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比较与对比 comparison & contrast

比较与对比 comparison & contrast
比较与对比 comparison & contrast

?What is comparison & contrast?

? A comparison points out ways that two or more persons , places , or things are alike.

? A contrast points out how they are different.

?The subjects of a comparison and contrast should be in the same class or general category, with comparable items.

?How to write a comparison and contrast paragraph

?The topic sentence should show whether the writer will concentrate on similarities, differences, or both.

?Then in the following sentences you should have to decide whether the discussion will consist mainly of similarities or differences or both.

?In the conclusion, you can offer advices to the reader or looking in the future.

?Two Logical patterns

?1)the subject –by –subject or Item-by-Item pattern/ block presentation(逐事比较) (按照比较/对比对象展开)

?If we are dealing with two broad topics, which are not too complex or detailed, we may begin by discussing the first one, and then go on discussing the second, following the pattern: A1,A2,A3…;B1,B2,B3…

?It can be used in a short paragraph or essay.

?Ex. Model 1 There are many similarities between doctors and teachers. First, both doctors and teachers are considered professionals by their communities. The classification of professional is the highest socioeconomic rank an individual can achieve in this society.

Second, both doctors and teachers help others: doctors heal the bodies of sick people, and return them to health, and teachers mold the minds of young people and turn them into responsible , educated adults. last, both doctors and teachers are essential members of a community. It is difficult to imagine a city or town that has no need of either a doctor or a teacher. Such a place would truly be primitive.

?2)the point-by -point pattern/ alternating presentation

?(逐点比较)(按照比较/对比内容展开)

?if the topic are complex or too detailed , it may be preferable to examine them in pairs, turning first to one and then to the other alternately as we write, following the pattern: A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3..

?It can be used in a long paragraph or essay.

?Model 2: Taking notes is one thing I?ve learned to do better since high school days. I used to lose interest in what I was doing and begin doodling(乱写乱画), drawing Martians, or seeing what my signature would look like if I married the cute guy in the second row.

Now, however , I try not to let my mind wander , and I pull my thoughts back into focus when they begin to go fuzzy. In high school, my notes often looked like something written in Arabic.

?In college , I?ve learned to use a semiprint writ ing style that marks my notes understandable. When I would look over my high school notes, I couldn?t understand them. There would be a word like “Reconstruction” , then a big blank, and then the word “important”. Weeks later, I had no idea what Reconstruc tion was or why it is important.

I…ve since learned to write down connecting ideas, even if I have to take time to do it after

class.

?Ts: Taking notes is one thing I have learned to do better at college since high school days. ?Points of contrast:

?1)Level of attention in class

?A1 (high school) B1(College)

?2)Handwritng

?A2(high school ) B2(college)

?3)Completeness of notes

?A3 (high school ) B3(college)

?Transitions in comparison & contrast

?Comparison:

?and , also, like, as , too, similarly, another, furthermore, resemble, comparable, in comparison with, in addition to, much the same as, equally important, at the same time ?Contrast

?But, however, yet, nevertheless, whereas, unlike, while, conversely, oppositely, differently, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, different from, in spite of

?Model 3( contrast dominant ):

?Life in the city is quite different from life in the suburbs.People living in the city are constantly exposed to the hustle and bustle(熙熙攘攘) of urban life.But life in the suburbs is generally quiet and casual and generally more low-key than in the city.If city dwellers want to see trees and grass,they must go to one of the public parks.

?On the other hand,the streets of many suburban communities are lined with trees and shrubs (灌木),and each house has its own grassy yard.A person living in the city is close to many sources of entertainment,but people living in suburban areas must go into the city for entertainment.

?Model 4( comparison and contrast)

?The llama(无峰驼) is a member of the camel family.Like the camel,the llama can live for weeks without a drink of water.Both get enough moisture from the grass,shrubs,and other plants they eat.But unlike the camel,the llama has no hump on its back ?Compare “a motor-cycle” and “a car”:

?Item-by-Item

?Ⅰ.Motorcycle A.Expense B.Upkeep C.Safety

?Ⅱ.Automobile A.Expense B.Upkeep C.Safety

?Point-by-Point

?Ⅰ.Expense A.Motorcycle B.Automobile

?Ⅱ.Upkeep A.Motorcycle B.Automobile

?Ⅲ.Safety A.Motorcycle B.Automobile

?Exercise1

?Directions:Write a paragraph using a point-by-point comparison/contrast about the advantages of bikes over cars or buses.The outline and the topic sentence are given.?Outline:

?Ⅰ.Expense A.Cars or buses B.Bikes

?Ⅱ.Convenience A.Cars or buses B.Bikes

?Ⅲ.Pollution A.Cars or buses B.Bikes

?As compared with cars or buses,bicycles have unique advantages for Chinese people ?Exercise 2

?Directions:Write a paragraph of contrast,contrasting women today with women in the past(hints:social status,family status,etc.).

?The same subject taught in high school and in college

?Life in country and life in the city

?Two holiday resorts

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《美国历史与文化》 结课论文 专业:化学工程与工艺 学号:041114116 姓名:杨乐

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约翰逊的亲和力和他老板易怒的性格形成了鲜明的对比。 2. The threat contrasted starkly with his administration's previous muted criticism. 这一威胁和他这届政府之前低调的指责形成了鲜明的对比。 3. He contrasted the two different economic systems in his speech. 他在演讲中对比了两种不同的经济制度. 4. He contrasted her brashness unfavourably with his mother's gentleness. 他把她的粗鲁同他母亲的温和相对比. 5. He contrasted his son with the boy next door. 他将他的儿子与隔壁的男孩比较. 6. His optimism contrasted sharply with the low morale of his supporters. 他的乐观情绪与他的支持者的低落的士气形成了鲜明的对照. 7. His Indian robes contrasted oddly with his fluent English. 他的印度长袍与他流利的英语形成奇特的对照. 8. When the synthetic fabric is contrasted with the natural one, the difference is very apparent. 要是把合成纺织品和天然纺织品对比一下, 它们的差别就很明显了.

宗教对美国社会的影响

宗教对美国社会的影响 梁子毓英语学院英语137班 摘要:美国是当今世界上最发达的资本主义国家,同时又是发达国家中最具宗教色彩的国家,可以说美国的发展与宗教有着密不可分的关系。宗教从美国建国伊始至今对人们思想的影响是根本性的,这种影响绝不仅仅只是停留在道德方面,在政体的确立、民主制度的促进等方面都有着同样深远的作用。如今,宗教在美国的影响力有增无减,信仰上帝的人越来越多了,宗教在美国国家社会生活中的作用也越来越大。因此,研究宗教对美国发展的影响更有助于我们了解美国的社会现实和文化特征,可以使我们对宗教在美国社会的影响有更深刻的认识。 关键词:宗教美国社会影响 引言 美国文化的一大特征就是其宗教性。来自世界各地不同国家不同种族的移民带来了他们自己的宗教,使美国成为多宗教的国家。各种不同的宗教必然会对美国的社会产生影响,同样也融入了美国的文化。在众多宗教中,影响最大的是新教众多教派中的清教,清教在发展过程中,其影响超越了宗教领域,渐渐渗透到了美国宗教以外的政治、经济、文化领域,使美国政治、经济、文化都带有明显的清教主义特征。清教主义因而成为美国文化和社会形成过程中的重要因素。美国的文明都刻有明显的清教主义印记,清教主义文化也造就了独特的美利坚精神与文化。 一、基督教新教对美国历史的影响 美国虽然只有四百多年的历史,但却从一个英属殖民地逐渐成为世界上的头号强国。在这片土地上诞生了世界上第一部成文宪法,产生了世界上第一个民选总统,建立了三权分立的民主政体,这些都对世界历史产生了深远的影响。然而这些都与基督新教及其伦理道德有着密不可分的关系,这种关系甚至是决定性的。 早期殖民北美的新教1徒的新教信仰,构成了北美早期社会思想风潮的主调,也构成了以后美利坚的民族精神以及国家意识形态的基础。美国独立战争的发生,是因为早期移民北美的多数人都是新教教徒的缘故。由逃亡的清教徒们建立的美洲殖民地,在宗教上,一直与英国本土的宗教处于对立状态。美洲大陆的宗教主流为清教徒,英国的国教则为天主教与新教的混合体圣公会安力甘宗,安力甘宗作为英国国教一直是清教徒改革的对象。在美国独立战争及18世纪二十年代,英国本土和美洲殖民地发生了一场轰轰烈烈的宗教“伟大复兴”运动,这场运动在美国是新教教义的普及和强化运动,是一场彻头彻尾的新教教义在新大陆被强化的运动,这场运动最后导致了新教的进一步振兴,从而在思想上与英国国教彻底脱离了关系。宗教运动进一步促进了北美殖民地人群的主体意识,进一步加强了殖民地与英国本土的在宗教上和政治上的离心力,为独立战争做了思想和意识形态的准备。北美殖民地与英国本土上的宗教对立,对美国独立战争的爆发有着深远的影响。 对美国近代发展奠定基础的南北战争,实际上也有着深刻的宗教原因——美国清教对南方奴隶制的憎恶而引起的南北方对立。废奴主义一直是基督教教义的传统。在新教中这被理解为上帝爱世上的每一个人。这种思想成为西方人权思想的源头。既然上帝爱每一个人,个 1新教:新教(Protestantism)是由16世纪宗教改革运动中脱离罗马天主教的一系列新教派的统称,主流教派有路德宗、加尔文宗和圣公会。

高中作文:英语作文写作技巧:英语写作中的修辞:排比

排比 英文中有时也使用排比句式,这种句式整齐而有气势,又不会使人感到单调。例如,如“读书使我们聪明,锻炼使我们强健”,可以这样表达: Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong. 3.重复英文一般讲求简洁,因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。英文的重复又根据被重复词语在语句中的位置分为句首重复、句尾重复、首尾重复、尾首重复等。 1)如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”,可以这样表达: Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.(注:此句为句首重复,重复部分为句首的now it the time to) 2)如“我们渴望成功,而且正在为成功而努力工作”,可以这样表达: We long for success and we are working hard for success.(注:此句为句尾重复,重复的部分为句尾的for success.) 3)如“我相信我们能够成功,我相信我们也一定会成功”,可以这样表达: I am convinced that we can succeed,and Iam convinced that we must succeed.(注:and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复,重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed)

作文资料Comparison and Contrast 比较和对照的写作

Comparison and Contrast 比较和对照的写作 1.目标:掌握英语作文中比较和对照的写作方法(比较相似点,对 照强调不同之处) 2.使用比较和对照写作方法一般是说明文和议论文,常见的比较对 照有两种方式: 1.块状比较方式:(block method )先A 后B,即A1,A2,A3----; B1,B2, B3----。 2.逐点比较方式:(point-by-point method ) AB交错,即A1,B1;A2, B2;A3,B3---- 范文一:(块状比较法) Country life and City life It is really hard to say which is better than the other,city life or rural life .Both have their merits and shortcomings .living in the city has a great many advantages .,First ,you can enjoy various kinds of foods,both foreign and domestic .Second, there are more cultural activities in the city —you can go to the concert ,the theatre ,the movies or the disco club after a day’s hard work .But city life has many problems too. The overcrowded population ,traffic jam , industrial pollution ,and the lack of understanding between people may result in disease and unhappiness .living in the country ,however ,you can watch the magnificent sunrise and sunset and listen to the bird singing in the tree. If you want ,you can certainly have a huge garden while a

英语写作常用修辞手法

英语写作常用修辞手法 英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介绍如下: 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.

II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory. 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap. 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物. 例如: 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart.

高考英语作文常用的12个修辞手法

高考英语作文常用的12个修辞手法 文章最忌语言枯燥无味,一篇好的作文,语言应该生动形象。而恰当地运用修辞手法,可以使文字新鲜活泼、具体逼真,大大增强艺术表现力,扩大语言表达的范围;而且还可以激发读者的想象,给人留下深刻的印象。下面介绍一些英语作文中常用的修辞手法。 1、比喻 (metaphor) 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻: 明喻 (simile): 用like, as, as。。。as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如: O my love’s like a red, red rose。我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The man can’t be trusted。 He is as slippery as an eel。那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 He jumped as if he had been stung。他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream。童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 暗喻 (metaphor): 用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事

物。例如: He has a heart of stone。他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage。世界是一个大舞台。 2、换喻(metonymy) 用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称,只要一提到其中一种事物,就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统,用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol,用the bar 来代替the legal profession,用 crown代替 king等。例如: His purse would not allow him that luxury。他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。 The mother did her best to take care of the cradle。母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He succeeded to the crown in 1848。他在1848年继承了王位。 3、提喻 (synecdoche) 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分,以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。例如: He earns his bread by writing。他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The farms were short of hands during the harvest season。在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat Canada at cricket。澳大利亚队在板球

4. 美国的宗教历史-清教徒

Puritans and Harvard 清教徒和哈佛 Puritans played a very important role in Harvard history as well as in American history. 清教徒不仅在美国历史中扮演过重要角色,同样在哈佛大学的历史中也起到了重要作用。 In the 16th and 17th century, a series of religious reforms took place in England Finally, the Church of England was established as the Established Church. People did not have religious freedom. Those people who did not agree with the Church of England were regarded as Separatists and were persecuted. To escape religious persecution, many people fled from England to other countries. Many Puritans chose to go to the New World. 在16和17世纪的英国发生了一系列宗教改革,最终圣公会被定为英国国教。人们没有宗教自由。那些不同意英国国教观点的人被视为宗教分裂者,并遭到迫害。为了逃脱宗教迫害,许多人逃离英国,前往其他国家。很多清教徒选择移民到新大陆。 In 1620, a ship named Mayflower left England. It transported the English Separatists, better known as Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England to Plymouth, Massachusetts, the United States. There were 102 passengers, more than one third of whom were Puritans. During the following decade, the number of Puritans grew. Then in 1628 these Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1620年,一艘名为“五月花号”的船离开了英国,它载着英国宗教分离派——更熟悉的称号是“清教徒前辈移民”,离开了英国的普利茅斯前往美国马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。船上有102名乘客,其中1/3多的人是清教徒。在接下来的10年中,清教徒队伍逐渐壮大起来,并于1628年建立了马萨诸塞湾殖民地。 Many Puritans had received classic style of higher education in Oxford University and Cambridge University in England. They wanted to pass on to their descendants this kind of education. Besides, these colonists saw colleges as an effective way to disperse religious belief. Therefore, in 1636 the first and oldest institution of higher learning in the United States was established by vote of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony, 140 years earlier than the foundation of the United States. 许多清教徒都曾在英国的牛津和剑桥大学接受过古典式的高等教育,他们想把这种教育传给子孙后代。此外,这些殖民者把大学看做是传播宗教信仰的有效途径。所以,1636年马萨诸塞湾殖民地法院投票通过并建立了美国第一所也是最古老的一所高等教育机构,比美国建国早了140年。 The institution was initially named “New College” or “the College at New Towne"(or “Cambridge College”). The town where the college located was named Cambridge, becau se many Puritans had studied in Cambridge University. The name of the town demonstrated that many people still cherished their memory of life in England. Although they had been persecuted in England, many people still saw England as their motherland. The college followed the style of English universities as well. Then in 1639 the college was renamed Harvard College after a benefactor called John Harvard who was a clergyman. Therefore, in a sense, Harvard University was the product of religious activities.

compare和contrast

一、我们先从两者的定义入手来看两者的区别。 Compare的定义为:to examine people or things to see how they are similar/alike or differen t. Contrast的定义为:to compare two or more things to show the difference between them. 由定义不难看出前者侧重于找到两个或多个事物的异同,而后者则侧重于它们的不同。 二、compare..., 就是比较和找出共同点,通常会在两个不同的东西做比较,比如番茄和苹果的共同点;如果题目有contrast....时,就是比较两个表面类似的东西并找出不同之处,像比较红苹果和青苹果。 The cloud looks very bright in contrast with the blue sky. 在蓝天的映衬下云显得很白。 The man appears to be very tall and thin in contrast with his fat wife. 在他肥胖的太太的对照下,他看上去又高又瘦。 compare常常是指同一类型东西的范围和程度上的差别,因此常常会和比较级连用,比如: Compare to French and German, English is much easier to learn. 和法语以及德语相比,英语好学多了。 It costs nothing compare to what I have spent before. 和我所花出去的比起来,这几乎不值什么钱。 三、还有一些固定搭配,再如: It is interesting to compare their situations to ours. 对比一下我们的情况与他们的情况会很有趣。 It is interesting to contrast their situations to ours. 我们的情况与他们的情况有很大的不同,这很有趣。

英语写作指导:常见的英语修辞

修辞手法(figure of speech)修辞手法是通过修饰、调整语句,运用特定的表达形式以提高语言表达作用的方式和方法。修辞不仅仅在中文里很常见,在英文里也是多种多样。这篇文章里,我们就来谈一谈英文中常见的修辞手法。 1.simile1明喻 A simile is a figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly3 compared, usually in a phrase introduced by like or as. 明喻是常用as或like等词将两种不同事物通过比较而连接起来的一种修辞手法。 让我们看几个例子: Good coffee is like friendship: rich and warm and strong. 好的咖啡如同友谊,丰厚,温暖,热烈。 Life is rather like opening a tin of sardines4. We're all of us looking for the key. 人生就像一罐沙丁鱼,我们大家都在找开启的起子。 He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen from him to crow. 他这人就像一只骄傲的公鸡,以为太阳升起是为了它的啼叫。 2.metaphor5暗喻 A metaphor is a trope or figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common. 暗喻是将两种有共同点的不同事物进行隐晦比较的修辞手法。 明喻与暗喻的不同点就在于是否有出现like或者as(像)这一类比喻词,下面这几个句子都是暗喻: Humor is the shock absorber of life; it helps us take action. 幽默是生活的减震器,它可以鼓舞人们付诸于行动。 Time, you thief. 时间,你这个小偷。 But my heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill. 可是我的心是孤独的猎手,在孤独的小山上狩猎。 3.personification拟人 Personifiation is a figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities. 拟人是一种为无生命或抽象物体赋予人类特质与能力的修辞手法。 Oreo: Milk’s fav orite cookie. 奥利奥:牛奶最喜爱的曲奇。 The wind stood up and gave a shout. 大风凛冽,发出怒吼。 The only monster here is the gambling6 monster that has enslaved your mother! I call him Gamblor, and it's time to snatch your mother from his neon claws! 这里唯一的怪物就是赌博怪物,它将你母亲沦为奴隶!我叫它赌棍,该把你母亲从他的霓虹灯魔爪下救出来的时候了! 4.euphemism7委婉语 Euphemism is the substitution of an inoffensive expression for one considered offensively explicit2 委婉语是使用较委婉含蓄的语言替换强烈冒犯的话语。

美国历史与文化第五讲 二战中的美国

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