法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试样题
试卷一
本题为单项选择题，限时180分钟。
1. Bill of Rights
a. Domestic federal legislation.
b. Legal protection against interference of rights by private individuals.
c. A popular name given to the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
d. The federal constitutional provision which grants rights to state governments.
2. Standing
a. Abbreviation of “notwithstanding”
b. The ability to bring a lawsuit because of a party’s actual injury for which the court can provide a remedy.
c. The ripeness of a case or controversy.
d. The status of a person, group, or organization appearing as a “friend of the court.”
3. Consideration
a. Process of judicial deliberation before rendering a decision in a contested case.
b. The lengthy recitals of “boilerplate”language appearing in many contracts.
c. The inducement to enter a contract, and a necessary element to prove the validity of a contract.
d. The detrimental reliance of an offere
e.
4. Promissory Estoppel
a. A failure to prosecute a civil or criminal action.
b. Power to make an offer to the public rather than a specific individual.
c. Equitable doctrine recognized as substitute for consideration in some cases.
d. Ability of an agent to bind a principal in matters beyond the scope pf agency.
5. Punitive Damages
a. Damages to compensate for injury .
b. Civil damages meant to punish the wrongdoer for causing injury.
c. “Nominal”or minimal damages.
d. Non-monetary damages, such as an injunction (injunctive relief) or”specific injunction (injunctive relief) or “specific performance”of a contract obligation.
6. When airplanes fly over your home, are your property rights violated?
a. No, never.
b. Normally, no, unless the flights are low and frequent.
c. Yes, because you own all the air above your home, into outer space.
d. Normally, no, based on your right to quiet use and enjoyment of the property.
7. Venue
a. The street or avenue where a courthouse can often be found.
b. Diversity of citizenship.
c. The dates of a trial.
d. The location of a trial.
8. Deposition
a. A tool of discovery used before trial.
b. Statements made by a witness on the witness stand during trial (also known as “trial testimony”).
c. The position a defendant is placed in while waiting for a trial.
d. The court’s resolution of a cas
e.
9. Generally speaking, a limited partnership may be dissolved by which of the following events or occurrences?
a. By the filing of a certificate of limited partnership.
b. By a relocation of the partnership.
c. By the marriage of a limited partner.
d. By the bankruptcy of a general partner.
10. A corporation is a legal entity:
a. created by the local government.
b. created and recognized by an entrepreneurial agency.
c. managed internally by the federal government.
d. created and recognized by state law in most cases.
11. Jurisdiction
a. A geographic area, used primarily for determining eligibility to vote.
b. The presence of a defendant in a state where he or she can be served with a summons or a subpoena.
c. The power of the executive branch to enforce the judgments of the courts.
d. The power and authority of a court or other body to render judgment in a cas
e.
12.Paralegal
a. A secondary source of law.
b. A lawyer’s assistant.
c. One who holds an advanced law degree.
d. A law student.
13. Kirby Construction Co. in preparing its bid for the construction a new hospital received a quotation of $120,000 from Kat’s Interiors Inc．who offered to do the kitchen work in the new hospital．This bid was $30，000 lower than Kirby’s next lowest bid for the kitchen work．As a result，Kirby lowered his bid by $20，000 before submitting it to the hospital board．After Kirby was awarded the construction bid，and had accepted Kat's offer, Kat’s president discovered that in his
preparation of the quotation he had overlooked some subsidiary kitchen installments required by the plans．
Immediately thereafter, Kat’s Interiors brings suit for rescission of the contract．They should
(A)succeed，because of the unilateral mistake
(B)not succeed，unless Kirby knew or should have known of Kat's error
(C)succeed，because the mistake was an essential element of the bargain
(D)not succeed，since the computation mistake was antecedent to acceptance of the bid
14. In disputes over whether a partnership exists, which of the following is NOT considered to be an essential element?
(A) An equal right in the management of the business.
(B) The sharing of profits or losses.
(C) The consultation on business strategy.
(D) Joint ownership in the business.
15. This jurisdiction makes suicide a crime. Jilly, a day trader, is despondent over a failed marriage and catastrophic financial losses during the recent 2,000 point drop in the Nasdaq stock exchange. Jilly went up to the roof of her fourth story apartment building and decided to jump off. She landed on top of two pedestrians, Alex and Jean Pietro, who cushioned her fall and saved her life. Unfortunately, Alex and Jean Pietro were seriously injured when Jilly crashed on top of them.
Jilly is guilty of
(A) battery
(B) attempted murder
(C) attempted manslaughter
(D) reckless endangerment
16. The Commonwealth of Delmarva has passed a law that provides that only residents of Delmarva who are citizens of the United States can own agricultural land in the state. Delp, a citizen
of the United States who resides in the neighboring state of Agoura, has contracted with Barerra to purchase the latter’s farm which is located in Delmarva. Barrera, who is a resident of Delmarva, has been informed by his attorney that his sales agreement with Delp is null and void under state law.
Which of the following is the best constitutional argument to contest the validity of the Delmarva statute?
(A) The Contract Clause prohibition against a state from enacting any law that will impair the obligation of contracts.
(B) The Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
(C) The Privileges and Immunities Clause under Article IV, Section 2.
(D) The national property power provision under Article IV, Section 3.
17. Alice is sitting on her front porch watching her husband Bruce，who is mowing the lawn．Carl，who hates Bruce but is a friend of Alice’s，whose presence is known to him，draws a pistol and threatens to kill Bruce．Alice，who is pregnant，Suffers severe emotional distress as a result of the trauma and soon afterwards has a miscarriage．
In an action by Alice against Carl for mental anguish resulting in her miscarriage，Alice will
(A)lose，because Carl did not know that Alice was pregnant
(B)win，because it is highly probable that Carl’s extreme and outrageous conduct would cause emotional distress to Alice
(C)lose，because Carl's actions were directed against Bruce，so only Bruce may recover for emotional distress
(D)win，because she is Bruce's wife
18. Clyde Cooch, a prominent judge, lived next door to Lester Biggs．Recently Judge Cooch had sentenced Lester Biggs' son, Dopey, to six months in prison on a narcotics charge．One afternoon while judge Cooch was mowing his lawn，Lester decided to avenge his son's conviction．Lester set up his water sprinkler behind some shrubbery separating their adjoining properties．As the judge was mowing his lawn and came within reach of the water sprinkler, Lester turned on the sprinkling device，and doused the judge with water．
Judge Cooch would be able to recover against Lester for which of the following tort(s)：
(A) negligence
(B) battery
(C) assault and battery
(D) battery and trespass
19. Cassie and her four-year-old son，Noah，were Christmas shopping at F.A.O. Schwartz Toy Store in midtown Manhattan．F.A.O. Schwartz，which operates one of New York's largest retail toy stores，sells a complete array of toys，games，dolls，hobbies and crafts．The iterns were displayed on a variety of tables and shelves which were easily accessible to the customers．While Cassie was walking down one of the aisles，her attention became focused on a "Howdy Doody”doll that was prominently exhibited on an overhead display shelf．When Cassie approached the doll display, she reached up to grab the "Howdy Doody" doll．As she did so, Cassie failed to see a “Buffalo Bob”doll lying on the floor．She tripped over the doll and fell down, fracturing her hip．If Cassie asserts a claim against F.A.O. Schwartz for her injuries，will the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur be applicable on the issue of the toy store's liability?
(A)Yes，because Cassie was a business invitee on the premises of the toy store．
(B)Yes，because F.A.O. Schwarfz was in control of the premises at the time of the accident．
(C)No, because the "Buffalo Bob" doll may have been dislodged by another customer．
(D)No，unless the “Buffalo Bob”doll had been displayed on the edge of the shelf in a negligent manner by one of F.A.O. Schwartz's employees．
20. Amos is the owner in fee simple of Blackacre. a 7-acre tract, on which he maintains a dwelling house for himself and his family．Adjoining Blackacre is Whiteacre，a 10-acre tract，owned by Andy．In order to gain access to the highway, Amos has an easement to cross over Whiteacre．Amos has recently purchased Greenacre，a 12-acre tract，which abuts Whiteacre but is not appurtenant to Blackacre. Amos has begun constructing a farmhouse on Greenacre and is using the existing easement (across Whiteacre) to gain access to the 12-acre tract．Amos has never received permission from Andy to use the road across Whiteacre to gain access to Greenacre．
In an appropriate action by Andy to enjoin Amos from using the existing easement to gain access to Greenacre，the plaintiff will most likely
(A)succeed，because Amos is making use of the servient tenement beyond the scope and extent of the easement as it was originally created
(B)succeed，because Amos has no right to use the servient tenement in connection with a tract of land which is not part of the dominant tenement
(C)not succeed，because Amos has an easement by necessity
(D)not succeed，because Amos has a right to use the easement in a manner not inconsistent with the rights of the owner of the servient tenement
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试样题
试卷二
本题包括翻译、写作两部分，共限时180分钟
1 Translation
(1)Please translate the following paragraph into English
根据中国银监会的资料，截至2004年12月31日，中国境内共有12家持有全国性银行执照的股份制商业银行。截至同一日期，就总资产规模而言，本银行是这些银行中最大的。一般而言，股份制商业银行的股东架构各不相同，包括（但不限于）当地政府实体及国有企业。这些股份制商业银行大多数是在八十年代后期和九十年代初期组建，整体市场份额逐年增加，而四大银行的市场份额逐年下降。根据中国银监会的资料，截至2004年12月31日，这些银行占中国金融机构总资产约14.9%。
(2) Please translate the following paragraph into Chinese
2-202. Final Written Expression: Parol or Extrinsic Evidence.
Terms with respect to which the confirmatory memoranda of the parties agree or which are otherwise set forth in a writing intended by the parties as a final expression of their agreement with respect to such terms as are included therein may not be contradicted by evidence of any prior agreement or of a contemporaneous oral agreement but may be explained or supplemented
(a) by course of dealing or usage of trade (Section 1-205) or by course of performance (Section 2-208); and
(b) by evidence of consistent additional terms unless the court finds the writing to have been intended also as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement .
2 Writing
Suppose you were Marie Lin, a lawyer of SHICHENG LAW FIRM, you have known that Max Chen wants to retain a legal consulting firm from a friend. Now, please write a letter to Max Chen, persuade him to choose your law firm. You also send him your firm brochure.
Max Chen’s address: ABC corporation, Cyber Tower, Suite 119, Haidian, Beijing, China.
Please pay more attention to format of your letter.
紫云自治县2016—2017 学年度第一学期期末教学质量检测试卷（）13.—Do you often play football on the weekend? —________ 语五年级英 B. Yes, I do. C. No, I do. A. Yes, I am. 100分钟）100 分时间：（总分：）14. Where________the girl come from? （ A. are B. is C. does 题号一二三四五六七八九总分
（）15. ________nice camera it is! 分得A. What B. How C. What a 评卷人 三、根据所给场景，选择合适的句子。(10 分) 分）一、找出下列单词中与众不同的一项。（10 （）16.当你想知道今天是星期几时，应问：C. hot B. sweet （）1.A. tea A. What day is it today? B. What do you have? C. It's Monday? （B. bike C. lake ）17.当你想知道别人会做什么事时，应问：（）2.A. river A. What do you do? ）（3.A. park B. old C. young B. What can you do? C. What are you do? （）18.当你想知道别人最喜欢的食物是什么时，应问：（）4. A. flower C. mountain B. tree
A. What's your favorite food? B. What 's your best like food? C. Sunday 5. A. Friday B. dirty （）C. What's your favorite fruit? 20 分）二、单项选择。（（）19.当你想感谢对方时，应说：________is your English teacher? （6. ）—A. You are welcome. B. I see. C. Thank you! Miss Liu. —（）20.当你问别人想喝什么时，你应说： C. Who B. Which A. What A. What do you like? B. What would you like to drink? 7. I________ a student. （）C. What's your like? C. is B. are A. am 四、从 B 栏中选出 A 栏的最佳答语。（10 分）8.
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1 A buyer can accept goods by: A. Stating an intention to take them. B. Failing to reject them. C. Treating the goods as if the buyer owned them. D. All of the above. 2 Mary agrees to sell a used car to Bill for $ 5,000. After Bill pays, Mary tells him to come over and pick up the car. However, Bill waits until Wednesday to pick up the car. In the meantime, the car is stolen. Who bears the loss here? Assume that we have neither a shipment contract nor a destination contract, and that Mary has never sold a care before. A. Mary. B. Bill C. Neither Mary and Bill. D. Both Mary and Bill. Mary agrees to sell a used car to Bill for $ 5,000. After Bill pays, Mary tells him to come over and pick up the car. However, Bill waits until Wednesday to pick up the car. In the meantime, the car is stolen. Who bears the loss here? Assume that we have neither a shipment contract nor a destination contract, and that Mary has never sold a care before. A. Mary. B. Bill C. Neither Mary and Bill. D. Both Mary and Bill. In order for someone to be convicted of a crime, which of the following elements must be present? A. The defendant had a socially maladjusted childhood. B. The defendant had no intent to commit the act. C. The defendant performed a prohibited act. D. The defendant performed a morally questionable act. Bob often left his friend Mark in charge of his bicycle store. One Saturday evening, after Mark had left for the week, Bob discovered that he was missing $9,000 in cash. Mark may be guilty of: A. Robbery. B. Embezzlement. C. Misappropriation. D. Conversion. When profits earned illegally are channeled through a legitimate business for the purpose of giving the funds the appearance of legitimacy, the act of ______ occurs: A. Insider trading. B. Economic espionage. C. Money laundering. D. Burglary. When profits earned illegally are channeled through a legitimate business for the purpose of giving the funds the appearance of legitimacy, the act of ______ occurs:
2013-2014学年第二学期 华侨大学法学院期末考试试卷 考试科目：法律英语考核类型：A卷考试时间：120 分钟 学号姓名授课教师骆旭旭 (注意：所有的答案（包括选择题）应做在空白答题纸上) Exercise 1: Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(30%) The dominant purpose in starting the public enterprises had been public good and profit motive was secondary; however, of late the scenario has changed. With the liberalisation of markets the public undertakings are in direct competition with the private players and have to have profit motive in mind. If not, there have been criticisms by industry on the unequal treatment meted out to the private players. Here it is important to note the definition of "enterprise" under the Competition Act. It makes no distinction between a private and a public enterprise/undertaking. In fact it even includes a department of the Government which does not perform a "sovereign function". Functionally, the public undertakings have been broadly classified into four heads: ?Financial Institutions, such as Life Insurance Corporation of India, Reserve Bank of India, Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation Ltd, Film Finance Corporation Ltd, Unit Trust of India, Industrial Reconstruction Bank, etc. ?Promotional and Development Undertakings, such as Rehabilitation Housing Corporation Ltd, National Research Development Corporation Ltd, Food Corporation of India, Central Warehousing Corporation, National Small Industries Corporation Ltd, etc. ?Commercial and Industrial Undertakings, such as State Trading Corporation, Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd, Indian Airlines Corporation, Air India, etc. ?Public Utilities are those undertakings which render certain essential services to the people, like transportation, electricity, communications, energy, etc. The objective of such undertakings is to provide services to the community economically and efficiently and making profit is not the primary aim.
濉溪县2019—2019 学年度第一学期期末考试 高二英语试卷 第一部分听力（共两节，满分20分） 第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 ( ) 1. ? A. . B. . C. . ( ) 2. ’t ? A. . B. . C. ’t . ( ) 3. ’s ? A. . B. . C. . ( ) 4. ’s ’s ? A. A . B. A . C. A . ( ) 5. ? A. ’t . B. . C. . 第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分） 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料，回答第6至7题。 ( ) 6 ? A. . B. . C. . ( ) 7 ? A. . B. . C. . 听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。 ( ) 8 ? A. A . B. A . C. A . ( ) 9 ? A. a . B. a . C. a . ( ) 10 ? A. . B. . C. . 听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。 ( ) 11 ? A. a . B. a . C. . ( ) 12 ? A. 1 . B. 2 . C. 3 . ( ) 13 ? A. . B. . C. . 听第9段材料，回答第14至17题。
试卷代码： 南京城市职业学院2015-2016学年度第二学期 酒店管理专业酒店英语期末考试试题 班级：学号：姓名： 2016年6月 一、单选题（每题1分，共20分） 1、Good morning. _______ I help you? A、Would B、Must C、May D、Am 2、I would like to _________ a room, please. A．order B、book C、see D、look 3. It’s very kind __________ you to help me. A．of B、to C、by D、for 4. What’s the ________ for a double room? A. right B. rate C、money D、for 5. I would like to book a double room ________ bath. A. with B. of C、by D、for 6.Excuse me, sir. You need to ________ the form. A. fill in B. fill on C、fill of D、fill for 7.We are looking forward to __________ you. A. see B. saw C、seeing D、sees 8.I'm afraid we are fully booked _______ the 5th. A. with B. of C、by D、for 9.Do you want to pay _____ cash or _____ credit card. A. in in B. by by C、by in D、in by 10.The porter will show you _______ your room. A. with B. to C、by D、for 11.My flight will leave ______ 6 pm today. A. with B. on C、at D、for 12.The hotel is full and there is someone ________ your room. A. take B. To take C、takes D、taking 13.Let me _______ you with your luggage.
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试样题 试卷一 本题为单项选择题，限时180分钟。 1. Bill of Rights a. Domestic federal legislation. b. Legal protection against interference of rights by private individuals. c. A popular name given to the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. d. The federal constitutional provision which grants rights to state governments. 2. Standing a. Abbreviation of “notwithstanding” b. The ability to bring a lawsuit because of a party’s actual injury for which the court can provide a remedy. c. The ripeness of a case or controversy. d. The status of a person, group, or organization appearing as a “friend of the court.” 3. Consideration a. Process of judicial deliberation before rendering a decision in a contested case. b. The lengthy recitals of “boilerplate” language appearing i n many contracts. c. The inducement to enter a contract, and a necessary element to prove the validity of a contract. d. The detrimental reliance of an offere e.
第一课Introduction 1. What is the definition of contracts? 2. For a contract to be enforceable, what are the requirements? 3. If someone is sued for breach of contract, what are the possible defenses he 4. Explain the concept of capacity in contract law. 第二课Performance and Non-Performance What problems often arise in the performance stage of a contract? 2. What are the excuses of non-performance? 3. What constitutes a waiver and what are its legal consequences? 4. When is a contractual relationship terminated? 第三课Contract Remedies and Computation of Damages 1. How is expectation interest measured? 2. What is reliance interest? 3. What is restitution interest? In what way is it different from expectation interest? 4. What purpose do nominal damages serve? 5. Under what circumstances are consequential damages awarded? 6. Under what circumstances are punitive damages awarded? 第四课Rights of Third Parties 1. Explain the differences between an intended beneficiary and incidental beneficiary. 2. What is the usual attitude of the court to anti-assignment clauses in the contract? 3. What is a delegation? What makes effective delegation? 4. What duties are delegable? 5. When is the duty of delegating party discharge? 6. What is novation? 第五课Sales Contracts 1. What are the basic obligations of the parties in a sale? 2. What purpose does a documentary exchange serve? 3. What is the nature of a bill of lading? 4. What are the rights of buyer? 第六课The Trial 1.What will the plaintiff’s lawyer say in the opening statement? 2.What is a motion for directed verdict? When can it be made? 3. What is the role of the judge during the examination of the witnesses? 4. What are the contents of jury instruction? 5. What if the jury or the required number of jurors are unable to agree?
01 Passage 1 Hypnotism (催眠术) is very old. Thousands of years ago people started to use it in Egypt. The use of hypnotism has grown very much since that time. Today, doctors and scientists are in almost every country hypnotize people to help them with their problems. What is hypnotism, and how does it work? Many people think that a hypnotist puts people to sleep. Then he makes the hypnotized people do strange things. This is not what a hypnotist does. Hypnotism is really just a way to relax the mind and body. What are some of the uses of hypnotism? We go to a hypnotist because w e have a problem. The problem makes us unhappy. The hypnotist asks us to think hard about something and relax. When we are relaxed, t he hypnotist gives us some ideas to help us with our problems. Hypnotism can help people to remember things. The police sometimes ask hypnotists to help them. For example, a man sees an accident. He forgets the license number of the car he sees. If he is hypnotized he may remember it. The police can then find the car and catch the driver. People who are hypnotized can also make mistakes or say something that isn't true. People remember what they think they saw. That may not be what really happened. The police don't hypnotize people who do something wrong. Why not? People who are hypnotized may say something that isn't true. A person who has done something bad has a good reason to say something that isn't true. 1. Hypnotist helps people by ____. [A] putting them to sleep [B] helping them to get relaxed [C] offering his ideas about their problems [D] making them forget their problems 2. When hypnotized, some people may say something that is not true, because ____. [A] they do not remember what has happened [B] they remember what they think has happened [C] they do not know what has happened [D] they are not interested in what has happened 3. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?____ [A] Hypnotism is very different form what it used to be. [B] When a person is hypnotized, his body gets relaxed, while his mind works hard. [C] Hypnotism is much more widely used today than it was thousands of years ago. [D] When hypnotized, a person will do something strange. 4. The passage mainly talks about ____. [A] how hypnotism works [B] the development of hypnotism [C] the use of hypnotism [D] the wonder of hypnotism
ad if 命 封 线 密
A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.