语言学导论课外补充练习（1）
language
1.State the nature of language briefly with examples.
2.Why is it said that the language system is unique to human beings?
3.What are the characteristics of human language?
4.What are the social functions of language?
5.Do animals other than humans have their own languages?
6.Exemplify how animals communicate with each other.
7.Can language be viewed only as a system of communication? Why not?
8.How did language come into being? What is the relationship between the origin
of language and the origin of human beings?
9.Rewrite each of the following lists of words into natural order.
（1）Five /the /fresh /potatoes
（2）Pretty /American /girls /the two
（3）Airlines /brand /France-made /new /the two
（4）Fashions /Chinese /the /latest /three
（5）Beginning /hardworking /two /the /workers
10.Fill in the blanks with the proper words.
（1）_______ function means language can be used to “do” things.
（2）_______ function means the use of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.
（3）Most imperative sentences are associated with _______ function.
（4）The sentence “What’s it like?” shows ______ function.
（5）Greetings shows _______ function.
（6）“We are most grateful for this.” shows______ function.
（7）Propaganda shows ________ function.
（8）________ refers to contexts removed from the immediate of the speaker.
（9）For________, reference is not the only, not even the primary goal of communication.
（10）Halliday’s metafunctions include ________, ___________, _____________.
（11）Linguistics should include at least five parameters:_________ __________ ___________ ____________ _________________.
.11.Say the following are true or false. If it is false correct it
（1）Language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animals communication system.
（2）There is not a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the actual happenings.
（3）The theories discussed in the textbook about the origins of language are not at most a speculation.
（4）The definition,“ Language is a tool for human communication.” has no problem.
（5）The definition, “language is a set of rules”, tells nothing about its functions.
（6）Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution.
（7）Chomsky’s definition about language is the same as Sapir’s.
语言学课外单元补充习题答案
Language（Exercise 1）
1. State the nature of language briefly with examples.
Answer: modern linguists have proposed various definitions of language such as: Language is “a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotion s and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” (Sapir, 1921) Language is “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.” (Hall, 1968) Language is “a set (fin ite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.” (Chomsky, 1957)
“语言是人跟人互通信息，用发音器官发出来的，成系统的行为的方式。”（赵元任）
Each of these definitions has its own special emphasis. However, there is a generally accepted definition: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. The definition has captured main features of human language: (i) language is a system; (ii) language is arbitrary; (iii) language is vocal; (iv) language is human-specific; and (v) language is to communicate. (Students should illustrate these points more clearly)
2. Why is it said that the language system is unique to human beings?
That language is human specific means that language is different from the communication systems other forms of life have, such as bird songs and bee dances. (More about this point can be found in the illustration of the design features of language)
3. What are the characteristics of human language?
Human language is characterized by its design features, which refers to the defining properties of human language which distinguish it from animal communication system. American linguist Charles Hockett specified 13 features (some of them discussed in our textbook):
1. Mode of communication: vocal-auditory;
2. Rapid Fading: Message does not linger in time or space after production.
3. Interchangeability: individuals who use a language can both send and receive any permissible message within that communication system.
4. Feedback: users of a language can perceive what they are transmitting and can make corrections if they make errors.
5. Specialization: the direct-energetic consequences of linguistic signals are usually biologically trivial; only the triggering effects are important.
6. Semanticity: there are associative ties between signal elements and features in the world; in short, some linguistic forms have denotations.
7. Arbitrariness: there is no logical connection between the form of the signal and its meaning.
8. Discreteness: messages in the system are made up of smaller, repeatable parts; the sounds of language (or cheremes of a sign) are perceived categorically, not continuously.
9. Displacement: linguistic messages may refer to things remote in time and space, or both, from the site of the communication.
10. Productivity: users can create and understand completely novel messages. 1) In
a language, new messages are freely coined by blending, analogizing from, or transforming old ones. This says that every language has grammatical patterning. 2) In a language, either new or old elements are freely assigned new semantic loads by circumstances and context. This says that in every language new idioms constantly come into existence.
11. Cultural transmission: the conventions of a language are learned by interacting with more experienced users.
12. Duality (of Patterning): a large number of meaningful elements are made up of
a conveniently small number of meaningless but message-differentiating elements.
13. Prevarication: linguistic messages can be false, deceptive, or meaningless.
14. Reflexiveness: In a language, one can communicate about communication.
15. Learnability: A speaker of a language can learn another language.
(Charles Hockett, 1966, "The Problem of Universals in Language".)
Among them, arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement are the crucial and central properties of language.
4. What are the social functions of language?
Language serves various social functions as follows:
1) phatic: language is used for establishing an atmosphere for further communication or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information, such as greetings, farewells and comments on the weather.
2) directive: language is used to get the hearer to do something.
3) informative: language is the instrument of thought, is to give information or record the facts.
4) interrogative: language is used to get information from others.
5) expressive: language is used to convey the user’s feelings or attitudes.
6) evocative: language is used to create certain feelings in the hearer.
7) performative: language can be used to perform certain acts.
(Students are required to list other functions of language and give some examples)
5. Do animals other than humans have their own languages?
Animals have their own communication systems which may be different from human languages. For instance, a bee can tell other bees the location, direction, distance or quality of the food source by performing a dance on a wall of the hive. An ant can convey information to its partners through its feelers.
6. Exemplify how animals communicate with each other.
See the answer to the question 5 (list more examples about other animals).
7. Can language be viewed only as a system of communication? Why not?
The statement that language is a system of communication does not clarify the
第一章语言和语言学 第一节语言的性质和范围 一、为什么说社会性是自然语言的本质属性？为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具？ 语言依存于社会，是社会的交际工具，社会性是自然语言的本质属性。自然语言从形成到发展变化，直至消亡，都取决于社会意志和社会需要。离开了社会，语言就不可能生存和发展。 1）自然语言是由特定的社会群体共同约定成俗的，而不是由个别人或少数人创造的；2）语言的发展变化也离不开社会，无论是新词的产生还是旧词的消亡，都取决于社会交际的需要；3）一种语言如果不再为社会交际所需要，不再作为社会交际而被使用，就会消亡，如古代拉丁语，中国古代鲜卑语、现代满语；4）由于自然语言由生到长到死整个生命过程都取决于社会，取决于社会交际的需要，而且从语言的功能来看，虽然语言有很多功能，但是社会交际功能是其本质功能，其他功能都是派生功能，所以说社会性是自然语言的本质功能。 语言是音义结合的符号，音义结合是社会约定俗成的。 1）语言是一种复杂的符号系统，是人类进行社会交际个思维认知的工具。语言是人类社会最重要的交际工具，是社会联系的主要纽带。（1914年列宁《论民族自决权》）2）语言是人类特有的交际工具，动物不具有； 3）语言是适应社会交际需要产生和发展的，是人类用于言语交际和信息交流的工具； 4）除语言外，人类也有其他的交际工具，但其他交际工具都可以归为副语言，是辅助性的交际工具，而语言是最重要的交际工具。语言是独立的交际工具，是第一性的，表达功能最强，使用范围最广。如果没有语言，那些依附于语言的副语言就不可能存在，而仅靠独立性副语言，是无法满足社会交际需要的； 5）语言虽然有许多功能，但是社会交际功能是语言的本质功能，是其他功能的基础，因为语言就是为了适应社会交际需要而产生和发展的。 二、什么是符号？语言符号有什么特点？ 符号是具有某种代表意义的标识，来源于规定或约定成俗。如果用甲事物代表乙事物，而甲乙事物之间并没有必然的联系，那么甲事物就是代表乙事物的符号。其中，甲事物是符号的能指（形式），乙事物是符号的所指（内容），符号能指和所指之间的关系是约定成俗的。 语言符号是根据社会约定成俗使用某种特定的物质实体代表某种特定的意义而形成的这种实体和意义的结合体。它主要有以下几方面相互关联的特征： 1）语言符号的任意性和理据性； 2）语言符号的线条型和层次性； 3）语言符号的稳固性和渐变性； 三、语言和言语有什么区别和联系？ 语言有广义和狭义之分，广义的语言指语言系统，言语活动和言语作品，狭义的语言仅指语言系统，而言语则包括言语活动和言语作品。 语言和言语既相互区别又相互联系、相互依存，主要区别在于： 1）语言是抽象的，言语是具体的； 2）语言是社会的，言语是个人的； 3）语言是现成的；言语是临时的； 4）语言是有限的，言语是无限的； 5）语言是稳定的，言语是多变的；
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
语言学概论课后练习汇总 第一章总论 本章思考题： 1.“在现代科学体系中语言学是领先和关键的学科。”怎样理解这句话的含义？ 2.你怎样理解应用语言学这一术语？ 3.有人说转换生成语言学是语言学的革命，有人则说它是“毒蛇蛋”；有人说它不断改变看法是理论上的不一贯，有人则说它是理论上的发展。你认为应该怎样正确看待转换生成语言学？ 4.张三和李幺妹刚给2岁的孩子过完两周岁的生日，两人就为小孩的培养问题争吵了起来。张三说：“应该教儿子识字了。”李幺妹说：“应该教儿子学音乐。”请从语言学的角度给他们一点建议。 练习题 名词解 1.语言学 2.小学 3.专语语言学 4.共时语言学 5.历时语言学 二、填空题 1.语言学的三大发源地是______、______、______。 2.我国传统的语文学统称“小学”，包括______、______、______三方面。 3.研究语言的结构，主要包括______、______、______、______四个部分。 4.语言是传递信息的过程，主要包括______、______、______、______、______五个阶段。 5.专语语言学可以从______和______两个方向研究语言，分别被称为______语言学和______语言学。 6.______语言学的建立，标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。 7.布龙菲尔德的代表性著作______是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作，对美国结构主义语言学的形成、发展有重要的作用。 8.______被称为现代语言学之父，其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。 三、问答题 1.古代的语言研究和今天的语言研究有哪些不同之处？ 2.语言交际过程分为哪几个阶段？请举例说明。(可结合分析任举一个句子作说明.) 3.“语言学既是一门古老的学科,又是一门年轻的学科;既与社会科学有密切的联系,又与自然科学有密切的联系。”怎样理解这句话的含义？ 4.语言学有哪些作用？请结合实际加以说明。(结合实际部分可以根据自己的学习,工作或生活经历举例) 5.简述语言学的分类。
《语言学概论》思考训练题 一、判断题 1. 现代汉语属于共时语言学，古代汉语书历时语言学。（） 2. 语言学概论课程内容可以分为两大部分：第一，关于人类语言的性质、功能等总体论述；第二，从语言的各个部门和领域进行专门论述。（） 3. 比较语言学既可以属于共时语言学，也可以属于历时语言学。（） 4. 从语言发展的一个横切面上进行研究就是个别语言学。（） 5. 广义的语言学既有社会科学性质，又有自然科学性质。（） 6. 语言学概论与普通语言学是平行的两门语言学科。（） 7. 会说很多语言的人就是语言学家。（） 8.“近代汉语”属于历时语言学。（） 9. 结构语言学的出现使语言的系统得到了充分的认识。（） 10. 历史比较语言学重视语言系统的内容结构部分。（） 11. 结构主义语言学重视语言的形式分析，而有些忽略语言的意义。（） 12.传统语言学重视功能，而不太重视结构。（） 13. 转换生成语言学只重视语言的深层意义，不管语言的表层结构。（） 14. 从语言发展路线来看应先重视口语的研究再重视书面语的研究。（） 15. 国际音标只能记录像英语那样的语音，不能记录汉语拼音表示的语音。（） 16. 音高的不同是由振幅的大小，也就是声音是否响亮决定。（） 17. 清音和浊音在现代英语里的作用比在现代汉语里的作用更加重要。（） 18. 音位是从语音角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。（） 19. 汉语普通话阴平的调值是55，汉语其他方言中调值是55的就是阴平。（） 20. 发元音都要振动声带。发辅音有的要受到阻碍，有的不要。（）
21. 汉语普通话的[ k ]不与[ i ] 相拼，英语的[ k ]则可以与[ i ]相拼。（） 22. 英语的重音是不固定的，并且有的有区别意义的作用。（） 23. 发音相近的音素就可以构成一个音位。（） 24. 能出现在同样的语音环境中而具有区别意义作用的一个以上的音素，是同一音位的条件变体。（） 25. 在汉语普通话中，[n]、[ l ]是同一音位的两个自由变体。（） 26. 音质差别能够引起词语意义变化，就形成了不同的音素。（） 27. 音位是最小的意义单位。（） 28. 吸气也可以发音。（） 29. 英语没有声调。（） 30. 声带振动发出的音都是元音。（） 31. 同一种语言的不同的方言的音位没有完全相同的。（） 32. 从来不在相同的位置出现的一个音位的不同音素，叫做自由变体。（） 33.补分布的音素不一定属于同一音位。（） 34.音位是比音素大比音节小的语音单位。（） 35. 音位的区别特征把一些语音区别开来，又把一些音位联系起来。（） 36.汉语普通话是闭音节丰富的语言。（） 37.英语cardboard 中的db是复辅音。（） 38. 连续出现的几个辅音或者元音是复辅音或者复元音。（） 39. 浊辅音是乐音和噪音的混合。（） 40. 人的发音器官发出的音就是语音，它不同与自然界的声音。（） 41. 用汉语普通话说“普通话”这个词，它包括的3个音节都是闭音节。（） 42. 送气和不送气在英语和汉语中都是区别特征，不过不一定音位性区别特征。（） 43. 在语流音变中同化现象比异化现象多得多。（）
《语言学概论》练习1参考答案 （导言、第一章、第二章） 一、填空 1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度和希腊－罗马。 2、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。 3、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵语。 4、文字、音韵、训诂是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。 5、语言的功能包括社会功能和思维功能。 6、语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。 7、儿童语言习得一般经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。 8、说出的话语句子是无限的，但无限多的句子都是由有限的词和规则组装起来的。 9、符号包括形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。 10、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是语言符号的基本性质。 11、心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。 12、语言系统二层性的一大特点是形式层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。 13、组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系。 14、动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官。 二、问答题。 1、为什么说语言学是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁？ 从语言学发展的历史来看，语言学首先深受哲学、逻辑学等历史悠久的人文学科思想方法的影响，后来语言学摆脱对传统人文学科的附庸地位成为独立的学科后，受到许多自然科学研究的影响。比如，19世纪，历史比较语言学的语言观念和研究方法深受生物学的影响；20世纪初的语言结构思想与科学的整体论思想密切相关；生成语言学受数学、逻辑学影响；等等。与此同时，其他学科也开始从语言学理论中汲取有益的思想观念。20世纪的社会学、人类学、文学批评等都深受结构主义语言学的影响。 从19世纪后期开始，现代语言学的研究理念在很大程度上接受了物理学等自然科学的方法论原则，一些学者甚至提出语言学是一门自然科学。但另一方面，语言学又从未割断与传统人文学科的联系。语言学的这一特点在很大程度上源于语言现象的独特性。语言既具有社会属性，又是人类天赋的能力，既是贮存人类已有文明的宝库，又是人类新的精神创造的依托。语言是联系人类主观世界和外在客观世界的中介，是认识人类自身和外在世界的必要途径。所以说，语言学在科学体系中的地位是独特的，它是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁。语言学需要并正在成为一门领先的科学。 2、如何看待语言学研究的意义和价值？ （1）满足文化传承和文化交流的需求； （2）语言研究协同其他学科研究一起，在社会生活中发挥作用； （3）语言学研究为国家语文政策的制定提供支持。 3、语言功能的生理基础是什么，有哪些体现？ 大脑是人体最复杂的器官，是人的各种行为的指挥中枢，也是人类语言思维能力的生理基础。人的大脑有左右两个半球，左半球控制着语言功能及相关的计数、分类、推理等功能。
英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.doczj.com/doc/b710371241.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title
《语言学概论》复习题 一、名词解释 言语：言语是利用语言进行交际的行为和结果。 征候： 音位变体：音位变体是指处于互补关系中的各个音素被看成同一音位在不同位置上的代表，是同一个音位的不同的变异形式。 音步：语流中大致等距离出现的若干（北京话和英语为两个）音节的节奏单元。 词法：指的是包括词类和各类词的构成、词形变化的规律和类型。 句法：指的是短语、句子的结构规律和类型。 语法学分词法和句法两个部分，词法的研究范围包括词类和各类词的构成、词性变化（形态）。句法的研究范围是短语、句子的结构规律和类型。 词缀又分为屈折词缀和派生词缀两类。 派生词缀：派生词缀是加在词干上构成新词的词缀。这种构成新词的方法叫派生法，所构成的词叫派生词。派生词缀又根据在单词中的位置分为前缀和后缀两类。 屈折词缀：屈折词缀加在词干的后边，不构成新词，传递不同的语法关系或语法范畴，如数、时、格等。如books中的-s是屈折词缀，传递复数；wiser中的-er是屈折词缀，传递比较级概念，等。 孤立语：又称分析语或词根语，这类语言的特点在于其一般不是通过词的内部形态变化（又称作屈折变化）来表达语法的作用，而是通过独立的虚词和固定的词序来表达语法意义，而且一般而言，分析语缺乏多数的格变化。汉语、彝语、壮语、苗语、越南语都是孤立语。需要注意的是，"孤立语言"与"孤立语"是不相同的，"孤立语言"指的是与任何其它的语言不存在亲属关系的语言。 屈折语：是以词形变化作为表示语法关系的主要手段的语言；特点是有丰富的词形变化来表示词与词之间的关系；以俄语、英语为代表。 黏着语：一种语言的语法类型，通过在词根的前中后粘贴不同的词尾来实现语法功能。日语、土耳其语是典型的黏着语。 复综语：按类型分类法分类的语言的一种。特点是把主语、宾语和其它语法项结合到动词词干上，以构成一个单独的词，但表达一个句子的意思。 词义：是词的内容，是主观主体对客观事物现象的反映，包含着人们对客观事物各种特点的认识。词义所反映的是有关客观事物现象的一般的或本质的特点．特点：概括性--一般性、模糊性、全民性。 上下位义：词义的上下位关系指词义反映的现象之间具有包含和被包含的关系：上位义更具概括性，所反映的现实现象比下位义多。 语义角色：语义角色是根据句中名词与动词的语义关系而抽象出来的，它们反映了人们对古往今来变动不居的人类经验中"物体"与"动程"多种多样具体关系的模式化抽象。基本语义角色有：施事、受事、与事、主事、致事。外围语义角色主要有：工具、方所、时间。 真值：从语言和思维的关系看，词义表达的是"概念"，句义表达的则是说话者对现实世界中某个现象或事件的"判断"。句子所表达的"判断"是否真实地反映了现实世界中真实的现象或事件，语义学中看作是"句子真假"或"句子的真值"问题。 蕴涵：通俗的说，句子真值的蕴涵关系就是，从一个句子的句义一定可以推导出另一个句子的句义，反向推导却不成立。句义间的蕴涵关系直接与词义的上下位关系相关。（例：a、
英语语言学试题（2） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar____ . A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ___. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural 4. ___produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible. A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:___ A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary. A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space. A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics 10.The semantic c omponents of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate, +male, +human,-adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human,-adult D. +animate,-male,+ human, +adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement, q ________or command. 12. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of s____ g________. 13. Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 14. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________, one who can speak several languages fluently. 15. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v____, while all vowel sounds are v________. 三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 16. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( ) 17. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18. Linguistics is the course of language.( ) 19. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？ 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.
第一章 第一节 1.为什么说语言科学是以语言作为研究对象的科学？ 答：语言学是以语言作为研究对象的科学，自从有了人类，人们开始了对语言现象的关注。然而古代人类并没有把语言现象从人类其他文化现象中分离出来加以研究。此外对雨燕采用科学的方法加以研究，也是语言学建立的一个很重要的条件。它是教人理性的认识语言现象，有效把握语言规律，全面的分析语言事实，正确地揭示语言与人的关系，从而有效的指导人们运用语言的科学。 2．开设《语言学概论》这门课程有什么价值与意义？ 答：首先，它是属于普通语言学或一般语言学的范畴，它所研究和关注的是人类语言共有的现象和共同规律。人们通过这门课可以学习和了解有关语言的性质、功能和特点等方面的理性知识。 其次，在人们有了基础认识之后，可以进一步研究语言的内部结构，从语音、语法和语义三个方面分析和认识语言现象，储备专门知识。
再者，人们将学习和了解有关语言发展变化的情况。还可以通过语言学来了解与人类社会关系密切的其他学问。 3.语学是从哪些角度研究人类语言现象的？ 答：语言学首先可以分为本体语言学（理论语言学）与边沿语言学（应用语言学）。应用语言学有许多分支，如：数理语言学、心理语言学……..所以语言学可以从人类、社会、心理等方面研究人类语言学现象。 第二节 1.中国古代人们有哪些关于语言的神话与传说，应该怎样认识这些神话传说？ 答、畲族神话《高辛与龙王》说，创世之神教会了人们说话。彝族神话《天神的哑水》里说，本来人和动物都能说话，天神骗他们去喝智能之水，结果，动物因喝水而失去了语言，而人类没有喝水保存了语言。壮族神话《布洛陀》也说人和鸟兽，本来共享语言，但是因为它们之间的纠纷，掌管世间事务的神布洛陀便使人语不同于兽语。纳西族《创世纪》里说，人们有三种不同的语言，藏语、白语、纳西语等等。 其实这些神话传说与当时的人们的时间、生活密切关联，所以，这些神话传说反应了他们当时的认识和经验。
1《导言》综合练习 一、名词解释 1、语言学 2、“小学” 3、个别语言学 4、共时语言学 5、历时语言学 6、普通语言学 二、填空题 1、_________、________、________具有悠久历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2、_________、________、________是我国传统的语文学。 3、研究语言的结构，主要是研究_________、________、________三个部分。 4、运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为_________、________、__________、________、解码五个部分。 5、专语语言学可以从_________和________研究语言，由于研究角度不同，所以又分为________语言学和________语言学。 6、________语言学的建立，标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。 7、布龙菲尔德的代表著作_________是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作，对美国结构主义语言学的形成、发展有重要的作用和深远的影响。 8、_________被称为现代语言学之父，其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。 三、思考题 1、语言交际过程分为哪几个阶段？请举例具体说明。 2、“语言学既是一门古老的科学，又是一门年轻的科学；既与社会科学有密切的联系，又与自然科学有密切的联系。”怎样理解这段话的含义？ 3、语言学有哪些作用？请结合实际谈谈你的看法。 4、简述语言学的分类。
一、名词解释 1、语言 2、言语 3、内部言语 4、外部言语 5、思维 二、填空 1、人和动物的区别是人会制造生产工具进行劳动，而且人类有_________，这是人和动物相区别的重要标志之一。 2、一种语言中的句子数量是无限的，人类之所以能掌握语言，是因为构成句子的语言材料和________十分有限的。 3、语言是人类社会的________，而且也是思维的____________。 4、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的________半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性_________。 5、汉语的姐姐、妹妹，英语用_______表示，汉语的叔叔、伯伯、舅舅、姨父、姑父，英语用________表示，这是语言的性。 6、英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个________。 7、儿童最早的智力活动就是学习________。 8、语言是特殊的社会现象的含义是：语言具有_______，没有_______。 9、语言和说话的关系可以这样理解：语言是________，说话是个人的；语言是抽象的，说话是_________的。 三、判断下列说法是否正确 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（） 3、语言具有自然属性，是自然现象。（） 4、语言具体存在于个人的运用之中，所以是个人现象。（） 5、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（） 6、现代社会，沟通的方式很多，语言的重要性日渐削弱。（） 7、语言在任何时候、任何地方都具有重要作用。（） 8、语言是人类特有的，动物没有语言。（） 9、语言是思维的工具，没有语言，人类就无法进行有效的思维。（） 10、语言就是思维，思维就是语言。（） 11、语言在无阶级社会没有阶级性，在有阶级社会具有阶级性。（） 12、抽象的语言是不存在的，都以个体语言的形式存在着。（） 13、从语言和说话的关系来说，我们在现实生活中不可能找到一匹马，只能找到一匹具体的具有某种色彩、某种体态等等特征的马。（） 四、思考 1、语言和言语的区别与联系。 2、每个人说话都是自由的，但不能把“我看书”说成“书看我”，不能把“失去生命”这意思说成“huo （活）”，这是为什么？ 3、任何一种语言所包含的句子的数量都是无限的，那么人类为什么能在有限的时间内掌握语言呢？ 4、人们平时常说，“无产阶级和资产阶级没有共同语言”，“工人有工人的语言，农民有农民的语言”。这是不是说，语言具有阶级性？为什么？ 5、如何理解语言是思维的工具？