一、基本句型
I. 表示利用、使用、作用、应用、功能：
动词及词组：play a role in / function (as) / act (as) / serve (as) / serve to / use sth as sth / use sth for doing (sth) / make (good) use of sth / use sth to do sth / apply / take advantage of / have an effect on / have [fulfill] a function of / put sth to (good) use
名词及词组：function / effect on sth / the use of sth /
介词及词组：with / in use / out of use
1.营养不良使各器官功能低下。
Malnutrition makes organs function poorly [inefficiently / ineffectively].
Poor nutrition harms the normal functions of organs.
Poor nutrition decreases the functional efficiency of organs.
2.当健康危险因素评价（health risk factor appraisal）被用于指导人们改变不良健康行为时，它的效用便得到了最大程度的发挥。
When health risk factor appraisal is used [applied / adopted] to guide people to change their unhealthy behavior, its maximum role has been fulfilled.
When health risk factor appraisal is used [applied / adopted] for guiding people to change their unhealthy behavior, its maximum role has been fulfilled.
Health risk factor appraisal plays its maximum role in guiding people to change their unhealthy behavior.
3.充分利用国外的先进经验，搞好我国的健康教育。
We should improve [promote] health education in our country by making good use of [using well / taking advantage of] advanced experience of foreign countries.
We should make good use of [use well / take advantage of] advanced experience of foreign countries and improve [promote] health education in our country
We should improve [promote] health education in our country with the help of advanced experience of foreign countries.
4.冬季晨炼应尽量用鼻呼吸。
Doing morning exercise in winter, we should breathe with nose as much as possible.
Doing morning exercise in winter, we should use nose to breathe as much as possible.
Doing morning exercise in winter, we should use nose for breathing as much as possible.
5.一些中药在实验中能抑制HIV，且价格便宜，预计会有很好的应用前景。
Since some Chinese herbal medicines have been found to be able to check HIV in experiments and are cheap, they will have good [wide] application in the future.
Since some cheap Chinese herbal medicines could check HIV in experiments, they will have good [wide] application in the future.
Since some cheap Chinese herbal medicines could check HIV in experiments, they will be put in good use in the future.
6.抗生素不要滥用和误用。
Antibiotics cannot be overused, abused or misused.
7.公共卫生体系的建设，对于有效地控制禽流感的爆发流行，起了重要作用。
The construction of public health system played an important[major / central / key / vital] role in effective prevention of the outbreak and wide spread of bird flue.
8.音乐作为一种护理方法，有很好的止痛片的作用。
Music as a nursing method has a good effect on easing the pain.
Music as a nursing method can serve as a kind of painkiller.
Music as a nursing method has a good function of easing the pain.
II. 表达方式、方法、手段、措施:
动词及词组：take (effective) measures [steps /actions] to do sth
名词及词组：way to do sth / way of doing sth / way (that) sb does sth / approach to (doing) sth / scheme / strategy
介词及词组：by doing sth / by means of sth / through sth [doing sth] / with doing sth / with sth / in a … w ay [manner] / by this method / in this way
1.通过专门的技术和仪器，现在可以拍摄出分子的照片。
By means of [With / Through] special techniques and instruments it is now possible to photograph molecules.
2.出乎意料的是，学生们以极大的热情（兴趣）作出了回应。
Unexpectedly, the college students responded with great enthusiasm [interest].
Unexpectedly, the college students responded in an enthusiastic manner [way].
3.无法知道该治疗是否有效。
There is no way of knowing if the treatment will work.
We have no way of knowing whether the treatment is effective or not.
It is impossible to know whether the treatment is effective or not.
4.健康危险因素评价（health risk factor appraisal）是研究危险因素与慢性病发病及死亡之间数量依存关系及其规律性的一种技术方法。
Health risk factor appraisal is a technical method [approach / means]by which people study the correlation between health risk factors and chronic diseases.
Health risk factor appraisal is a technical method [approach / means] by which medical researches are done on the quantitative correlation between health risk factors, chronic diseases and deaths as well as the rules of the correlation.
5.烧伤严重程度不同，对烧伤病人的急救方式也不同
We should take different measures to deal with burns of different degrees.
The ways we treat burn emergency should vary according to the different degrees of the burn.
First aid for burn victims varies according to the severity of the burn.
6.健康教育已成为解决当代公共卫生问题的重要途径。
Health education has become an important way [method / means] of solving [resolving / settling / dealing with] public health problems.
Health education has become an important way [method / means] to solve [resolve / settle / deal with] public health problems.
7.通过不断完善公共卫生体系建设，减少各种突发公共卫生事件对人民健康和社会经济发展造成的损害。
We can reduce damages that sudden public health accidents may cause to people’s health and social and economic development by means of [by way of / through / by] continuous improvement of the public health system.
8.这个问题应该用对双方都公平的方式来解决。
The problem should be resolved in a[n] manner [way / approach] that is fair to both sides.
9.听音乐是一种减轻紧张情绪的方法。
Listening to music is one way of relieving [easing] stress.
Listening to music is one way to relieve [ease] stress.
10.流感的传播方式和普通感冒一样，都是通过鼻和喉的分泌物传染的。
Flu is spread in the same way as a cold, through the secretions from the nose and throat.
The way flu is spread is the same as [the way] a cold [is], by means of the secretions from the nose and throat.
Like a common cold, flu is spread through the secretions from the nose and throat.
I. 表达增加、增强、加强：
名词及词组：huge [massive / large / dramatic / sharp / rapid / significant / marked / slight / small / modest / gradual] increase;
an increase in sth / price [pay / tax / population] increase
动词及词组：increase in value [price / importance];
increase (sth) from [to] sth / strengthen / heighten awareness / raise awareness / intensify / add (to)
介词及词组：on a sharp increase / on the increase
1.在牛奶中加糖5%—8%，也是提高（增加）热量摄入的一种有效方法。
To add5%—8% of sugar in milk is a good [an effective] way to increase[raise] the intake of calories.
Addition of 5%—8% of sugar in milk can well increase[raise] the intake of energy.
2.在寒冷环境下运动时能量消耗大，机体能量代谢增强，产热增加。
Under the cold conditions, exercises consume [use up] a great amount of energy and make the metabolism of the body much more active to produce more calories.
Doing physical training in cold circumstances consumes [uses up] a lot of energy. As a result, metabolism of the body is sped up[intensified / increased / strengthened] and calorie production is increased [intensified].
When one does physical training in cold whether, his metabolism increases to produce more calories.
3.“过度医疗”增加了社会的医疗负担。
“Excessive Treatment” [Overtreatment] increases [adds to] the social burden of medical care.
“Excessive Treatment” [Overtreatment] increases [adds to] the social expenditure on medical care.
“Excessive Treatment” [Overtreatment] makes the whole society spend more money on medical care.
4.免疫缺陷病（immune deficiency diseases）的共同特点是对感染的易感性（susceptibility）明显增加和易发生恶性肿瘤（malignant tumors）。
The common feature of immune deficiency diseases is obviously increased susceptibility [sensitivity] to infections and greater chances of developing malignant tumors.
All the patients with immune deficiency diseases are more likely to be infected and to develop malignant tumors.
5.在那些体重不随年龄增加的人群中动脉压也不随年龄增加。
In those whose body weight does not increase [go up / rise] with age, the arterial pressure does not increase [go up / rise] with age either.
If a person does not put on more weight as he or she grows older, his or her arterial pressure does not increase [go up / rise] with age.
6.摄盐量又高，使钠与钾（natrium and kalium）的比值增大，促使血压升高。
High intake of salt increases the ratio [proportion] of natrium and kalium in the blood, which consequently raises [heightens;increases] the blood pressure.
High intake of salt makes the ratio [proportion] of natrium and kalium in the blood become greater, and consequently makes the blood pressure higher.
7.由于“非典”后我国加强了公共卫生体系建设，应对突发公共卫生事件的能力有了很大提高。
Because our country intensified [strengthened / enhanced] the construction of public health system after the attack of SARS, the capacity
[ability] to deal with public health emergencies was greatly increased [strengthened / enhanced].
Because we strengthened the construction of public health system after the SARS incident, we can deal with public health emergencies much better.
8.人类平均寿命的延长还会加重（增加）人类后代的负担。
The extended life expectancy of human beings will put on more [increase] burdens on their descendants.
If average human lifespan is expanded, human descendants will have more [greater] burdens.
II. 表达提高、促进、改进、改善、进步：
名词及词组：
improvement in sth / progress（不可数）in (doing) sth / advance in sth;
rapid [good / slow / steady / significant / economic / scientific / medical] progress
动词及词组：
promote / advance / enhance / raise / make progress / make improvements /
1.让病人参与的目的是为了促进在病人护理和治疗服务水平方面的改善。
The aim of patients’ involvement [participation] is to promote[increase] the level of treatment and nursing services.
Patients can help improve the level of treatment and nursing services.
2.空气中的负离子不仅能调节神经系统，而且可以促进胃肠消化、加深肺部的呼吸。
Anions in the air can not only regulate the nerve system, but also promote [accelerate; speed up]digestion and breathing.
Anions in the air can not only regulate the nerve system, but also help the digestion in the stomach and intestines and breathing in the lungs.
Anions in the air are good for the nerve system, digestion and lungs.
3.只有提高人的素质和公共道德水平，我们才有一个干净整洁的公共环境。
Only after we have enhanced the quality of people and public morals can we have a clean and tidy public environment.
Only the enhanced quality of people and public morals can result in [lead to] a clean and tidy public environment.
We must improve people’s quality and public morals before we can have a clean and tidy public environment.
4.提高对健康教育的认识才能促进社区卫生工作。
If you deepen the understanding of health education, you can make progress in community health care.
We should deepen our understanding of health education before we can advance community health care.
5.手术后，病人健康好转得很快。
The patient was progressing [improving / recovering] favorably after surgery.
The patient was making rapid [good] progress after surgery.
The patient improved rapidly (in health) after surgery.
The patient’s health was getting much better after surgery.
6.乡村卫生院的医疗条件现在好多了，但还有改善的余地。
The conditions in village clinics are much better now, but there is still room for improvement.
7.由于竞争，公立医院的服务现在有了很大改善和提高。
Because of competition, medical services have now improved [got better] greatly in public hospitals.
There have now been great improvements in medical services in public hospitals due to competition.
Because of competition, medical services in public hospitals have now shown great improvements.
8.近年来艾滋病的治疗研究有了很大进展，
Recently great progress has been made in research on treatment of AIDS.
In the recent years there have been great advances [developments / achievements] in researches on treatment of AIDS.
9.我们一定要提高公众对抽烟喝酒有关的健康危险因素的认识。
We must increase [raise / heighten] public awareness of the health risks associated with drinking and smoking.
10.从图表中我们可以看出，中国人民的生活质量近十年有了很大提高。
We can clearly see from the chart that there has been a dramatic improvement in the living standards of Chinese people in the recent ten years.
We can clearly see from the chart that the living standards of Chinese people in the recent ten years have been improved [raised] greatly.
11.现在对艾滋病毒感染的了解有了很大的提高。
There has been significant progress in understanding the HIV infection.
Now we know more about HIV infection.
12.我国政府的资金投入的加大，将促进癌症的研究。
The increased amount of funds by Chinese government will boost progress in cancer research.
Our government will spend more money on cancer research.
I. 表达有利方面、优点、优势、有利于、有益于、有助于：
动词及词组：
have the benefit of sth / get [gain] benefit [from sth] / benefit sb [sth] / benefit from sth / do sb good / favor sb / give an advantage to sb [sth] / have [enjoy] an advantage / do more good than harm
形容词及词组：
beneficial to [for] sb [sth] / good for sb [sth] / helpful / useful to [for] sb [sth]
名词及词组：
benefit to sb / health benefits / the full benefit [of sth] / a big [great] advantage over sth /
介词词组：
1.新的治疗方法让千千万万的人受惠。
Many thousands have benefited greatly from the new treatment.
The new treatment has greatly benefited thousands of people.
Thousands of people have gained great benefits from the new treatment.
2.严格的交通规章制度对大家都有好处。
Strict regulations are of great benefit to us all.
Strict regulations are useful [beneficial / good] for us all.
Strict regulations do all of us good.
Strict regulations benefit all of us.
All of us benefit from strict regulations.
3.洋医院的昂贵而高质量的医疗服务有利于高收入人群。
The expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals are in favour of [favour] people of high income.
The expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals are to the advantage of people of high income.
The expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals benefit people of high income.
People of high income benefit from the expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals.
4.在正常的一日三餐之外，每隔2－3小时少量进餐，有利于保持充沛精力。
Having a little food every 2 to 3 hours in addition to the 3 regular meals a day is beneficial to [benefits]the maintenance of full vigour.
If one wants to stay energetic / vigorous constantly, it is good [helpful / beneficial] to have a little food every two or three hours in addition to the three daily regular meals.
5.在调整免疫功能方面，与西药相比，中国的一些中药亦有一些优点。
In regulation of immune functions, some Chinese medicines enjoy [have] an advantage over western medicines.
Compared with western medicines, some Chinese medicines have benefits of regulating immune functions.
Some Chinese medicines are better than western medicines in regulating immune functions.
6.这些措施有利于改进农村医疗卫生工作。
These measures [steps / actions] will benefit the cause of medical care and public health in the rural areas.
These measures [steps / actions] are beneficial [useful] to the medical care and public health in the countryside.
These measures [steps / actions] help improve[promote] the medical care and public health in the rural areas.
These measures [steps / actions] improve[promote] the medical care and public health in the countryside.
These measures [steps / actions] are a great help to the medical care and public health in the rural areas.
7.医生的劝告大有益处。
Doctors’ advice is a great help [benefit].
Doctors’ advice is very helpful.
Doctors’ advice is very beneficial [useful] to us.
Doctors’ advice does us much good.
8.现在的医疗体制改革对中低收入者有利。
The current reform of medical care system is to the advantage of people with moderate or lower income.
The current reform of medical care system favours people with moderate or lower income.
The current reform of medical care system is in favour of people with moderate or lower income.
The current reform of medical care system benefits people with moderate or lower income.
People with moderate or lower income benefit from the current reform of medical care system.
9.独生子女政策利大于蔽。
The advantages of the only child policy outweigh its disadvantages.
The only child policy has done more good than harm.
There are more advantages than disadvantages in carrying out the only child policy.
II. 表达不利方面、劣势、缺点、缺陷、有损于、有害于、损害、损伤、破坏：
动词及词组：have a harmful effect on sth [sb] / damage sth / harm sb [sth] / do more harm than good / put [place] sb at a disadvantage / do harm [damage] to sth / do sth harm / cause sb [sth] harm / suffer harm / destroy / hamper / injure
形容词及词组：harmful [damaging] to sb [sth] / bad for sb [sth] / harmful / disadvantageous / destructive / averse /
名词及词组：disadvantage / defect / drawback / harm to sb / (there is) no harm in doing sth / destruction / loss of / trauma / lesion / injury 介词词组：at a disadvantage / to the disadvantage of sb [sth]
1.农村卫生资源严重不足，不利于我国医疗卫生事业的发展。
The severe shortage of financial resources for the rural medical care has a very harmful effect on[is very harmful to / is very bad for] the development of medical and health cause in China.
The severe lack of medical resources in the rural areas has harmed the development of medical and health cause in China.
The rural areas lack medical resources badly, and this does a lot of harm to the development of medical and health care in China.
The rural areas lack medical resources badly, and this causes a lot of harm to the development of medical and health care in China.
2.三种医院的服务各有不同的缺点。
The medical services in the three kinds of hospital have their respective disadvantages [drawbacks / defects].
3.损害公物要赔。
Pay the full price for anything damaged.
If you damage any public object [property], you have to pay it.
It is necessary for you to pay the full price of any public object damaged.
4.健康损失比财产损失更重要。
Loss of health is more serious than loss of wealth.
Harm to health is more significant [greater] than loss of wealth.
To lose your health is much more terrible [worse] than to lose your money.
5.补充点维生素倒也没有什么坏处。
There is no harm in taking some vitamins.
It does no harm for you to take some vitamins.
It is not harmful [bad] for you to take some vitamins.
You will suffer no harm if you take some vitamins.
6.虽然行为盲目性与冲动性有其不利的一面，但是，也有其有价值的一面。
Behavioural blindness and impulsiveness have their disadvantages as well as advantages.
Although behavioural blindness and impulsiveness are disadvantageous on the one hand, they can be advantageous on the other hand.
7.如果视力不好，干许多工作就会很不利。
If your eyesight is not good, you’ll be at a big [major / serious / grave] disadvantage when you perform many tasks.
Poor eyesight puts [places] a person at a big [major / serious / grave] disadvantage when he performs many tasks.
8.不会电脑现在很不利。
Anyone who can’t use a computer is at a disadvantage these days.
Inability to use a computer is disadvantageous now.
Inability to use a computer puts [places] a person at a disadvantage now.
9.嫉妒是一种强烈的极具破坏力的情感。
Jealousy can be a powerful and very destructive emotion.
表达“有”：
I．There is / are [There was / were; There will be; There has / have been] + sth（单数/复数）in [at / on] + sth
I．1 我国每年有100万肿瘤病人未能放疗。
In our country there are one million patients with tumor who fail to get radiotherapy every year.
One million patients with cancer fail to get radiotherapy every year in our country. [better]
*There are one million patients with tumor not get radiotherapy every year in our country. [wrong]
One million patients with cancer do not get treatment every year in our country.
I．2 药品器具市场有不少问题。
There are many problems in the markets of medications and medical devices.
Many problems exist in the markets of medications and medical devices.
*The markets of medications and medical devices have many problems. [not good]
The markets of medications and medical devices face many problems.
I．3 在健康教育方面，中国与发达国家还有一定的距离。
There is a certain gap between China and developed countries in health education.
There exists a certain gap between China and developed countries in health education.
*In health education, China and developed countries have some distance. [wrong]
Health education in China is not as good as that in developed countries.
I．4 我国约有民办医院400多家。There are nearly 400 private hospitals in our country.
I．5 没有治愈过敏症的办法。There are no cures for allergies.
II. 主语（多半为有生命的）＋have / has [had; will have; have / has had] + sth （表示拥有、具有，用途极广，但不少学生也容易犯错误。）
II．1 人的耳朵有两个功能：听声音和保持平衡。The human ear has two main functions: hearing and maintaining balance.
II．2 艾滋病有三个特点。AIDS has three basic characteristics [features].
II．3 我国7O~80％的大学生有心理问题70-80% of college students in our country have mental problems.
II．4 大多数的吸烟者都有肺部疾病。Most smokers have lung problems.
II．5 临床护理专家在日常工作中有四种不同的角色：护理者、顾问、教育者和研究者。
Clinical nurse specialists have four different roles in their daily practice: nurse practitioner, counselor, tutor [educator] and researcher.
III. contain sth / include sth （表示含有、包括）
III．1 其它反应还有胃痛、恶心、腹泻和气短。
Other reactions include stomach pains, sickness, diarrhea and shortness of breath.
III．2 他们的血液和体液里都含有大量艾滋病病毒，具有很强的传染性。
Their blood and body liquids contain lots of AIDS viruses which are highly infectious.
There are lots of highly infectious AIDS viruses in their blood and body liquids.
III．3 所以，应选择富有碳水化合物的食物。
Therefore, you should choose foods which contain a lot of carbohydrate.
Therefore, one should choose foods (which are) rich in carbohydrate.
III．4 狗会传播多种疾病，有一些是致人死命的疾病。
Dogs can spread many diseases, including some that are deadly to people.
Dogs can spread many diseases some of which can make people die.
III．5 一种食物中很难有全部的维生素。
One kind of food can hardly contain all the vitamins.
It is unlikely to have a kind of food that contains all sorts of vitamins.
III．6 差异可能有个体、宗教、性别、年龄、种族、生活方式、社会经济状况、家庭结构等。
The differences may include individuality, spiritual beliefs, gender, age, race, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and family structure.
III．7 临床护理专家（clinical nurse specialist）的作用有临床实践、咨询服务、教学以及相关护理研究成果的应用。
The role clinical nurse specialists should include clinical practice, consultation, teaching and the application of relevant nursing research.
实际上，汉语的“有”字，在许多情况下，是不须用have 或there is 之类的英语词汇表达出来的，例如：
1．有的细菌是有害于人体健康的微生物，有的则有益。
Some bacteria are harmful micro-organisms to our human body, but some are helpful.
*There are some bacteria are harmful micro-organisms to our human body, there are some are helpful. [wrong]
Some bacteria are bad for health, but some are good.
2. 过去几年，农村医疗卫生的形势有了很大的变化。
The situation of rural medical care greatly changed in the past years.
There were great changes in the situation of rural medical care in the past years.
*The situation of rural medical care had great changes recently. [not good]
The situation of rural medical care witnessed great changes in the past years.
Rural medical care greatly changed in the past years.
3. 导致这种情况的原因，我认为有两点。
I think that two reasons resulted in this situation.
I think there are two reasons leading to this situation.
4. 好医院应该有什么病人治什么病人。
A good hospital should treat whatever patients come to it.
A good hospital should treat all kinds of patients.
A good hospital should not refuse any patient.
5. 在整个青年期，人的行为都具有很大的盲目性和冲动性。
In the whole period of youth, a person's actions are full of blindness and impulse.
In the whole period of youth, a person's actions are characterized by blindness and impulse.
In the whole period of youth, a person's actions are often out of blindness and sudden excitement.
When people are young, they often act blindly and impulsively.
6. 人类与艾滋病作斗争已经有二十多年了。
Man has been fighting against [dealing with] AIDS for more than twenty years.
7. 要让患者在生命的末期没有身体上的痛苦。
Make sure that patients do not suffer much physical pain at the end of life.
We should make patients free of [from] much bodily pain at the end of their life.
We can free patients of [from] much bodily pain at the end of their life.
8．有了对该病毒基因的全面了解，我们就能找出控制该病毒的方法来。
With a full understanding of the viral genes, we can find a way to control the virus.
If we can understand all about the viral genes, we can find out a resolution to check the virus.
After we have known all about the genes of the virus, we can control the virus in an effective way.
然而，又有许多情况下，汉语没有“有”字，但英语可以用最基本最简单的have或there is来表达，这一点很值得我们的学生注意。例如：1．影响健康的因素很多。
There are many factors which can affect health.
2．基因将会在不同物种之间转移，转基因作物的培育过程中也会发生错误。
There will be movement of genes between species. There will be some mistakes in the development of genetically-modified crops,
too.
3．目前使用的化学物资多达20，000种左右。 Currently there are some 20,000 chemicals in use.
4． 20％的大学生心理严重障碍。 20％ of college students have serious mental problems.
5．近来许多社区开展了各种各样的健康教育活动。
Recently there have been a variety of health education activities in many communities.
6．过去的一年中，试管婴儿的出生数量大幅度飙升。
There was a sharp increase in the number of newborn test-tube babies in the past year.
7．他们个人卫生方面的问题很多。
They have many bad habits in personal hygiene.
There are many problems in their personal hygiene.
8．治疗药物可分为三大类：抗HIV病毒药物，免疫调节剂和抗感染药物。
There are three kinds of treatment drugs: the anti-HIV ones, immunoregulation ones and anti-infective ones. 9．该物质在什么浓度上对人无害，尚不清楚。
There is no known level at which this substance is not dangerous to people.
We do not know which concentrations make this substance harmful to people.
10．手术后无需用药。 There will be no need for any medication after operation.
11．毫无疑问，抽烟有害健康。 There is no doubt that smoking is harmful to health.
12．男人的寿命比女人短。 Men have a shorter lifespan than women.
Women usually live longer than men.
13．这个医生对待病人态度亲切。
This doctor has a pleasant manner towards his patients.
The doctor is kind to his patients.
14．乡村一级卫生院医疗质量无法保证，医疗事故更是经常出现。
You can not have good medical services in village clinics, and there are often medical accidents there.
The quality of medical services in village clinics is usually poor, and there are often medical accidents there. 1。交朋友必须要有原则。
We should follow a right principle when we make friends.
We should follow a righteous principle in making friends.
2。有人过于重视考试的分数。
Some people care too much about their points/ scores/ marks.
3。对任何事情来说，有准备比没有准备好。
To be prepared is always wiser than to be unprepared for every thing.
When we do any thing, it is always wiser for us to make preparations than not to make preparations.
4。有问题就要去解决。 If we have problems, we should solve them. Problems should be solved.
5。这个措施有的地方适用，有的地方不适用。
This measure is suitable to some places / in some situations /in some aspects /under some conditions while it is not suitable to other places.
We can adopt / take / use/ this measure in some situations but not in other ones.
6。这种情况，有人说可以，有人说不可以。
Some people agree to this situation while others do not.
Some people say yes to this situation while others do not.
Some people think that this situation is good enough but others do not think so.
7。有些地方和企业为追求眼前利益，不考虑生态环境，甚至以牺牲环境为代价。
Some places and enterprises obtain \secure \seek their short-term benefits disregarding the ecological environment or even at the cost of the environment.
8．如果有你的帮助，我们就能锦上添花。
With your help (if we can get your help), we can do it better and better (we can make it from better to better).
With you helping us, with us helped by you,
Without environment pollution (if there is no environment pollution/ we do not have environment pollution), the sky will be bluer and the water clearer.
1.这两个孪生儿长得很像，但性格不同。
The twins look alike but have very different characters.
Cf. The twins look alike but are very different in character.
2.有病不要拖，要马上看医生。When you are sick, you should go to see a doctor at once.
3.这些学生的心理疾病的产生都有一个渐变过程。
The mental disorders of these students develop gradually.
The mental illness in these students undergoes a process of gradual development.
4.为了使大学生有一个健康的心理，全国各高校一直致力于大学生心理保健工作。
In order to make students mentally healthy, colleges all over the country have been making great efforts to promote mental health care for them. 5.医学服务还有照顾、保护、关怀之意。
Medical services mean attention, protection and care.
Medical services are to provide attention, protection and care.
6.由粮食或糖提供的碳水化合物，在体内的物质代谢中同样具有非常重要的作用。
Carbohydrate which is provided by grain or sugar plays the same important role in metabolism of the body.
In the same way, carbohydrate is very important to metabolism of the body.
7.蛋白质和脂肪在体内代谢中，除提供热量外还有许多重要功能。
In metabolism of the body, protein and fat have many other important functions besides providing calories.
In metabolism of the body, there are many other important functions besides providing calories for protein and fat.
8.而我国目前却只有六七所医学院校设有该专业。
At present, however, only 6 or 7 medical colleges in our country have set up this specialty.
At present, however, this specialty has been offered [established] in only about half a dozen medical universities in our country.
At present, however, there are only 6 or 7 medical colleges in our country which have set up this specialty.
9.冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰、滑雪、晨练、冬泳等。
The winter sports events include chiefly skating, skiing, morning exercises and winter swimming.
10.民营医院或许正有类似的经历，它也将有一个自然成长的过程。
The private hospitals are maybe experiencing a similar process of natural development.
11.长期以来，我国的公立医院一直享有政府支持和财政补贴。
For a long time, public hospitals in our country have enjoyed [had] financial supports from the government.
For a long time, public hospitals in our country have been financially supported by the government.
For a long time, the government has been providing public hospitals in our country with financial supports.
12.截止2002年，我国艾滋病病毒感染总人数已突破一百万。
There had been more than one million victims of AIDS infection in our country by the end of 2002.
There had been more than one million people who had been infected by AIDS virus in our country by the end of 2002.
More than one million people had been infected by AIDS virus in our country by the end of 2002. [better]
13.已经证实的艾滋病传染途径主要有三条。
There are chiefly three confirmed ways for AIDS virus to get spread.
There are chiefly three confirmed ways AIDS virus can be spread.
It is confirmed that AIDS virus spreads chiefly through three ways.
14.近年来艾滋病的治疗研究有了很大进展。
Recently great progress has been made in research on treatment of AIDS.
*Recently research on treatment of AIDS has made great progress. [wrong]
15.某些中药成分在体外实验中能抑制HIV，且价格便宜，预计会有很好的应用前景。
Some Chinese herbal medicines are expected to have a good prospect of wide application, because they could check HIV in experiments and are very cheap.
Some Chinese herbal medicines will be widely used, because they have proved to be able to check HIV in experiments and are very cheap.
16.中医治疗骨伤很有经验。Chinese medicine is good [skillful] at treating bone injuries.
17.他是一个有才华的医生。
He is a talented doctor.
He is an excellent doctor.
18.最近，农村医疗卫生各个方面都有了很大进步。
Recently, great progress has been made in every aspect of medical care in the rural areas.
19.青年期行为还有一个重要的特征就是充满了困惑。
Puzzlement is another significant characteristic of behaviours in the period of youth.
Another significant characteristic of behaviors in the period of youth is that they are often out of puzzlement.
20.农村合作医疗面临很多困难。
There are many difficulties for cooperative medical care in the rural areas.
Cooperative medical care in the rural areas faces many difficulties.
21.生的时候要有尊严，死也要死得有尊严。
One should live with dignity and die with dignity.
One should live a dignified life and die a dignified death.
22.有了足够的碳水化合物，蛋白质和脂肪才能发挥正常作用。
When carbohydrate is in sufficient supply, protein and fat can play their normal roles.
With enough carbohydrate, protein and fat can perform their normal functions.
表达因果关系：
这一基本功能意念，是任何写作的最基本的任务之一。要掌握以下基本表达方式：
名词及词组：cause for / reason for/ factor for / explanation of / result of / consequence of / effect on / influence on
副词及词组：so / thus / therefore / as a result / as a consequence / accordingly / consequently / because of / due to / owing to
连接词：because / as / since / so that / so
动词及词组：make sb do sth / make sth happen / result in / result from / lead to / cause sb to do / cause sth to happen / affect / have an effect on / have an influence on / have an impact on /
I. 表达产生、引起、造成、使得：
1．自然化学反应造成食物软化或变色。
Natural chemical reactions cause foods to become soft or discolored.
Natural chemical reactions make foods (become) soft or discolored.
2．这种化学物质引起的健康问题一般不严重。
The health problems caused by this chemical usually are not severe.
The health problems resulting from this chemical usually are not severe.
This chemical does not cause serious health problems.
3．锻炼似乎可以减少体内雌激素（estrogen）的产生。
Exercise seems to reduce the body’s production of the hormone estrogen.
Exercise seems to make the body produce less of the hormone estrogen.
Exercise seems to result in[lead to] the body’s less production of the hormone estrogen.
Exercise seems to reduce estrogen in the body.
4．该病常常造成患者死亡。
This disease often causes its victims to die.
This disease often makes its victims die.
This disease often results in [lead to] the death of its victims.
This disease often kills its victims.
5．这是因为它产生的症状与其它疾病相似。This is because it produces [causes / brings about / result in] signs like many other sicknesses.
II. 表达影响：
1.他们研究该蛋白如何影响动物。
They study how the protein affects animals.
They study what effects[impacts] the protein has on animals.
2.心理的不正常严重影响了大学生的生活、学习。
Mental problems have already interfered with the normal life and work of college students.
Mental problems have already had a negative effect [impact / influence] on the normal life and work of college students.
Mental problems have already affected the normal life and work of college students.
3.不良生活方式和行为受社会心理因素影响，要靠全科医学服务才能很好地解决。
Since unhealthy living styles and behaviours are influenced [affected] by social and mental factors, they can be dealt with [corrected] only by general medical services.
Since unhealthy life styles and behaviours are under the influence of social and mental factors, they can be treated only by general medical services.
Since unhealthy life styles and behaviours are linked to social and mental factors, they can be corrected only by general medical services.
4.其实早餐对人体健康、学习和工作效率有着直接的影响。
In fact, breakfast has a direct effect [impact / influence] on one’s health and the efficiency of one’s learning and working.
In fact, breakfast can directly affect one’s health and the efficiency of one’s learning and working.
5.公立医院的服务问题，一直影响着医患关系实现正常化。
The service problems in public hospitals have always had a harmful impact [effect / influence] on the normal relationship between doctors and patients.
The service problems in public hospitals have always been doing harm to the normal relationship between doctors and patients.
6.忽视人的心理社会背景，影响了医疗服务的质量。
If a doctor overlooks the social and mental background of his patient, his medical service can be weakened.
Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the medical service.
Neglect of the social and mental background of a patient can harm the medical service.
If a doctor does not pay attention to the social and mental background of a patient, he can not provide good medical services.
III.表达广义的因果关系：
1.管理不善，问题很多。
Those problems resulted from [were caused by] the poor management. （注意！使用result in 和result from，前后的主语及宾语都必须用名词或者名词词组。）
The poor management resulted in [caused / led to] many problems. （注意！result in 和result from 的前后的因果关系正好相反。）Because of [Due to] the poor management, they had many problems.
Because the management was very poor, they faced many problems.
The management was so poor that they met with many problems. （注意！so that 常常分开用。）
The management was very poor, so they had many problems.
The management was very poor. As a result, they had many problems.（注意！as a result 是副词性词组，不能连接两个分句，前面要用句
号。）
2.这个问题（情况）很严重，我们不得不制定相关法律来解决。
The problem (situation) is so serious that we have to make some laws to deal with it.
The problem (situation) is very serious so that we have to make some laws to deal with it.
Because this problem is very serious, we must make laws to deal with it.
The serious problem results in the necessity of making some laws to deal with it.
The serious problem resulted in the laws that we had to make to deal with it.
3.现在许多农村人觉得看西医很贵，在大多数情况下他们更愿意去看中医。
Many rural people think treatment of western medicine is so expensive that they prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
Many rural people think treatment of western medicine is too expensive so that they prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
Because many rural people think treatment of western medicine is very expensive, they prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
Expensive treatment of western medicine resulted in the preference of rural people to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
The expensive treatment of western medicine resulted in the popularity of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
The high expenses of western medicine treatment resulted in the popularity of traditional Chinese medicine among rural people in most cases.
The worry about the high expenses of western medicine treatment of (among) the rural people resulted in their willingness (preference) to seek medical treatment of the traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
4.艾滋病传播得很快，已成为对社会的重大威胁之一。
AIDS spreads so quickly that it has become a dangerous threat to our society.
AIDS spreads very quickly so that it has become a danger to our society.
Since AIDS spreads very quickly, it has become a great threat to our society.
5.人人都应养成保持公共卫生的良好习惯，这样我们就能有一个干净整洁的生活、工作、游玩的环境。
Every person should develop a good habit to maintain public sanitation so that we can have clean and comfortable surroundings in which we live, work, and play.
Every person should keep a good habit to maintain public sanitation so that we can have a clean and tidy environment where we live, work, and play.
If every person keeps a good habit to maintain public sanitation, we can have a clean and tidy environment where we live, work, and play.
6.卫生资源短缺使他们的处境很困难。
The shortage of medical resources put them in a very difficult position.
The shortage of medical resources made their conditions [situation] very difficult.
The shortage of medical resources made them very difficult.
The shortage of medical resources caused a great difficulty for them.
The shortage of medical resources brought about [led to / resulted in] a great difficulty for them.
The shortage of medical resources caused them to be in a difficult situation.
7.医生粗心大意，就容易犯错误。
Carelessness of a doctor is likely to lead to [cause / result in] mistakes.
When a doctor is careless, it is likely for him to make mistakes.
A doctor may probably make mistakes just because of carelessness.
8.医院之间的竞争十分激烈，大家都为了留住病人，纷纷打起了技术、服务、环境、价格牌。
As [Because / Since]the competition between hospitals grows increasingly fierce [intense / stiff], hospitals are taking effective measures concerning technology, service, environment and price to attract more patients.
The fierce competition causes hospitals to [makes hospitals] take effective measures concerning technology, service, environment and price to attract more patients.
9.人口的数量迅速增加，恶化了城市的卫生条件。
The rapid increase of city population resulted in [led to / caused] poorer sanitary conditions.
Because the city population increased rapidly, the sanitary conditions in the city became worse and worse.
As a result of rapidly increased population, the sanitary conditions in the city became poorer.
10.环境、教育不同，人的性格也不同。
Different environments and educations result in[lead to] different personalities.
Different personalities result from[are caused by] different environments and educations.
Because of different environments and educations, people can develop different personalities.
As [Since / Because] people live in different environments and receive different educations, their personalities are different.
11.误诊是可怕的，往往会导致悲剧。
A terrible misdiagnosis often results in [leads to] a tragedy.
A misdiagnosis can be terrible, for it results in [leads to] a tragedy.
A tragedy often results from[is often caused by] a terrible misdiagnosis.
12.疾病能给人类造成巨大损失。
Illness can result in[lead to] a great damage [loss] to human beings.
英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”
补充：英语写作常用句型： 句子写的好坏，是文章写作成败的关键。以下一些惯用句型，实用性较强。 一。开头句型： 1．As far as…is concerned,…就……而论 When it comes to sth/doing sth. 当谈论到…… 1)As far as the role of information in the future is concerned, I believe that information will play a more and more important part in people’s decision-making. 2)As far as what was mentioned above is concerned, how can we ignore the advantages travelling brings forth? 就前面所提及的而言，我们怎么可以忽视旅游带来的裨益呢？ 2．It goes without saying that…不用说 1)It goes without saying that practice makes perfect. 2)It goes without saying that reading makes a full man. 3. It can be said with certainty that…可以肯定的说 1)It can …… that cultivating a hobby can add fun to our life. 2)It can ….… that because of the knowledge, we can now enjoy a comfortable life which is brought about by advanced technology. 可以肯定地说，正由于知识我们才能享受科技进步所带来的舒适生活。 4. As the proverb says, …有句谚语说 As the saying gose, …俗话说 As the saying puts it, …俗话说 1) As the proverb says, “Honesty is the best policy.”诚实为上策。 2) As………goes, “Diligence makes up for deficiencies.”俗话说：“勤能补拙”。 3)An English proverb says, “Lost time is never found again.” 英国有句谚语说的好：“光阴如流水，一去不复回。” 5. It has to be noticed that …必须注意的是…… 1)It has to be noticed that the air we breathe is already seriously polluted by the exhaust factories and vehicles give off. 必须注意的是：我们呼吸的空气已经被工厂和交通工具所释放的废气严重污染了。 2) It has to be noticed that market all over the country are swamped with fake and poor quality products and this has greatly harmed the state’s interests and people’s health. 必须注意的是：假冒伪劣的产品充斥全国市场，这种情况大大损害了国家利益和人 民的健康。 6. It’s generally recognized that …人们普遍认为 1) It’s generally recognized that college students shouldn’t try to reach after what is beyond their grasp when they choose to find a good job after graduation.人们普遍认为大学生 在大学毕业后想找一个好工作时，不应该追求超出他们能力以外的目标。 2)It’s generally recognized that lazy hands makes a man poor, while diligent hands bring
这些常用句型，熟记后，基本都可以在写作文的时候运用上。也不用绞尽脑汁去想如何表达自己的意思了。 1.While many people attach great importance to this issue, no real effective actions have been taken to solve it. Therefore, we should do our utmost in doing something to solve it. 尽管很多人非常重视这个问题，然而一直以来并没有采取真正有效的解决措施，因此，我们应该尽最大努力来解决这一问题。 2.After a good many years of efforts to/ enthusiasm for..., people begin to... 经过许多年的努力/热衷于……多年之后，人们开始…… 例句：After a good many years of enthusiasm for fighting in the city, people begin to try to live a comfortable life in the country. 热衷于在城市拼搏多年之后，人们开始想在小城镇过上舒适的生活。 3.Recently, the problem of...has aroused people's concern. 最近，……问题已引起人们的关注。 例句：Recently, the problem of abandoning animals has aroused people's concern. 最近，遗弃动物这个问题已引起人们的关注。 4.As far as I am concerned, the advantages of...is more than disadvantages. 我认为……利大于弊。 例句：As far as I am concerned, the advantages of establishing library in town is more than disadvantages. 我认为在城镇建立图书馆利大于弊。 5....has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 1 / 19
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 2 / 19
基本句型一：主谓结构 本结构由主语+不及物动词构成，不及物动词后不能跟宾语，用来表示主语的动作。主语可以有定语修饰，谓语也可以有状语修饰。 例句: 红彤彤的太阳从升起来。 The red sun rises in the east. Translation 1.康住在。 __________________________________________________________________ 2.他的父母已经在这家公司工作十年了 __________________________________________________________________ 3.他们不得不乘船旅行。 __________________________________________________________________ 4.他昨晚回家很晚。 __________________________________________________________________ 5.会议将持续两个小时。 __________________________________________________________________ 6.在过去的十年里，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。 __________________________________________________________________ 7.冬天有些鸟飞到南方去。 __________________________________________________________________
仿写专题（一） ---- There be句型 are/is/was/were/used to be/ doing sth./done There have/has/had been /will be + 名词/代词to do/to be done + 地点+ 时间may/can/muse be 介词短语、定语从句 exist, lie, live, stand, seem / happen / appear to be remain, come, follow There is no use / point / sense / good + in doing sth. There is no need / chance / possibility to do sth 实例展示一 ◆There are no children in this house. ◆There appear to be several reasons for changing our plans. ◆There remains nothing to be done. ◆Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 仿写练习 1．有一条河流过我们村。（flow. .．through） There/flows/a river/through our village. 2．这台电脑好像出毛病了。 There/seems to be/something wrong/with this computer. 3．还有很多问题没有解决。 There/remain/a large number of problems/to be solved. 4．接着是一阵令人难受的沉默。( follow) There/followed/an uncomfortable silence． 5．这个地区曾经发生过一次严重的交通事故。( there used to be) There/used to be/a serious traffic accident/in the area. 实例展示二 ◆There is going to be a lecture on environmental protection held in our lecture hall this weekend. ◆There are 10 yuan left in my pocket. 仿写练习 1.有成千上万的人在地球日那一天关掉灯，和家人到外面散步。 There are/thousands of people/turning off the light/and/walking outside/with their family/on the Earth Day. 2.只剩一个月的时间就要期中考试了。( before) There are/only one month/left/before the mid-term examination.
英语基本句型写作练习一 分析下列句子成分并写出句型。 1. You should study hard. 2. She went home very late yesterday evening. 3. That morning we talked a great deal. 4. I wrote a letter last night. 5. I want to talk with you this afternoon. 6. He has read this book many times. 7. My brothers are all college students. 8. Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 9. Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 10. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 11. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 12. Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster. 13. Would you please pass me the dictionary? 14. We call her Alice. 15. His parents named him John. 16. All of us considered him honest. 17．They pushed the door open.
18. There isn’t going to be a meeting tonight. 19. There was only a well in the village. 20. There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school.指出下列句子加粗部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. The meeting will last two hours. 12. They have carried out the plan successfully. 13. At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 14. He showed the ticket to the conductor. 15．They have set the thief free.
写作步步高 1.如何写好简单句 只含有一个主谓结构的句子（有时含有并列主语或并列谓语动词）叫作简单句。简单句的五种基本句型和There be句型介绍如下： 1）主语+不及物动词（S+V） 2）主语+及物动词+宾语（S+V+O） 3）主语+系动词+表语（S+V+C） 4）主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语（S+V+IO+DO） 5）主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（S+V+O+C） 6）There + be句型 基本句型1 主谓结构由“主语+不及物动词”构成，常用来表示主语的动作。主语可有修饰语（定语），谓语可有修饰语(状语)。如： Great (定语) changes have taken place in my home town (状语) in the past ten years. (状语) She sat there alone, reading a novel. (形容词alone和分词短语作伴随状语) 基本句型2 主谓宾结构由“主语+及物动词+宾语”构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂，不定式就经常充当宾语。如： The Internet helps (to) make many friends. (不定式作宾语) The student union has decided to organize a music week. So I hope to teach foreigners Chinese and spread Chinese culture. 基本句型3 主系表结构由“主语+系动词+表语”组成，用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有：(1)表示特征和存在状态的be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound； (2)表示状态延续的remain, stay, keep, continue, stand； (3)表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow Traffic in cities is getting heavier and heavier. Anyone should be honest and helpful to his families, teachers and classmates. As is in China, the weather is different from area to area. It is a fact that they can?t pass the exam. The dish tastes delicious. (taste, feel, sound, smell等词作连系动词时，无被动语态) 运用以上三种句型翻译下列句子 1.我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 2.对他们来，骑自行车到那里去很不容易。 3.几个月以后，李明变得和以前一样健康。 4.你这样说真是太好心了。 5.和陌生人一块儿度假不是个好主意。 6.我爷爷早晨起得很早。 7.布朗夫人看起来很健康。 8.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。
词语是语言的内容，句型是言语的框架。如果只有词语，而没有组织词语的句型，语言就难有深度，难成逻辑。所以熟记一些在文章的不同位置和用于表达不同逻辑的常用句型是英语初、中级学习者必须完成的一项任务。因此在本章中特别编辑了一些在英语写作中常用的句型，供大家在学习和实践中参考使用。 常用于引言段的句型 1. Some people think that …. To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now. 3. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …. I believe…. 5. My argument for this view goes as follows. 6. Along with the development o f…, more and more…. 7. There is a long-running debate as to whether…. 8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that…. 9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter. 10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides. 常用于正文段的句型 一、表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法 1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B. 2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect. 3. A and B differ in…. 4. A differs from B i n…. 5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in…. 6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B…. 7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B…. 8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B…. 9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different. 10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B…. 11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B…. 二、演绎法常用的句型 1．There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones. 2．There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones. 3．Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective. 4．Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows. 5．The reasons are as follows. 三、因果推理法常用句型 1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this,
英语写作常用句型 一、关于人物简介 A) Age, sex, birth-place, background （概况，背景） 1．我是一个18岁的高三学生，在南海中学读书。 I am a 18-year-old Senior Three student at Nanhai Middle School. 2．在他童年时，他父亲对他非常严格。 His father was very strict with him during his childhood. 3．罗雪娟出生在浙江省，23岁，是中国女子奥林匹克游泳冠军。 A: Luo Xuejuan was born in Zhejiang province and she is a 23-year-old Chinese female Olympic swimming champion. B: Born in Zhejiang province, Luo Xuejuan is a 23-year-old Chinese female Olympic swimming champion. 4．亚伯拉汗·林肯(Abraham Lincoln)，一个贫苦家庭的儿子，于1809年2月12日出生于肯塔基州(Kentucky)。 Abraham Lincoln, a son of a poor family, was born in on February 12, 1809. 5．王安于1945年从他的出生地上海移居美国。 A: Wang An moved to the US from Shanghai in 1945. He was born in Shanghai. B: Wang An moved from Shanghai, where he was born, to the US in 1945. 6．孙淑伟，世界跳水冠军，男，14岁，广东人。 Sun Shuwei, a world champion in diving, is a boy of 14 from Guangdong. 7．李华，女，20岁，身高1.60 身体健康。 LiHua, who is a girl of 20 years old, is 1.60 meters tall and in good health. 8．袁隆平, 1937年9月7日出生在重庆的一个贫困农民家庭。 Born on September 7, 1937 in Chongqing, Y uan Longping was from a poor farmer’s family. B) Appearance, character （外貌，性格） 9．他近视眼，鼻梁上戴着一副眼镜。 He is near-sighted guy with a pair of glasses on his nose. 10．我的好同学李琳，16岁，身材不高，衣着朴实。 My good classmates, Li Lin, who is 16 years old, isn’t tall and is always dressed simply. 11．她长得好看，有一头长长的漂亮的头发。 She is good-looking with long beautiful hair. 12．李莎，我们的英语老师，女，22岁，1.65米，身材苗条, 装扮入时。 Li Sha，our English teacher, is a fashionable young lady, who is 22 years old, 1.65 meters tall and very slim. 13．爱恩斯坦，出生于德国，是一位有非凡想象力的科学家。 Born in Germany, Einstein is a great scientist with an extraordinary imagination. 14．我们的英语老师名叫Bruce，是位英国人，40岁左右，又高又瘦，戴着一副眼镜。 Bruce, our English teacher, who is from England, is about 40 years old. He is tall and thin with a pair of glasses on his nose. C) Interest and hobby（兴趣和爱好） 15．她亲切和蔼，乐于助人。 Being kind and helpful she always enjoys helping others out. 16．业余时间他花很多时间听音乐读小说。 In his spare time, he spends lots of time listening to music and reading novels. 17．她跟几乎每个人都相处得很好，无论走到哪里都很受欢迎。 She gets on well with almost everyone and is always welcome wherever she goes. D) Education（教育情况） 18．从哈佛大学物理系毕业graduate from physics department of Harvard University 19．出国进修go abroad for further studies 20．出生在一个贫困的小职员家庭中，查尔斯．迪更生接受了很少学校教育。 Born of a poor clerk’s family, Charles Dickens had little schooling. 21．哈佛大学是世界著名大学，王安在那里获得博士学位。 Harvard is a world-famous university, where Wang An got his Doctor’s degree. 22．袁隆平1953年毕业于西南农学院，毕业后被分配到湘西农校任教。 Having graduated from Southwest Agriculture College in 1953, Yuan Longping was sent to work as a teacher in the Agriculture School in the west of Hunan. E) Big events in his/her life （生平） 23．高中毕业后，她在一家公司当过一年秘书。 She has once worked as a secretary in a company for a year after she graduated from high school. 24.他的教学方法不同于别人，鼓励学生思考，培养学生的自学能力。 His teaching style is quite different from that of the others; moreover, he always encourages us to think hard and develop our ability to study on our own. 25.她热爱教育事业，工作认真负责，乐意帮助学生。 She loves teaching and is strict in her work; whenever the students have difficulty, she is always ready to help them. 26.她教学方法灵活多样，课堂教学生动有趣，深受学生好评。 She has many ways to make her classes lively and interesting, and she is popular with her students. 27.她经常向学生介绍学习的方法。 She often gives students advice on how to learn English well 28.在她的帮助下，学生英语水平提高很快。 With her help, her students have made great progress in English. 29.她与学生关系融洽，常与学生通过电子邮件和网上聊天交流。 She gets on well with the students, who always communicates with us by e-mail or Internet . 30.他对学生要求严格，认真备课，认真批改作业。 He is strict with us in our study; besides, he prepares his lessons well and corrects our homework carefully. 31.他和学生打成一片，和蔼可亲，深受学生的爱戴和尊敬。 After class, he often helps us, cares for us, and is very kind to us; what’s more, he always plays basketball and football with us in his spare time ---we all love and respect him. 32.她英语说写较突出，曾在上学时获英语竞赛一等奖。
英语写作常用句型：名言警句 01. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧. 02. Time is money. 时间就是金钱 03. Easier said than done. 说来容易做来难 04. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成. 05. Look before you leap. 三思而后行. 06. Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量 07. God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助. 08. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 心之所愿，无事不成 09. It’s never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老 10. No pains, no gains. 不劳无获 11. Once in a blue moon. 千载难逢 12. To make the impossible possible. 将不可能变为可能 13. There is but a secret to success—Never give up! 成功只有一个秘诀—永不放弃! 14. Every little helps. 点滴都有用;积少成多 15. First things first. 先做重要之事 16. Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同 17. Rome was not built in a day. 成功并非一朝一夕的事 18. All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子
英语补弱之勇闯书面表达篇 河北省易县育英高级中学（074200）庞永升 英语书面表达是英语知识的综合运用；是基础知识升华。高考书面表达占30分，是分量较重的部分。因此掌握句式结构，准确翻译句子是基础。 （一）补习句式结构 下面以作文中经常出现的经典句式为例，对基本句型的运用作些说明，以提高书面表达能力。【句型1】主语+ 不及物动词（S+V） 【例句】 （1）I hesitated for a moment. （2）The next day, we set off early in the morning. 练一练： （1）为了赶上别人，你最好努力学习。To catch up with others, you’d better work harder.（2）事故是怎样发生的呢？How did the accident occur/happen? （3）在刚刚过去的30年里，我们的生活发生了很大的变化。Our life has changed a lot in the past thirty years. （4）她正沿着湖边走。She is walking along the lake. 【句型2】主语+ 系动词+ 表语（S+V+P） 常见的系动词有：be, seem, appear, become, go, get, grow, turn, look, sound, feel, taste, smell 【例句】 (１). As the saying goes, eyes are the window of our hearts. 众所周知的是，眼睛是心灵的窗户。 好处：谚语的使用增光添彩。 (2). Everyone is born equal. 每个人生来平等。 好处：意思表达准确。 练一练： （1）那人看起来很善良。That man seems kind. （2）我们以我们的朋友而自豪。We are proud of our friends. 【句型3】主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语 【例句】 (1). If your eyes are aching, doing some eye exercises can relieve your eye tiredness. 如果你的眼睛感到疼痛，做眼操可以缓解你的视力疲劳。 好处：动名词作主语引导从句。 (2).I believe after I fulfill these plans,1 will be able to lead a happy life in college. 我认为在我完成这些计划的时候，我将可以过上新的生活。 好处：lead a happy life，过上快乐的生活。 (3).I look forward to hearing from you. 我期待能收到你的消息。 好处：这个句子常用在信件的结尾，look forward to后面加分词或者名词。 (4). The striking differences between the two show rapid changes in people's life in China. 这两人着装上的巨大的差距，昭示了我国人民生活水平的巨大变化。 好处：striking修饰主语，表示强烈的语气。 练一练： （1）我们欣赏着温暖的阳光和美丽的景色。we enjoyed the warm sunshine and a beautiful