一、
https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd9881698.html,D: language acquisition device 语言习得机制
2. Displacement: Displacement is that language can refer to the contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. 移位法
3、cultural transmission： 文化传递性 Animals call systems are genetically transmitted. Human languages are culturally transmitted.
4. Interpersonal function: 人际关系
Interpersonal function is the most important sociological use of language, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society. In addition, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves indicate the various types of interpersonal relations. Finally, language marks our identity.
5.Linguistics: Linguistics is defined as the systematic (or scientific) study of language 语言学
6、Applied linguistics: Applied linguistics is a branch of study which apply linguistics to the research of other areas. 应用语言学
7、Syntax: Syntax studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. 句法学
8. morphology: Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. 形态学
二、
1. Language acquisition and language learning
Language acquisition is to get a language subconsciously and naturally with no great effort. Language learning is to get a language consciously with great efforts and usually under the teachers’ instruction.
For instance, for most Chinese, their knowledge about their mother tongue-Chinese, is language acquisition, while their knowledge about English is language learning.
2. Foreign language and second language
A language has gained official status in certain region or country is called second language, while foreign language has not.
For example, for most Indians, English is their second language since English has gained official status in their country while English is regarded as foreign language in China.
3. Expressive function and Evocative function
Expressive function is the use of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker. In this function, language is used to evaluate, appraise and assert the speaker’s attitudes, etc.
Evocative function is the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer. It aims to amuse, startle, anger, soothe, worry or please.
4. Phonetics and Phonology.
Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech.
Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.
5. Semantics and Pragmatics
Semantics studies the meaning of language
Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.
6. Synchronic and Diachronic
Synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.
Diachronic linguistics is the study of a lan
guage through the course of its history.
7. Langue and parole
Langue is the linguistic competence of the speaker. It refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
Parole is the actual phenomena or data of linguistics. It refers to the actualized language.
Langue is abstract, stable, systematic and not actually spoken by anyone.
Parole is specific, personal, subject to personal and situational constraints and always a naturally occurring event.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd9881698.html,petence and performance(语言能力和语言运用）
A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.
Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.
简答题:
1. What are the design features of language?
Arbitrariness任意性Duality二元性Creativity创造性Displacement移位性Culture transmission文化传递性Interchangeability互换性
2. What is morpheme? Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. For example，“purify” consist of “pur” and“ify”，and the noun“disappearance” consist of three morphemes: appear, dis and ance. They all have meanings, and cannot be divided any more.
3. What is phoneme? Example. Phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. E.g.：/b/ /p/ /k/ /g/.
4. What is the performative function of human language? Supply example s to illustrate.
The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons .It can also extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religions occasion .For example ,language is always used in the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children and the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony.
5. What are the basic three branches of phonetics?
Articulatory phonetics, Acoustic phonetics, Auditory phonetics.
6. Giving four branches of macrolinguistics.
Psycholinguistics心理语言学 sociolinguistics社会语言学 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学 Computational linguistics计算语言学.
7. What are the seven function of language.
Informative信息功能 interpersonal function人际功能 performative 施为功能 Emotive function感情功能
phatic communion寒暄功能 recreational function娱乐功能 metalingual function元语言功能