of the sentence “How do you do’?
A. Directive
B. Phatic 寒暄
C. Informative
D. Evocative
15) In the following sounds, ________is a central vowel.
A. /?:/
B. /u/
C. /?/
D. /з/
16) Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing system?
A. Chinese
B. Japanese 音节书写系统
C. English
D. French
17) Which description of the meaning components of the wor d “father” is right?
A. [+human, +adult, -male]
B. [+human, -adult, +male]
C. [–human, +adult, -male]
D. [+human, +adult, +male] 词的意义成分
18) Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.
A. meaning
B. context
C. form
D. content
19) Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological, morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.
A. rule-governed
B. systematic
C. arbitrary
D. both A and B
20) “Hot dog” with the first syllable stressed mea ns _________.
A. an overheated animal
B. a kind of food
C. a barking dog
D. a dead dog
IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false: (1%×15=15%)
F 1) Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.
F 2) According to N. Chomsky, “competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.
F 3) A syllable without a coda (结尾) is a closed syllable.
F 4) Parole(言语) refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
F 5) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of a language.
F 6) Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.
F 7) The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.
F 8) Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
T 9) According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.
T 10) A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.
F 11) All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.
T 12) Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.
F 13) An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.
T 14) Social dialects, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.
F 15) The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.
V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
1) The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.
2) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over w riting (One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.)
3) S yntax_ studies the sentence structure of language.
4) C onstituent analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
5) The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h omograph (同形异义词)
6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b road transcription.
7) Linguistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the c ontext of language use was left unconsidered.
8) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a r eceiver of messages.
9) Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. This has often been called the Sapir-Whorf h ypothesis (假设)
10) S peech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.
VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence. (2.5%×2=5%)
1) Flying airplanes can be very dangerous.
The airplane that is flying can be very dangerous.
The act of flying the airplane can be very dangerous.
2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.
The boy saw the man who had a telescope.
Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.
VII. Answer the following questions in English.(4%×5=20%)
1) What functions does language have? Give some examples.
Language functions include informative function(信息功能), interpersonal function(人际功能), performative function(施为功能), motive function(情感功能), phatic communion(寒暄功能), recreational function(娱乐功能) and metalingual function(元语言功能).
Examples:
2) State the differences between the sentence meaning and utterance meaning.
The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
3) Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?
Saussure was the father of modern linguistics and he was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions(常规). He held that the sign is the union of the signifier(表示物) and the signified(被表示物). He made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign(符号的任意性), on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole(语言和言语) and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics(共时和历时语言学), etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.
4) What are the seven types of meaning proposed by G. Leech in his Semantics?
Conceptual meaning(概念意义); connotative meaning(内涵意义); social meaning(社会意义); affective meaning(感情意义); reflected meaning(反射意义); collocative meaning(搭配意义); thematic meaning(主位意义).
5) In what way can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning?
Linguistics can contribute to the research in language learning by providing more accurate information about what language is in the first place. Language learning researchers are concerned with how teachers should teach and learner should learn. But the questions of “what to teach” and “what to learn” should be answered firs t. Linguistics certainly has an important role in answering these questions. Besides, applying linguistic analysis to the description of the language produced by language learners can also facilitate out understanding of how learners actually learn language.
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
Which of the following forms a minimal pair? A.fear, pear B.tip, pit C.food, foot D.beat, bit 答案:D The word "realization" consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes. A.five/five B.five/four C.four/three D.four/four 答案:C Which of the following best describes the relations between “Alice is a vegetarian” and “Alice prefers eating steak”? A.The former is synonymous with the latter. B.The former is inconsistent with the latter. C.The former entails the latter. D.The former presupposes the latter. 答案:B Which of the following underlined parts is a free morpheme? A.understandable B.eastward C.otherwise D.without 答案:D Which of the following is a directive? A.Your money or your life! B.You are fired! C.The earth is round. D.Thank you very much. 答案:A How many arguments are there in “I’m not feeling very well”? A.no B.one C.three D.five 答案:B The word “boatel” is a(n) ____. A.acronym B.blend C.clipped word D.coined word 答案:B ‘Parent’ and ‘child’ are ___. A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational opposites https://www.doczj.com/doc/af17608334.html,plementary synonyms 答案:C Which of the following is the head of the phrase ‘often read science fictions’? A.often B.read C.science D.fictions 答案:B ‘That is a box’ is a ___-place predication. A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:B The word “DINK” is a(n) ____. A.acronym B.blend C.clipped word D.coined word 答案:A Around the time of their second birthday, children begin to produce ____ utterances. A.one-word B.two-word C.three-word D.four-word 答案:B Which of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme? A.teeth B.speaking C.taken D.chaos 答案:D The design features of human language include the following features EXCEPT____. A.duality of structure B.genetic feature C.arbitrariness D.displacement 答案:B ‘Like’ and ‘dislike’ are ___. A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational opposites https://www.doczj.com/doc/af17608334.html,plementary synonyms 答案:A Which of the following is an expressive? A.The earth is a globe. B.Your money or your life! C.I’m very grateful for your help. D.I fire you. 答案:C ‘Slim’ and‘skinny’ are ___. A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:D Which of the following best explains the relationship between “I like Beijing opera” and “I dislike Beijing opera”? A.inconsistency B.anomaly C.contradiction D.entailment 答案:A The chief exponent of the behaviorist view of language acquisition is ____. A.Bloomfield
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.doczj.com/doc/af17608334.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.doczj.com/doc/af17608334.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.doczj.com/doc/af17608334.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/af17608334.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.”is __________. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? — A nice day, isn’t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality 9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B.Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. 12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary. 13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems. 14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. 15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any
英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.doczj.com/doc/af17608334.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title
英语语言学试题（2） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar____ . A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ___. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural 4. ___produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible. A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:___ A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary. A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space. A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics 10.The semantic c omponents of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate, +male, +human,-adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human,-adult D. +animate,-male,+ human, +adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement, q ________or command. 12. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of s____ g________. 13. Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 14. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________, one who can speak several languages fluently. 15. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v____, while all vowel sounds are v________. 三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 16. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( ) 17. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18. Linguistics is the course of language.( ) 19. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called
I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院 2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang