第一幕
秘书：Hello, I’m the secretary of the Beijing Automobile Co. What can I do for you?
律师2：I’m a lawyer from the East China Jiao Tong University law firm. My name is X X. This is my partner X X, we had made a appiontment with your General Manager yesterday. We must have a talk with your General Manager （总经理）now.
秘书：Ok, this way please, follow me!
旁白：Five minutes latter, outside of the General Manager’s office.
秘书：Mr wang, these are the East China Jiao Tong University law firm’s lawyers. (秘书下)
总经理：Oh, I know. Thanks for your coming. Nice to meet you.
律师1、律师2（合）：Nice to meet you , too.
总经理：Have a seat and let’s get right to it.(让我们开门见山直奔主题) 律师1、律师2：Okay, shoot.
总经理：Now, let me introduce you the basic situation. We’d like to set up a Chinese-foreign joint venture with Michigan Automobile Co. We want to have control of the joint venture management and we will provide 20 million USD in capital, plus land, plant and equipment.
律师1: I understand, so you need us to draft a joint venture agreement. Ok, we need to sign a power of attorney. （我们需要签一份委托书)
总经理：Ok, I need you go with us during talks. If you see a urgent problem, whisper it to me or hand me a note, otherwise, wait until we’re on break or after the negotiation.
律师1：Sure, I can live with that. Anything else?
总经理：Not really, just that all your comments should be told me at the first time.I get the final say on whether it gets into the meeting.
律师2：If you forget something I see as important, I’m going to inform you in writing.
总经理：No problem.
律师1：It’s my pleasure to cooperate with you, but we’d better to talk about the attorney fees.
总经理：Ok, we will pay you according to the standard of attorney fees. If Michigan Co. and we can reach agreement we’d like to pay you another 10,000 yuan .
律师2：Wish a wonderful cooperation !
旁白：Meanwhile ,the representatives of Michigan Co. interview the lawyers from the American law firm.
The second scene: the representatives and lawyers from both sides make the negotiation which is held to negotiate about the joint venture and to
draft a letter of intent.
第二幕
中国的董事长和经理：Nice to meet you.
美国的董事长和经理：Nice to meet you too .
中国的董事：Last cooperation with your company is very wonderful .After the feasibility study ,our Co. is interested in forming a joint venture to assemble and sell automobiles using your company’s engines.
美国的董事：Chinese market is attractive. We’d like to cooperate with you , too.
美国的经理：In order to make the negotiation quickly and efficiently ,I suggest introduce the basic situation of companies respectively. Please allow me to introduce our Co. firstly, Our company has 2350 workers including engineers and technical workers 300, has 400 million USD fixed assets .It produces a powerful efficient 4-cylinder automobile engine of its own design.
中国的经理：Our company has 40000 workers including engineers and technical workers 48,has fixed assets 450 million yuan .
美国的董事：How about your production process?
中国的经理：Our factory’s production process is on the first class in China even in the Southeast Asia .Our detection means is excellent and the industrial equipments are advanced as well.
美国的经理：How many automobiles does your company manufacture every year?
中国的经理：More than 1 million.
美国的董事：Ok ,we are satisfied with your company.
中国的董事：I’m very pleased. We believe we should have control of the joint venture management because our company provide 20 million USD in capital plus land，plant and equipment.
美国的董事：No, I don’t agree with you. We must have control of the joint venture management. After all, we provide 40 million USD in capital plus patents know-how and other technology. Suppose you don’t have patents, you couldn’t manufacture. What’s more, from the last feasibility study which has shown that there is great demand for such engines in China, it can bring you great profits.
中国的董事：I’m for your opinion, but you couldn’t ignore we have the excellent production process and cheap labor. If you don’t want to cooperate with us, that is to say, you choose other companies in China or Asia, you should make sure whether they can put your patents and technology into practice. While we can meet your requirement. Of course, you also can choose Japan or Korea, but you need to know where is the
market – it’s China and even Southeast Asia. I believe it can be a large number of transportation expenses. In addition, they don’t have cheap labor either. The last but not the least, we are familiar with the market in China and Southeast Asia. Our company’s condition is unique and perfect.
中国的经理：About patents ,we will ask the asset appraisal company to evaluate.
美国的董事：Wait a minute.
旁白：At the moment, the chairman whispers to his lawyer.
美国律师1：According to the Law of the People’s Republic of Chinese-Foreign Quity Joint Ventures. The proportion of the investment contributed by the foreign joint ventures shall generally not be less than 25% of the registered capital of a joint venture. The parties to the venture shall share the risks and losses in proportion to their respective contributions to the registered capital. No assignment of the registered capital of a joint venture shall be made without the consent of the other parties to the venture. Y ou need to think twice.
旁白：After a hot discussion.
美国的董事：Um, We decide that you have control of the joint venture management, but we should take 48% share. Ok?
中国的董事：Ok, we reach the agreement.
中国的经理：Now the most important thing has decided. How about the equipments and materials?
美国的经理：Our Co. wants to import some equipments and materials from the United States.
中国的经理：I think the cost is too high. Our company wants to use Chinese equipments and materials as much as possible.
美国的经理：It’s known to all, American equipments are more advanced. Moreover, equipments are vital to manufacture products.
中国的经理：But the materials in China are cheaper than American. In addition, the Chinese-foreign joint venture will set up in Beijing. It’s more convenient and cheaper to transport.
美国的董事：Okay, considering all the sides, we had better import equipments from the United States while materials must buy from China. How about your viewpoint?
中国的董事：No problem.
中国的律师1：Y ou should consider the first capital to start the operation of the joint venture.
中国的董事：It’ll need 50 million USD in capital to start the operation of the joint venture .Based on the share, we need due 26 million USD and
you will due the left.
美国董事：We will due the capital in a week.
美国律师2：Y ou ought to determine how soon do you transfer the property.
中国经理：In 15 days.
美国的经理：Ok! The exciting moment is coming, we should pick a name for our company. Do you have some good idea?
中国董事：Changsheng Automobile Chinese-Foreign joint venture.
美国董事：Good !
美国律师2：The joint venture agreement contract and articles of association signed by the parties to the venture shall be submitted to the competent authorities of foreign economic relations and trade.
中国经理：Don’t worry, our lawyer will accomplish it.
旁白：After the negotiation, a letter of intent has been draft .
After the negotiation attended by the lawyers from both sides, the two sides reach agreement. A ceremony for signing the contract have been held.
——原创
Thank you !
期末自测 第一部分交际用语(共计10分，每小题2分) 1-5题：阅读下面的小对话，判断答语是否恰当，恰当的选A（Right）, 不恰当的选B (Wrong)，并将答案写在答题纸上。（每题2分，共10分）。 1. --- Have you ever tried windsurfing? --- It’s very kind of you. A. Right B. Wrong 2. --- Where did you go in China? --- I went there by train. A. Right B. Wrong 3. --- Can you remember the docto r’s telephone number? --- Yes. It’s 6825612. A. Right B. Wrong 4. --- Can I help you? --- Yes, please. I’d like to reserve a room. A. Right B. Wrong 5. --- How do you like the film? --- It’s very good. I like it. A. Right B. Wrong 第二部分词汇与结构（共计40分，每小题2分） 6-25题：阅读下面的句子，从A、B、C 三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上写出所选的字母符号。 6. Is the supermarket ______ the right or left? A. on B. in C. at 7. My brother told me _____ his trip to Scotland. A. on B. with C. about 8. He is a good friend of ________. A. our B. our’s C. ours 9. A: Have you had your breakfast? B: No, I haven’t had it ________. A. ever B. yet C. just 10. I’m really looking forward to ______ from you.
法律专业英语期末作业 题目仲裁答辩状 学院法学院 专业环境与资源保护法 学生姓名张建军 学号 2015221020138 年级 2015级 指导老师黄力华
ANSWER TO COMPLAINT 11 September 2015 Singapore International Arbitration Centre 3St Andrew’s Road Third Level City Hall Singapore 178958 honorable arbitrators: Paulweiss Law firm accepted the commission of the The Respondent - Medi-Machines, S.A, and assigned me as their arbitration agent，I will represent Medi-Machines, According to the Arbitration Rules and the requirements of the arbitral tribunal, I attended today's court proceedings. We put forward the following defense opinions represent the Medi-Machines, SA: Ⅰ. Facts 1. Although the sale was F.O.B., Medi-Machines was to arrange the shipping for the account of Equapack. On 23 July 2002 Mr. Swan telephoned Mr. Drake to inquire as to the progress in shipping the machines. Mr. Drake replied that he would check on it.He answered the inquiry by fax the following day and said that the machines were packed for ocean shipment and would be picked up by the freight forwarder the following Monday and loaded into a container for shipment the same day. The ship would be sailing later that week.
2013-2014学年第二学期 华侨大学法学院期末考试试卷 考试科目：法律英语考核类型：A卷考试时间：120 分钟 学号姓名授课教师骆旭旭 (注意：所有的答案（包括选择题）应做在空白答题纸上) Exercise 1: Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(30%) The dominant purpose in starting the public enterprises had been public good and profit motive was secondary; however, of late the scenario has changed. With the liberalisation of markets the public undertakings are in direct competition with the private players and have to have profit motive in mind. If not, there have been criticisms by industry on the unequal treatment meted out to the private players. Here it is important to note the definition of "enterprise" under the Competition Act. It makes no distinction between a private and a public enterprise/undertaking. In fact it even includes a department of the Government which does not perform a "sovereign function". Functionally, the public undertakings have been broadly classified into four heads: ?Financial Institutions, such as Life Insurance Corporation of India, Reserve Bank of India, Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation Ltd, Film Finance Corporation Ltd, Unit Trust of India, Industrial Reconstruction Bank, etc. ?Promotional and Development Undertakings, such as Rehabilitation Housing Corporation Ltd, National Research Development Corporation Ltd, Food Corporation of India, Central Warehousing Corporation, National Small Industries Corporation Ltd, etc. ?Commercial and Industrial Undertakings, such as State Trading Corporation, Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd, Indian Airlines Corporation, Air India, etc. ?Public Utilities are those undertakings which render certain essential services to the people, like transportation, electricity, communications, energy, etc. The objective of such undertakings is to provide services to the community economically and efficiently and making profit is not the primary aim.
大学英语1考试卷 总分：100分 简答题 1、将下列句子翻译成汉语 1.We can do a lot of things onlinesuch assearching for information and communicating with friendsno matter how far.答案：我们可以在网上做很多事情，例如寻找信息及和朋友沟通，不管相距多远。 2.Some people seem tohave their own ability in learning language答案：有些人在学习语言方面似乎有自己的天赋. 3.It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them.答案：为了与这些人进行交流，向他们学习，学习这门语言是必要的 4.Our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences that hide in our choices of such activities such as reading books, going to the cinema, camping, or certain cultural pursuits, are all related to social background and learning experiences.答案：我们的好恶、品位、喜好决定了我们是选择看书、看电影、露营或某种文化追求，这又同社会环境和学习经验有关。 5.Occasionally, for a formal party or dinner, an invitation requires an answer,either in writing or by telephone. 答案：偶尔,一个正式的聚会或晚宴, 被邀请人是需要做出明确答复的, 无论是通过书面或者电话. 选择性答案2：应邀出席正式宴会或晚餐，不管是用书面还是用电话，有时是要回复的。（意思差不多，哪个通顺写哪个吧） 6.They not only like playing or watching games, but also like talking about them, or even thinking about them. 答案：他们不仅喜欢玩游戏、看游戏，而且喜欢谈论和思考它们。 7.There are plenty out there that are good and plenty that are bad. 答案：那里有很多是好的，很多是坏的。 8.Yet putting off something we know we should do is a bad habit to get into. 答案：然而，拖延我们知道应该做的事就会染上一个坏习惯。 9.And don’t you feel stressed and worried when you have to hurry?
第一课Introduction 1. What is the definition of contracts? 2. For a contract to be enforceable, what are the requirements? 3. If someone is sued for breach of contract, what are the possible defenses he 4. Explain the concept of capacity in contract law. 第二课Performance and Non-Performance What problems often arise in the performance stage of a contract? 2. What are the excuses of non-performance? 3. What constitutes a waiver and what are its legal consequences? 4. When is a contractual relationship terminated? 第三课Contract Remedies and Computation of Damages 1. How is expectation interest measured? 2. What is reliance interest? 3. What is restitution interest? In what way is it different from expectation interest? 4. What purpose do nominal damages serve? 5. Under what circumstances are consequential damages awarded? 6. Under what circumstances are punitive damages awarded? 第四课Rights of Third Parties 1. Explain the differences between an intended beneficiary and incidental beneficiary. 2. What is the usual attitude of the court to anti-assignment clauses in the contract? 3. What is a delegation? What makes effective delegation? 4. What duties are delegable? 5. When is the duty of delegating party discharge? 6. What is novation? 第五课Sales Contracts 1. What are the basic obligations of the parties in a sale? 2. What purpose does a documentary exchange serve? 3. What is the nature of a bill of lading? 4. What are the rights of buyer? 第六课The Trial 1.What will the plaintiff’s lawyer say in the opening statement? 2.What is a motion for directed verdict? When can it be made? 3. What is the role of the judge during the examination of the witnesses? 4. What are the contents of jury instruction? 5. What if the jury or the required number of jurors are unable to agree?
第一单元：LEGAL SYSYTEM 主课文： 1.The common law tradition originated in England. The decisions of the royal courts became the law common to the whole kingdom, the common law. 2.Both law and equity are part of what is called the common law. 3.Louisiana: civil law, the others: common law 4.The expression “civil law”, in Latin jus civilis, literally means the law of the citizens of Rome. Now the civilian jurists refer to what we call private law simply as “the civil law”( persons, property and obligations) 5.In common law countries ,cases are usually considered to be the primary source of law. In civil law countries, cases are not a source of law. 6.Civil law jurists will consider the civil code as an all encompassing document. On the contrary in common law jurisdictions legislation tends to be considered as an exception to the case law. 7.American legal education is very original and in many respects unique. The case method or Socratic method is peculiar to this country. 8.No, only through the postgraduate degree. 9.The case method is important in America, in other countries, the teaching style is magisterial—the professor express the law to his or
Lesson Three Comparing Civil and Criminal Law I.Discuss the following questions: 1.What are the two objectives of criminal law? 2.What is civil law concerned with? 3.What are the two main branches of civil law? 4.In terms of duties or obligations, what are the differences between contract law and tort law? 5.How many kinds of torts are mentioned in the text? What are they? What are the difference and relationship between them? 6.Are compensatory damages and punitive damages the same in nature? Why or why not? Why are punitive damages seldom awarded? 7.Is it justified to say that a certain person can file a criminal charge against someone else? Why? II.Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false: 1.As for criminal law, there is just one purpose: to prevent antisocial behavior. F 2.Prevention of bad behavior may be more the consequence of civil law than the purpose. T 3.The primary purpose of civil law is the compensation of those injured by someone else’s behavior. T 4. A agreed to lease an apartment from a landlord for one year and A paid the rent for one year shortly after he moved in. Half a year later A moved out for unknown reasons, and then the landlord had the right to sue A for breach of contract. F 5.Negligent tort has occurred when one fails to act reasonably and unintentionally injury someone. T 6.Many intentional torts are also crimes and this is where civil law and criminal law has much in common. T 7.Criminal law is concerned with the immorality of an act while tort law is not. F https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b7193819.html,plete the sentences below using the words or phrases given: undesirable; nonconformity; monetary; compensation; liability; restitution; tortfeasor; battery; fraternity; damages 1.The monetary system of certain countries used to be based on gold. 2.Civil law actually acts to prevent nonconformity to society’s behavior. 3.The court estimated the compensation in money for damages sustained by the plaintiff in the contract. 4.Since A has not breached the contract, he holds no liability for damage. 5.Restitution means the act of making good or compensating for loss, damage, or injury, or a return to or restoration of previous state or position. 6.If one at a party heaves a beer bottle and strikes another present either unintentionally or on purpose, he has committed a tort and he is known as a
联系本案小论当事人意思自治原则与最紧密联系原则2014级法律硕士（非法学）3班陈卉 2014281060314 通过对英格兰公司与苏格兰公司关于仲裁争议案例的翻译和学习，以国际私法中当事人意思自治原则与最紧密联系原则为视角，对于选择准据法、管辖地等问题做出一点评论。 一．案例概述 1965年5月10日，一家英格兰公司与一家苏格兰公司之间达成了一项关于对位于苏格兰境内的英格兰公司的工厂进行改装的建设工程承包合同。在履行协议的过程中，双方之间产生了争议，并将其提交仲裁。而后，一方提出了上诉，并申请依照有利于己方的法律在己方所在地进行仲裁。上诉方主张合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法都是苏格兰法，要求以苏格兰法在苏格兰对该争议进行仲裁，而被上诉方则主张该合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法都是英格兰法，要求根据1950年的《仲裁法》的第四节在英格兰进行仲裁。随后双方协议由皇家建筑师协会主席任命仲裁员进行仲裁，但之后又就管辖权、仲裁地、仲裁程序、仲裁的适用法等一系列问题产生了分歧。期间双方以及双方的支持者提出了大量支持己方诉求的意见以及判例，但最后的认定适用苏格兰法作为合同准据法，也就是说这是一个苏格兰合同，并在苏格兰进行仲裁。 二．当事人意思自治原则 在民法中，当事人意思自治原则是指当事人依法享有自愿订立合同的权利，任何单位个人不得非法干预。意思自治原则是指合同当事人可以自由选择处理合同争议所适用的法律原则，它是确定合同准据法的最普遍的原则。这一原则来源于16世纪法国的理查世。杜摩兰(1500—1566)的意思自治说。他主张契约应适用当事人自己选择的习惯，法院也应推定当事人意欲适用什么习惯于契约的实质要件和效力。当事人意思自治原则也称当事人自主选择的法律，是指当事人双方根据“意思自治原则”合意选择的特定法律。而“意思自治原则”指涉外合同双方当事人有权自主选择某一国的法律作为他们之间合同准据法的准则。该原则最初是由16世纪法国学者杜摩林在《巴黎习惯法评述》一书中提出的。他认为，在合同关系中应该适用当事人自主选择的那一习惯法，如果当事人没有明确选择
法律英语学习的层次与材料简介来源：胡敏的日志 接触法律方面的英语已数年，从漫无目的信手乱翻，到上法律英语课，再到上英语的法律课程，到现在的用英语进行法律方面的工作，走了很多弯路，也积攒了点滴经验体会。看版面上相关的讨论，觉得还可以更体系化，总结几点，和各位切磋。 学习法律英语，不能仅以会读、会写几个词汇就觉得万事大吉，要清楚自己的目标、学习的层次，循序渐进，渐次登堂入室。根据不同的层次，大致可分一下几个类型： 1. 入门搭框型：了解法律英语的基本词汇、语用同时西方法律、司法基本体系构架，即mr.何家弘的“一石二鸟”。 可以学习下何家弘的《法律英语》（法律出版社，2003 第二版，好像已有配套翻译）。这种书要精读。试着自己动手翻译一遍，事半功倍。基础好同学可以接着读一点，英国人或美国人专门给外国人学法律英语的书，如《english law and language》(cassell 出版)。 2. 专业型拓展型：拓展下自己的专业或者自己喜欢的领域。建议通读一本相关领域的简明教材，例如blackstone,nutshell系列的都不错的。另外，以熟悉的领域为核心，是提高英语的水平的有效捷径。 4. 日常应用型：即与法律有关的日常业务中，处理涉外信函。注意学习一些商务信函的知识和相关领域的常用词汇、句型、格式。推荐《国际商务写作教程》（王素清，对外经贸大学出版社）。日常应用的专业词汇、句型跟法律英语教材、案例书籍、法条等的具有很大差别，这是新手一定要注意的。多阅读些此前的卷宗，虚心学习，不怕修改，三几个月就能顺手了。 5. 专业应用型：即出具外语法律文书、法律建议，如合同等。最保险的还是找一些类似的格式文书照搬过来，格式文书在网上能够搜索的到，或者参考此前业务成文。 6. 翻译通才型：即从事涉及法律内容的材料翻译。多读、多练、功夫在诗外。中英文方面的法律书都通读些，一些基本的简明教程即可。另外，还应当以法律为中心，多关注关联的知识 附上我用过的比较好的法律英语教材： 【1】美国法律英语——在法律语境中使用语言，世界图书出版社，是外国人写的，有中文译文，感觉这本书的中译文比普通的法律英语教程中译本要地道些。 【2】美国法精要系列教材（nutshell坚果壳系列），法律出版社影印本，共22本，我用过其中的《法律谈判》、《国际商事交易》、《统一商法典》，感觉很不错，语言简练、内容精当。 【3】伊纽曼系列法律教材，中信出版社影印本，这一系列教材内容厚实、很详细、价格也有点昂贵。感觉不好美国法精要系列的好。 【4】影印版法学基础系列，武汉大学出版社，这套教材最突出的特点是价格便宜，想不到目前还有10块钱左右的书可买，而且还是法律书籍！另一个特点是有配套的案例教材，不过配套的案例教材太过于简明了，原案的面貌变得粗线条。不过法律基础系列对了解英国法律还是很不错的。 【5】法律英语核心教程，对外经贸大学出版社，我没仔细看这套教材，个人感觉不好，可能是因为编得内容太杂，“诸法合体”，只能略窥一斑，而不能见全身，甚至是有点断章取义。 【6】法学专业英语教程，中国人民大学出版社，共三本，好像这套书不好买。作为入门教材还行。 【8】法律文本与法律翻译，李克兴、张兴红著，中国对外翻译出版公司。这本和【7】，想学法律翻译的人应该看看。 【9】涉外法律经济英语，陈庆柏著，法律出版社。这本书有点杂。 还有一些原版的美国案例汇编，如合同法、公司法等，书很厚，也很好，不过国内是没
练习1：外国合营者如果有意以落后的技术和设备进行欺骗，造成损失的，应赔偿损失。If the foreign joint venturer causes any losses by deception through the intentional use of backward technology and equipment, it shall pay compensation for the losses. 修改提示：单复数考虑不周；用语不够简洁。 答案（修改要点）：causes any losses →causes any loss(es) 造成一项或多项损失时都应当赔偿，不能仅用复数形式。 pay compensation for the losses →pay compensation therefor (therefor=for that/them) 练习2：人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关办理刑事案件，应当分工负责，互相配合，互相制约，以保证准确有效地执行法律。 原译文：The people’s courts, people’s procuratorates and public s ecurity organs shall, in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall co-ordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law. 修改提示：“分工负责”，应理解为：侧重点在“负责”，而非“分工”，即分工过程中各负其责；respective 比own 更为妥当、准确；原来的译文中，and they shall …比较啰嗦，更严重的问题是，使to ensure …割断了与divide their functions 的联系。 答案（修改要点）：in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall co-ordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law.→… in handling criminal cases, take responsibility for their respective work while dividing functions, co-ordinate, and check each other, to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law. 练习3：商标注册人享有商标专用权，受法律保护。 原译文：Trademark registrants shall enjoy the right to exclusive use of their trademarks and shall be protected by law. 修改提示：商标专用权的译文“貌合神离”，立法原意是“商标专有权”；受法律保护的主语有些歧义，可加括号处理；原文shall滥用，因为并未刻意强调“必须，一定要”。 答案（修改为）：Trademark registrants have the exclusive trademark right, (and are) protected by law. 练习4：被告人的犯罪情节极其严重、社会影响极其恶劣、社会危害极其严重。 原译文：The extremely serious circumstances of the offense committed by the accused have brought abominable influence and severe hazard to the whole society. 修改提示：bring的用法有些生硬，动宾搭配不太适当。 答案（修改为）：have brought abominable influence and severe hazard to the whole society. → have exerted an abominable influence and posed a severe hazard to society. (exert, vt. 施加，产生，如exert pressure on, exert an influence on; abominable, adj. 可恶的，极坏的；pose v. 提出，形成，成为；使摆好姿势pose a problem; pose an obstacle/a threat to …) 练习5：买卖双方同意按下列条款由卖方出售，买方购进下列货物：货号; 品名及规格；数量；单价；总值(数量及总值均有_____%的增减, 由卖方决定)；生产国和制造厂家；包装；唛头；装运期限；装运口岸；目的口岸；保险；
简析公司法 规制公司的法律（在英国，就是公司法）在不同的国家会不同吗？尽管研究公司法的学者们很少提及这一问题，但是对公司法的比较研究还是非常重要的。最近关于公司法的研究主要集中于欧洲、美国和日本等发达经济体在公司治理、股份所有权、金融资产和企业文化等方面的比较分析。在这些方面，尽管不同的国家有各自的特征，但是各国家公司形式的根本一致还是令人印象非常深刻的。其实，公司都具有一套基本类似的法律性质，同样，它们也面临着一套基本类似的法律问题。 就公司形式而言，就要考虑公司的根本法律属性，展望本文以下讨论，我们认为公司具有五个方面的属性，它们为大部分商务人士所知悉。这五个方面的属性是：法人资格、有限责任、股权转让、董事会领导下的公司管理及出资者所有权。这些属性因现代大型企业所面对的紧急需要而产生，具体原因我们将在下文中从四个方面进行说明。总之，任何国家的公司法都必须围绕公司的这五大属性进行拟制。事实上，有一些企业缺乏其中的某些属性，但是我们想强调的是，在市场经济条件下，所有的大型公司都采用具备五大属性的法人形式。除此之外，绝大多数小型合伙企业也经常采用这种形式，尽管有时因为特殊需要，这些公司可能会缺失五大属性中的一种或多种。（通过本书，我们将遵循通常所谓的“封闭公司”的概念，来讨论那些股份不能自由转让的不同于“公众公司”的公司，股份不能转让的原因要么是股份被一小部分人所持有，要么是对股东的转让权有所限制。） 很显然，公司法的首要功能是为公司提供一个具备五个核心属性的法定形式。如果这种形式能够广泛推广，并且被广泛采纳，那么借助于其中的某些规则，比如改变背景财产权及提供备用开支等规则，公司法就能够鼓励企业家通过公司实体这一媒介进行交易，进而还可以降低交易成本。当然，从整体看来，那些用来规制公司形式的法律条款的数量仅仅是公司法中的一小部分，然而，这些条款却构成了公司法的核心部分。在这一章，我将探寻具有五大属性的公司的缔约效率，我们也相信这五大属性已经推动了世界范围内对这种公司形式的采用。
应用英语专业(法律方向) 一、专业设置和专业培养目标 （一）专业社会需求和专业培养目标 1、社会需求分析 从目前我国的高等院校外语教学和专业设置的现状分析中，我们发现我国每年仅需要少量外语与文学、外语与语言相结合的专业人才以从事外国文学和语言学的教学科研和翻译工作，而大量需要的则是外语与其他有关学科相结合的应用型人才。随着我国市场经济的发展和对外开放力度不断加大，越来越多的外商开始在中国开办独资、合资企业，许多中国企业也走出国门，开辟世界市场，特别是中国加入了世界贸易组织后，市场对英语加法律等应用型人才的需求量越来越大。根据中国法律人才网和赛伯法律网的统计，在中国，与法律有关的工作中85%的职位要求应聘者熟练掌握英语；82%以上的法律工作者只有单一的法律知识背景；涉外人才中既懂法律又懂英语的复合型人才仅占1%；有近64%的涉外案件，因通晓法律英语的法律工作者严重匮乏，而极少有人问津。可见，既懂法律又通晓英语的复合型人才是市场经济所需要的紧缺人才。我国目前只有西北政法等几所院校开设法律英语专业，而且这些院校主要培养的是从事教学科研的理论型人才。而市场所紧缺的是具有高水平实践技能的人才，这正是我们开设此专业的一个契机。 从河北省内的情况来看，此专业的人才存在短缺现象，目前主要从外省引进或是由从事法律行业的人才转型而来，以河北省贸易促进委员会为例，其法律部门的近20个职位均要求具备较强的涉外法律工作的能力。从近几年来毕业生的分配情况来看，形势很好，
这证明了我院当时开设应用英语专业(法律方向)是符合市场发展 需求的。 2、培养目标 应用英语专业(法律方向)的人才培养目标是培养具有扎实的英语基础知识，具备一定的英文应用能力，较好地掌握法学知识，能够从事涉外工作及法律方面的业务，德、智、体、美全面发展，具有持续发展能力的应用型人才。我省正处在经济发展的腾飞时期，国际政治经济交往日渐增多，既懂法律又通晓外语的符合型人才缺口较大。对本专业毕业生的主要需求部门有：司法部门、涉外仲裁机构、学校、涉外公司、外资企业、旅行社、律师事务所等。 （二）专业特色 应用英语专业(法律方向)的特色主要有三个方面。其一，体现在人才培养目标上。本专业培养的是既通晓英语又具有一定法律知识的应用型人才。其二，体现在专业课程设置上，本专业以专业外语课程为主，兼开设部分法学专业课。其三，体现在应对学生就业上。根据社会对人才的需求来制定切实可行的培养计划，既注重专业知识的讲授，又注重素质的培养；既注重理论知识的讲解，又注重创新意识和实践能力的培养。本专业特色决定了厚基础，宽口径，力求使学生有较强的适应社会竞争环境的意识和能力。 支撑材料：新增专业申报材料、可行性调研报告（附知识、能力、素质分解表）的相关材料 二、课程体系和结构 专业课程体系和结构的合理、科学与否关系到专业培养目标能否实现。我们在制订专业教学计划、设计开设的课程时考虑了以下
1调卷令certiorari 2遵循先例：stare decisis 3法系legal family 4大陆法civil law 管辖权jurisdiction 地区法院District court 巡回法院circuit court 治安法庭Justice court 社会主义法socialist law 众议院House of representative 行使exercise 1司法审查judicial review 起诉资格standing 事实上的损害injury in fact 行政协定executive decision共同决议common decision 分权separation of powers 制衡checks and balances 成熟原则ripeness 招标bids 宪法constitution 1刑法criminal law 轻微违法misdemeanor 报税单bill of entry 主观上的过错mental fault 非预谋杀人manslaughter 抢劫robbery 加重的aggravate 绑架kidnapping 盗劫larceny 伪证罪perjury 1the county is the subdivision 2the doctrine ---the maxim 3the federal entity4the enforcement of a claim5statutes or codes 6tradition custom,and precedent 7commom people ,versus legislation 8stare decisis , Latin9legal relationships /legal concept 10judicial branch /judicial dictatorships 1in the precess of a court ascertaining2than to statutory interpretation 3dose not have the ''prolixity"/dose not provide a ready solution 4congress though its "power of the purse" /power as commander -in- chief 5c hecks and balances provided for in the constitution 6and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures 7has no standing to challenge 8the policy of elimination of racial discrimination In places of accommodation/and ending the badges of servitude 1it is punishable by sanctions 2Most crimes or identified in statutes 3punished through imposition penalities 4violation of a misdemeanor 5which were committed before that /enactment of the law 6grand a criminal prosecution7as well as its substantive law 8crimes classified as felonies include murder9 authorized federal jurisdiction 10one can be held criminally liable 1 it is to tell the defendant that 2In US jurisprudence, however 3the right to trial by grand jury/protection against government tyranny 4 The prosecution at trial has the duty 5against arbitrary imposition of the capital punishment 6in an entirely different punishment/prosecution and conviction 7 privilege against self-incrimination8a common assumption abou t the nature of criminality 9"unreasonable" government searches and seizures is stated 10criminal procedure is "adversarial" 1 single issue of law 2dismissed or a defense was lost 3state a claim generally 4adequately represent the interests 5"fairness hearing" 6(the "plaintiff")to file suit in 7violatio n criminal law 8applying substantive law to real disputes 9 on part is entitled to judgment 10common law remedy/ equitable remedies