英文参考文献及翻译
Linux - Operating system of cybertimes Though for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make up huge work station group, finish special effects of " Titanic " make , already can be regarded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Recently, the manufacturers concerned have announced that support the news of Linux to increase day by day, users' enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this piece what glamour, get the favors of such numerous important software and hardware manufacturers as the masses of users and Orac le , Informix , HP , Sybase , Corel , Intel , Netscape , Dell ,etc. , OK?
1.The background of Linux and characteristic
Linux is a kind of " free (Free ) software ": What is called free,
mean users can obtain the procedure and source code freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc.. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research and development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and except fault , can add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to participate in. As the most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic of the following:
(1)Totally follow POSLX standard, expand the network operating
system of supporting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstanding design philosophy , and there are clean , stalwart , high-efficient and steady kernels, their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmers, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix are totally compatible.
(2)Real many tasks, multi-user's system, the built-in network
supports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 ,
Unix ,etc.. Network in various kinds of Unix it tests to be fastest in comparing and assess efficiency. Support such many kinds of files systems as FAT16 , FAT32 , NTFS , Ex t2FS , ISO9600 ,etc. at the same time .
(3) Can operate it in many kinds of hardwares platform , including such processors as Alpha , SunSparc , PowerPC , MIPS ,etc., to various kinds of new-type peripheral hardwares, can from distribute on global numerous programmer there getting support rapidly too.
(4) To that the hardware requires lower, can obtain very good performance on more low-grade machine , what deserves particular mention is Linux outstanding stability , permitted " year " count often its running times.
2.Main application of Linux At present,
Now, the application of Linux mainly includes:
(1) Internet/Intranet: This is one that Linux was used most at present, it can offer and include Web server , all such Inter net services as Ftp server , Gopher server , SMTP/POP3 mail server , Proxy/Cache server , DNS server ,etc.. Linux kernel supports IPalias , PPP and IPtunneling, these functions can be used for setting up fictitious host computer , fictitious service , VPN (fictitious special-purpose network ) ,etc.. Operating Apache Web server on Linux mainly, the occupation rate of market in 1998 is 49%, far exceeds the sum of such several big companies as Microsoft , Netscape ,etc..
(2) Because Linux has outstanding networking ability , it can be usedin calculating distributedly large-scaly, for instance cartoon making , scientific caculation , database and file server ,etc..
(3) As realization that is can under low platform fullness of Unix that operate , apply at all levels teaching and research work of universities and colleges extensively, if Mexico government announce middle and primary schools in the whole country dispose Linux and offer Internet service for student already.
(4) Tabletop and handling official business appliedly. Application number of people of in this respect at present not so good as Windows of Microsoft far also, reason its lie in Lin ux quantity , desk-top of application software not so good as Windows application far not merely, because the characteristic of the freedom software makes it not almost have advertisement that
support (though the function of Star Office is not second to MS Office at the same time, but there are actually few people knowing).
3.Can Linux become a kind of major operating system?
In the face of the pressure of coming from users that is strengthened day by day, more and more commercial companies transplant its application to Linux platform, comparatively important incident was as follows, in 1998 ①Compaq and HP determine to put forward user of requirement truss up Linux at their servers , IBM and Dell promise to offer customized Linux system to user too. ②Lotus announce, Notes the next edition include one special-purpose edition in Linux. ③Corel Company transplants its famous WordPerfect to on Linux, and free issue. Corel also plans to move the other figure pattern process products to Linux platform completely.④Main database producer: Sybase , Informix , Oracle , CA , IBM have already been transplanted one's own database products to on Linux, or has finished Beta edition, among them Oracle and Informix also offer technical support to their products.
4.The gratifying one is, some farsighted domestic corporations have begun to try hard to change this kind of current situation already. Stone Co. not long ago is it invest a huge sum of money to claim , regard Linux as platform develop a Internet/Intranet solution, regard this as the core and launch Stone's system integration business , plan to set up nationwide Linux technical support organization at the same time , take the lead to promote the freedom software application and development in China. In addition domestic computer Company , person who win of China , devoted to Linux relevant software and hardware application of system popularize too. Is it to intensification that Linux know , will have more and more enterprises accede to the ranks that Linux will be used with domestic every enterprise to believe, more software will be planted in Linux platform. Meanwhile, the domestic university should regard Linux as the original version and upgrade already existing Unix content of courses , start with analysing the source code and revising the kernel and train a large number of senior Linux talents, improve our country's own operating system. Having only really grasped the operating system, the software industry of our country could be got rid of and aped sedulously at present, the passive state led by the nose by others, create conditions for revitalizing the software industry of our country fundamentally.
中文翻译
Linux—网络时代的操作系统虽然对许多人来说，以Linux作为主要的操作系统组成庞大的工作站群，完成了《泰坦尼克号》的特技制作，已经算是出尽了风头。但是对Linux来说，这只是众多新闻中的一个。最近，有关各厂商宣布支持Linux的新闻日趋增多，用户对Linux的热情也空前高涨。那么，Linux这个只有7年多的免费操作系统到底有什么魅力，能够获得广大用户及Orac le、Informix、HP、Sybase、Corel、Intel、网景、Dell等众多重要软硬件厂商的青睐呢?
1. Linux的背景和特色
Linux是一种“自由(Free)软件”：所谓自由，是指用户可以自由地获取程序及其源代码，并能自由地使用他们，包括修改或拷贝等。它是网络时代的产物，众多的技术人员通过Inte rnet共同完成它的研究和开发，无数用户参与了测试和除错，并可方便地加上用户自己编制的扩充功能。作为自由软件中最为出色的一个，Linux具有如下的特点：
(1) 完全遵循POSLX标准，并扩展支持所有AT&T和BSD Unix特性的网络操作系统。由于继承了Unix优秀的设计思想，且拥有干净、健壮、高效且稳定的内核，其所有核心代码都是由Li nus Torvalds以及其他优秀的程序员们完成，没有AT&T或伯克利的任何Unix代码，所以Linu x不是Unix，但Linux与Unix 完全兼容。
(2) 真正的多任务、多用户系统，内置网络支持，能与NetWare、Windows NT、OS/2、Unix 等无缝连接。网络效能在各种Unix测试评比中速度最快。同时支持FAT16、FAT32、NTFS、Ex t2FS、ISO9600等多种文件系统。
(3) 可运行于多种硬件平台，包括Alpha、SunSparc、PowerPC、MIPS等处理器，对各种新型外围硬件，也可以从分布于全球的众多程序员那里得到迅速地支持。
(4) 对硬件要求较低，可在较低档的机器上获得很好的性能，特别值得一提的是Linux出色的稳定性，其运行时间往往可以“年”计。
2. Linux的主要应用领域
目前，Linux的应用主要包括：
(1) Internet/Intranet：这是目前Linux用得最多的一项，它可提供包括Web服务器、Ftp服务器、Gopher服务器、SMTP/POP3邮件服务器、Proxy/Cache 服务器、DNS服务器等全部Inter net服务。Linux内核支持IPalias、PPP和IPtunneling,这些功能可用于建立虚拟主机、虚拟服务、VPN(虚拟专用网)等。主要运行于Linux之上的Apache Web服务器，1998年的市场占有率为49%，远远超过微软、网景等几家大公司之和。
(2) 由于Linux拥有出色的联网能力，因此它可用于大型分布式计算，如动画制作、科学计算、数据库及文件服务器等。
(3) 作为可在低平台下运行的Unix的完整(且免费)的实现，广泛应用于各级院校的教学和科研工作，如墨西哥政府已经宣布在全国的所有中小学配置Linux并为学生提供Internet服务。
(4) 桌面和办公应用。目前这方面的应用人数还远不如微软的Windows，其原因不仅在于Lin ux桌面应用软件的数量远不如Windows应用，同时也因为自由软件的特性使得其几乎没有广告支持(虽然Star Office的功能并不亚于MS Office，但知道的人并不多)。
如今，通常可以通过两个途径获得Linux的发行版：①直接从Internet下载，例如RedHat站点：;②更为方便的方法是购买Linux发行商推出的CD-ROM，这样不仅可以节省下载的时间和费用，还可以使用CD-ROM直接启动快速安装，并且CD-ROM上往往还包括非常庞大的应用软件集(多达数百兆)，包括各种服务器软件、X-Window、桌面应用、数据库、编程语言、文档等，安装和使用都非常方便。
3. Linux能成为一种主流操作系统吗?
面对日益增强的来自用户的压力，越来越多的商业公司将其应用移植到Linux平台，1998年较为重要的事件有：
①Compaq和HP决定对提出要求的用户在其服务器上捆绑Linux，IBM和Dell 也允诺为用户提供定制的Linux系统。
②Lotus宣布，Notes的下一版将包括一个专用于Linux的版本。
③Corel公司将其著名的WordPerfect移植到Linux之上，并免费发行。Corel还计划将其它的图形图像处理产品完整地移到Linux平台上。
④主要的数据库厂家：Sybase、Informix、Oracle、CA、IBM都已经将自己的数据库产品移植到Linux上，或完成了Beta版本，其中Oracle和Informix 还对他们的产品提供技术支持。
4. Linux对中国软件业的启示
可喜的是，已经有一些有远见的国内公司开始力图改变这种现状。不久前四通公司宣布将投入巨资，以Linux为平台开发一套Internet/Intranet解决方案，并以此为核心开展四通系统集成业务，同时计划建立全国性的Linux技术支持组织，带头推动自由软件在中国的应用和发展。此外，华胜等国内计算机公司也在致力于Linux相关软、硬件系统的应用推广。相信随着国内各企业对Linux认识的加深，必将有越来越多的企业加入Linux应用的行列，更多的软件会植根于Linux平台。
同时，国内的高校应该以Linux为蓝本更新原有的Unix教学内容，从分析源代码和修改内核入手培养大量的高级Linux人才，完善我国自己的操作系统。只有真正掌握了操作系统，我国软件业才能摆脱目前亦步亦趋，被别人牵着鼻子走的被动状况，从根本上为振兴我国的软件业创造条件。
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.doczj.com/doc/c819078748.html,（通过Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/c819078748.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Wisdom ABSTRACT In net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides common information management systems, design resources can be organized in connection with design activities. A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated into many subtasks forming a hierarchical structure. Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assign certain resources to its task nodes．As a result of decomposition.al1 design resources and activities could be managed via this system. KEY WORDS：Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decomposition, Information Management System 1 Introduction Along with the rapid upgrade of request for advanced design methods, more and more design tool appeared to support new design methods and forms. Design in a web environment with multi-partners being involved requires a more powerful and efficient management system .Design partners can be located everywhere over the net with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of
此文档是毕业设计外文翻译成品（含英文原文+中文翻译），无需调整复杂的格式！下载之后直接可用，方便快捷！本文价格不贵,也就几十块钱！一辈子也就一次的事！ 外文标题：A New Method of Virtual Reality Based on Unity3D 外文作者：Sa Wang, Zhengli Mao, Changhai Zeng, Huili Gong, Shanshan Li, Beibei Chen 文献出处:International Conference on Geoinformatics , 2018 :1-5(如觉得年份太老，可改为近2年，毕竟很多毕业生都这样做) 英文2987单词，15889字符(字符就是印刷符)，中文5089汉字。 Abstract—In the area of geographic information system, there are always two methods to get 3D virtual reality, one is to use a 2D professional platform such as ArcGIS software to get the virtual reality by secondary development, the other is to use a 3D or 2.5D software as a platform for development, such as the Skyline software. In this paper, we will use a different platform, Unity3D, which is usually treated as game development software, as a virtual reality development platform. Firstly, the hierarchical approach of geographic information system is adopted in the study area, and the area is divided into four layers: Terrain Layer, Building Layer, Transport Layer, Vegetation Layer, additionally, the raw data of Terrain Layer is obtained by GPS measurements. Secondly, all the geographical entities which related to different layers are converted to 3D model by AutoCAD and 3dsMax software. Thirdly, the 3D models are imported into the Unity3D, and programming with Javascript language in Visual Programming Language Editor in order to achieve Gameobjects and Scenes. Lastly, the Scenes are integrated and published on the network. The attribute data of study area is stored by MySQL which is connected with Unity game platform by external interface. Visitors can download the ActiveX control to browse the study area, the scene is keep on updating 60 times per second, the viewer will subconsciously input and immediately immersed in the virtual scene for spontaneous exploration and observation. With a full range of personalized mode of operation, the users can choose their own way to browse and participate in the virtual reality, and give full play to their imagination according to their own wishes without affecting the others by using the designated keys on the keyboard. Keywords-Virtual Reality; Unity3D; GIS Introduction Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment，Michael Heim(1994)identifies seven different concepts of virtual reality[1]: simulation, interaction, artificiality, immersion, telepresence, full-body immersion, and network communication. Now virtual reality is widely used in industry and public service with its intuitive visual and simple operation. Unity3D is one of the most famous virtual reality tools, it is cross-platform game
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 【Abstract】Under the network environment the library information resource altogether constructs sharing is refers to all levels of each kind of library basis user to the social information demand, through network use computer, correspondence, electron, multimedia and so on advanced information technology, the high idealization carries on the synthesis cooperation development and the use activity to various collections information resource and the network resources . The market economy swift and violent development, the networking unceasing renewal, the information age arrival, had decided the future library trend of development will be implements the information resource altogether to construct sharing, already achieved the social mutual recognition about this point.This is because:libraries implement the information resource altogether to construct sharing are solve the knowledge information explosion and the collection strength insufficient this contradictory important way.. 【Key Words】Network; libraries implement: information: construction；
中英文资料外文翻译 计算机网络 计算机网络，通常简单的被称作是一种网络，是一家集电脑和设备为一体的沟通渠道，便于用户之间的沟通交流和资源共享。网络可以根据其多种特点来分类。计算机网络允许资源和信息在互联设备中共享。 一．历史 早期的计算机网络通信始于20世纪50年代末，包括军事雷达系统、半自动地面防空系统及其相关的商业航空订票系统、半自动商业研究环境。 1957年俄罗斯向太空发射人造卫星。十八个月后，美国开始设立高级研究计划局(ARPA)并第一次发射人造卫星。然后用阿帕网上的另外一台计算机分享了这个信息。这一切的负责者是美国博士莱德里尔克。阿帕网于来于自印度，1969年印度将其名字改为因特网。上世纪60年代，高级研究计划局(ARPA)开始为美国国防部资助并设计高级研究计划局网(阿帕网)。因特网的发展始于1969年，20世纪60年代起开始在此基础上设计开发，由此，阿帕网演变成现代互联网。二．目的 计算机网络可以被用于各种用途: 为通信提供便利:使用网络，人们很容易通过电子邮件、即时信息、聊天室、电话、视频电话和视频会议来进行沟通和交流。 共享硬件:在网络环境下，每台计算机可以获取和使用网络硬件资源，例如
打印一份文件可以通过网络打印机。 共享文件：数据和信息: 在网络环境中，授权用户可以访问存储在其他计算机上的网络数据和信息。提供进入数据和信息共享存储设备的能力是许多网络的一个重要特征。 共享软件:用户可以连接到远程计算机的网络应用程序。 信息保存。 安全保证。 三．网络分类 下面的列表显示用于网络分类： 3．1连接方式 计算机网络可以据硬件和软件技术分为用来连接个人设备的网络，如：光纤、局域网、无线局域网、家用网络设备、电缆通讯和G.hn（有线家庭网络标准）等等。 以太网的定义，它是由IEEE 802标准，并利用各种媒介，使设备之间进行通信的网络。经常部署的设备包括网络集线器、交换机、网桥、路由器。无线局域网技术是使用无线设备进行连接的。这些设备使用无线电波或红外信号作为一种传输媒介。ITU-T（电信标准部门）的G.hn技术使用现有的家庭布线（同轴电缆，电话线和电源线）创建一个高速（可达1Gb/S）局域网。 3.2有线技术 双绞线是目前应用最广泛的通讯媒介。它由铜线扭曲配对而成。普通电话线由两个绝缘铜导线配对扭成。计算机网络布线由四对铜电缆构成，可以进行语音结构和数据传输。使用双绞线电缆可以减少交调失真，电磁感应。它的传输速度
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 大容量存储器 由于计算机主存储器的易失性和容量的限制, 大多数的计算机都有附加的称为大容量存储系统的存储设备, 包括有磁盘、CD 和磁带。相对于主存储器，大的容量储存系统的优点是易失性小，容量大，低成本, 并且在许多情况下, 为了归档的需要可以把储存介质从计算机上移开。 术语联机和脱机通常分别用于描述连接于和没有连接于计算机的设备。联机意味着，设备或信息已经与计算机连接，计算机不需要人的干预，脱机意味着设备或信息与机器相连前需要人的干预，或许需要将这个设备接通电源，或许包含有该信息的介质需要插到某机械装置里。 大量储存器系统的主要缺点是他们典型地需要机械的运动因此需要较多的时间，因为主存储器的所有工作都由电子器件实现。 1. 磁盘 今天，我们使用得最多的一种大量存储器是磁盘，在那里有薄的可以旋转的盘片，盘片上有磁介质以储存数据。盘片的上面和（或）下面安装有读/写磁头，当盘片旋转时，每个磁头都遍历一圈，它被叫作磁道，围绕着磁盘的上下两个表面。通过重新定位的读/写磁头，不同的同心圆磁道可以被访问。通常，一个磁盘存储系统由若干个安装在同一根轴上的盘片组成，盘片之间有足够的距离，使得磁头可以在盘片之间滑动。在一个磁盘中，所有的磁头是一起移动的。因此，当磁头移动到新的位置时，新的一组磁道可以存取了。每一组磁道称为一个柱面。 因为一个磁道能包含的信息可能比我们一次操作所需要得多，所以每个磁道划分成若干个弧区，称为扇区，记录在每个扇区上的信息是连续的二进制位串。传统的磁盘上每个磁道分为同样数目的扇区，而每个扇区也包含同样数目的二进制位。（所以，盘片中心的储存的二进制位的密度要比靠近盘片边缘的大）。 因此，一个磁盘存储器系统有许多个别的磁区, 每个扇区都可以作为独立的二进制位串存取，盘片表面上的磁道数目和每个磁道上的扇区数目对于不同的磁盘系统可能都不相同。磁区大小一般是不超过几个KB; 512 个字节或1024 个字节。
目录 1 外文文献译文1 ...................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。 2 外文文献原文1 (5) 3 外文文献译文2 (9) 4 外文文献原文2 (12)
1 外文文献译文1 Access2000关系型数据库 在Office的家族成员当中，人们最初对于Access2000的了解，往往只是局限在它的操作界面中，对于数据库的管理功能仍然只是停留在建立数据表、数据的输入、使用窗体向导、使用报表向导、数据访问的向导等一些相对比较简单的应用上面。其实Access2000的功能非常强大，而且超乎你的想象。它是微软自发布Access以来功能最全面、与Windows和Internet结合最密切的数据库软件，是一个功能非常强大，且简单易用的数据库管理系统（DBMS），就是对数据库进行存储、管理和处理的系统。 Access2000数据库管理系统是Microsoft公司的Office办公自动化软件的一个组成部分。它可以有效地组织、管理和共享数据库的信息，并且将数据库的信息与Web结合在一起，并通过Internet共享数据信息提供了基础的平台。伴随着信息技术的发展，信息技术平台的选择往往是建立或者是重新建立应用系统的重要问题，而数据库正是它们要做出选择的关键平台。Access2000是一种关系型数据库管理系统，是中小型企业管理系统的最理想的开发环境，在当前的数据库领域，已经有越来越多的人在使用。它是一个功能非常强大的数据库管理系统的MIS系统开发工具。数据库是存储在一起的相关数据的集合，这些数据是结构化的，数据库是一种用来存储数据并且对数据进行管理的工具。数据库的作用就在于组织和表达信息，简单来说，数据库就是不同信息的集合。计算机的数据库可以分为两大类：非关系型的数据库（flat-file）和关系型的数据库（relational）。关系型的数据库中包含了多个数据表的信息，数据库含有各个不同部分的术语，像记录等。关系型的数据库管理系统曾经处于技术主流而且独领风骚，但是这种传统的数据库管理系统因为采用了两维的数据模型，而且存在着本身固有的约束和限制。难以适应现在迅速变化的业务需求，以及新技术的发展。信息技术的飞速发展，数据处理不仅在数量上需要越来越大，而且在质量上也要求越来越高，数据库所管理的数据已经发生了根本上的变化。这样一个变化给数据库技术带来了巨大的挑战，数据库管理的对象已经不再局限于文本数据等一些简单的数据类型，而是需要描述和保存大量多媒体非结构化的复杂数据，以及数据之间的关系。另外，随着热门网站访问数量的逐渐增加，对数据库本身的存储机制、大量并发
Computers are machines that can be used for performing calculations automatically.They can perform complex and repetitive procedures quickly, precisely and reliably and can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data. 电脑是机器可用来自动执行计算。他们能够快速进行复杂的和重复的程序，精确可靠，可以快速存储和检索大量数据。 The physical components from which a computer is constructed (electronic circuits and input/output devices) are known as "hardware". Most computers have four types of hardware components: input, processor, storage (main memory, auxiliary storage) and output. 身体成分构造计算机（电子电路和输入/输出设备）被称为“硬件”。大部分的电脑有四种类型的硬件组成部分：输入，处理器，存储器（主存储器，辅助存储）和输出。 Input and output (I/O) devices allow the computer to communicate with the user and the outside world. The CPU (central processing unit) executes programs ("software") which tell the computer what to do. The two principal characteristics of a computer are: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). 输入输出（I/O）设备允许计算机与用户和外界沟通。CPU（中央处理单元）执行程序（“软件”），告诉计算机做什么。 计算机的两个重要特征是：它以一种定义良好的方式的特定指令集。它可以执行一个预先录制的指令列表（程序）。 Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows: Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. Workstation : A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor. 计算机可以通过规模和权力如下： 个人电脑：一个小的，基于微处理器的单用户计算机。除了微处理器，个人计算机有一个键盘输入数据，显示器显示信息，和一个用于存储数据的存储装置。 工作站：一个强大的，单用户计算机。工作站就像一台个人电脑，但它有一个更强大的微处理器和一个更高的质量监控。 The history of computer development is often referred to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate. It resulted in smaller, cheaper, and more powerful, efficient and reliable devices. 计算机发展的历史通常被称为计算机设备的不同世代。每一代计算机的特点是一个重大的科技发展，从根本上改变了电脑的操作方式。它导致更小，更便宜，更强大，有效和可靠的设备。 A computer accepts data that are provided by means of an input device. Peripherals used to transfer data from the outside world into a computer system are called Input devices. 计算机是由输入设备提供的数据接受方式。将数据从外部世界传递到计算机系统使用的外围设备被称为输入设备。
中英文资料外文翻译 网站建设技术 1.介绍 网络技术的发展,为今天全球性的信息交流与资在建立源共享和交往提供了更多的途径和可能。足不出户便可以知晓天下大事,按几下键盘或点几下鼠标可以与远在千里之外的朋友交流,网上通信、网上浏览、网上交互、网上电子商务已成为现代人们生活的一部分。Internet 时代, 造就了人们新的工作和生活方式,其互联性、开放性和共享信息的模式,打破了传统信息传播方式的重重壁垒,为人们带来了新的机遇。随着计算机和信息时代的到来,人类社会前进的脚步在逐渐加快。近几年网页设计发展,快得人目不暇接。随着网页设计技术的发展,丰富多彩的网页成为网上一道亮丽的风景线。要想设计美观实用的网页就应该深入掌握网站建设技术。在建立网站时,我们分析了网站建立的目的、内容、功能、结构,应用了更多的网页设计技术。 2、网站的定义 2.1 如何定义网站 确定网站的任务和目标,是建设网站所面临的最重要的问题。为什么人们会来到你的网站? 你有独特的服务吗? 人们第一次到你的网站 是为了什么? 他们还会再来吗? 这些问题都是定义网站时必须考虑
的问题。要定义网站,首先,必须对整个网站有一个清晰认识,弄清到底要设计什么、主要的目的与任务、如何对任务进行组织与规划。其次,保持网站的高品质。在众多网站的激烈竞争中,高品质的产品是长期竞争的最大优势。一个优秀的网站应具备： （1）用户访问网站的速度要快； （2）注意反馈与更新。及时更新网站内容、及时反馈用户的要求；（3）首页设计要合理。首页给访问者留下的第一印象很重要,设计务必精美,以求产生良好的视觉效果。 2.2 网站的内容和功能 在网站的内容方面,就是要做到新、快、全三面。网站内容的类型包括静态的、动态的、功能的和事物处理的。确定网站的内容是根据网站的性质决定的,在设计政府网站、商业网站、科普性网站、公司介绍网站、教学交流网站等的内容和风格时各有不同。我们建立的网站同这些类型的网站性质均不相同。 2.3 网站的结构 （1）网站的结构； （2）定义导航； （3）可视化设计； （4）设计框架和页面。 3、网站的设计与实现 随着人们对设计的要求越来越高,高格调,高品位的设计作品,才深受人们的欢迎。这也就给设计者们提出了更高的要求,从这个角度说,板
英文参考文献及翻译 Linux - Operating system of cybertimes Though for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make up huge work station group, finish special effects of " Titanic " make , already can be regarded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Recently, the manufacturers concerned have announced that support the news of Linux to increase day by day, users' enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this piece what glamour, get the favors of such numerous important software and hardware manufacturers as the masses of users and Orac le , Informix , HP , Sybase , Corel , Intel , Netscape , Dell ,etc. , OK? 1.The background of Linux and characteristic Linux is a kind of " free (Free ) software ": What is called free, mean users can obtain the procedure and source code freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc.. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research and development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and except fault , can add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to participate in. As the most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic of the following: (1)Totally follow POSLX standard, expand the network operating system of supporting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstanding design philosophy , and there are clean , stalwart , high-efficient and steady kernels, their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmers, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix are totally compatible. (2)Real many tasks, multi-user's system, the built-in network supports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 ,
一、外文资料译文： Java开发2.0：使用Hibernate Shards 进行切分 横向扩展的关系数据库 Andrew Glover，作者兼开发人员，Beacon50 摘要：Sharding并不适合所有网站，但它是一种能够满足大数据的需求方法。对于一些商店来说，切分意味着可以保持一个受信任的RDBMS，同时不牺牲数据可伸缩性和系统性能。在Java 开发 2.0系列的这一部分中，您可以了解到切分何时起作用，以及何时不起作用，然后开始着手对一个可以处理数TB 数据的简单应用程序进行切分。 日期：2010年8月31日 级别：中级 PDF格式：A4和信（64KB的15页）取得Adobe?Reader?软件 当关系数据库试图在一个单一表中存储数TB 的数据时，总体性能通常会降低。索引所有的数据读取，显然是很耗时的，而且其中有可能是写入，也可能是读出。因为NoSQL 数据商店尤其适合存储大型数据，但是NoSQL 是一种非关系数据库方法。对于倾向于使用ACID-ity 和实体结构关系数据库的开发人员及需要这种结构的项目来说，切分是一个令人振奋的选方法。 切分一个数据库分区的分支，不是在本机上的数据库技术，它发生在应用场面上。在各种切分实现，Hibernate Shards 可能是Java? 技术世界中最流行的。这个漂亮的项目可以让您使用映射至逻辑数据库的POJO 对切分数据集进行几乎无缝操作。当你使用Hibernate Shards 时，您不需要将你的POJO 特别映射至切分。您可以像使用Hibernate 方法对任何常见关系数据库进行映射时一样对其进行映射。Hibernate Shards 可以为您管理低级别的切分任务。 迄今为止，在这个系列，我用一个比赛和参赛者类推关系的简单域表现出不同的数据存储技术比喻为基础。这个月，我将使用这个熟悉的例子，介绍一个实际的切分策略，然后在Hibernate实现它的碎片。请注意，切分首当其冲的工作是和Hibernate没有必然关系的，事实上，对Hibernate stards编码部分是容易的。真正难的是搞清楚内容碎片和你的工作方式。。
计算机专业英语论文 一、原文 New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Digital Certificates Digital Wallets Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles.
1 . Introduction To Objects 1.1The progress of abstraction All programming languages provide abstractions. It can be argued that the complexity of the problems you’re able to solve is directly related to the kind and quality of abstraction。By “kind” I mean，“What is it that you are abstracting?” Assembly language is a small abstraction of the underlying machine. Many so—called “imperative” languages that followed （such as FORTRAN，BASIC, and C) were abstractions of assembly language。These languages are big improvements over assembly language，but their primary abstraction still requires you to think in terms of the structure of the computer rather than the structure of the problem you are trying to solve。The programmer must establish the association between the machine model (in the “solution space，” which is the place where you’re modeling that problem, such as a computer) and the model of the problem that is actually being solved (in the “problem space,” which is the place where the problem exists). The effort required to perform this mapping, and the fact that it is extrinsic to the programming language，produces programs that are difficult to write and expensive to maintain，and as a side effect created the entire “programming methods” industry. The alter native to modeling the machine is to model the problem you’re trying to solve。Early languages such as LISP and APL chose particular views of the world （“All problems are ultimately lists” or “All problems are algorithmic，” respectively）。PROLOG casts all problems into chains of decisions. Languages have been created for constraint-based programming and for programming exclusively by manipulating graphical symbols。（The latter proved to be too restrictive.) Each of these approaches is a good solution to the particular class of problem they’re designed to solve，but when you step outside of that domain they become awkward。 The object—oriented approach goes a step further by providing tools for the programmer to represent elements in the problem space. This representation is general enough that the programmer is not constrained to any particular type of problem. We refer to the elements in the problem space and their representations in the solution space as “objects。" （You will also need other objects that don't have problem—space analogs。）The idea is that the program is allowed to adapt itself to the lingo of the problem by adding new types of objects, so