A new electric hoist drive for Cranes
A new system of electric hoist drive has been developed ,and its success has been demonstrated in practical use. For the types of hoist for which it is particularly intended this system provides a closer approach to the ideal characteristics than has previously been available. Although the system is not intended for use in all of the important types of hoist, it is expected that further experience and additional study of details and refinements will broaden its field of application beyond that which has, to date, been established in practice.
The Ideal Characteristics
Among the several hoisting applications for which the new system is believed to be suitable, the high-grade heavy-duty indoor cranes in steel mills and heavy machine shops may be considered typical. A study of the requirements indicates that the ideal characteristics for a crane of this type and of certain other types are principally as follows:
1.The same manipulation of the controller to any position in the
lowering direction should cause the motor either to deliver power for lowering an empty hook or to absorb power for the proper lowering of
a load, whichever is required by the conditions at that moment.
2.Maximum hoisting speed at empty hook should be a definite value,
approximately twice the speed at rated load.
3.At the full-speed hoisting position of the controller the stalled torque
should be limited to a reasonable overload value.
4.At the first-speed hoisting position the speed-torque curve should be
relatively flat, having a very low speed at empty hook but a substantial stalled torque.
5.The maximum lowering speed at empty hook should be a definite
selected value, between 160 per cent and twice rated hoisting speeds 6.Maximum speed of lowering rated load should be substantially less
than at empty hook, and maximum speed of lowering maximum load should be less than that of lowering rated load,
7. The minimum lowering speeds, that is, the speeds at the first
lowering-speed position of the controller should be nearly
alike .irrespective of load. If readily attainable, it is preferable that
this lowering speed be less at heavy loads than at partial loads or
empty hook.
8. The electric equipment must have in the lowering direction a
substantial margin, so that, when the maximum load which can be
lift is handled, the torque capacity available in lowering direction is ample to maintain dependable control of the load under the most
adverse conditions
9. A safe and reasonably smooth retardation and stop must occur automatically in the event of failure of incoming power and other emergencies.
10. The regulating means by which the sixth, and seventh requirements are met must not be capable of stalling a load which is being lowered, however great that load may be, at any lowering position of the controller.
11. The electric equipment should be self-protective against abase, either of itself or of the mechanical equipment, under the condition of rapid and unrestrained movement of the controller handle.
12. It is usually important that the holding brake be so controlled automatically that in regular service it is not required to supply any large part of the retardation effort.
The New System
The ideal characteristics for the applications under approximated closely by the development of a radical improvement of the Ward-Leonard system, the principal feature of which is the addition of an exciter of unusual design embodying a cross-flux principle. By this means, a characteristic is obtained in which the voltage of this cross-flux exciter is responsive in a unique manner to the variations of magnitude and polarity
of the current in the "loop" circuit, that is, the local circuit comprised by the armatures of the generator and hoist motor. At zero "loop" current the voltage of this exciter is at its maximum. At substantial increases of "loop" current, irrespective of polarity, the voltage of this exciter decreases, and at the maximum overload values of the "loop" current the voltage closely approaches zero. The voltage generated by this exciter provides the excitation of the generator field and modifies the excitation of the motor field. By means of the generator and motor- excitation characteristics thus provided, characteristics of speed versus load are obtained of the kind illustrated later in the paper.
The 9th and 12th requirements listed in the foregoing for the ideal crane hoist are met respectively by a simplified arrangement of an emergency dynamic-braking resistor in the hoist-motor armature circuit and by an improvement in the control details of the magnet brake. These two features are not dependent upon the cross-flux-exciter principle .they were, however , developed as contributions to the same project , namely, the attempt to achieve the al-most perfect crane-hoist drive. Because of lack of space, these features are not described.
Construction of the Exciter
Figure 3 illustrates diagrammatically the principles of construction of the
cross-flux exciter in its basic form. Although multipolar machines are possible,the exciters built to date are bipolar, by which is meant that the armature-winding and commutator connections are those of a normal bipolar machine. Four pole pieces are provided. In Figure 3 the two upper pole pieces constitute one“pole” insofar as relates to the generation of the output voltage. The two lower pole pieces constitute the other “pole ”.For reasons which will appear, a degree of artificial saturation is introduced in the pole pieces, for example, by notches the sides of the pole pieces as indicated in Figure 3.In one design which has been used, the diametrically opposite pole pieces p1 are duplicates ,each having a high degree of artificial saturation; the diametrically opposite pole pieces P2 are duplicates but have a much less degree of artificial saturation. For the general explanation let all pole pieces and their respective air gaps be considered duplicate.
To avoid a possible misunderstanding it should be noted that in Figure 3 the positions of the brushes as shown are diagrammatic only and represent the positions of the armature slot conductors at which they
undergo commutation.
Characteristics of the Exciter
In the circuit arrangement in which this exciter is used in the system, armature reaction and armature IR drop exciter tend, if not offset, to be of more than negligible effect, but they can be compensated sufficiently to make them almost negligible; consequently the explanation of the operation of the cross-flux exciter can be based upon a study of the
no-load saturation curves of the respective flux paths. The upper lower part of Figure 4. If compensation usually important to offset or minimize part of Figure 4 represents the no-load saturation curve, not of the entire machine but of each of the two duplicate and practically independent flux paths, P1 and P2, respectively.
H1 represents the selected field strength of the separately excited
main-field winding which remains substantially constant throughout. When the current in the cross field is zero, each flux path of the exciter causes the generation of a voltage E0, and the total voltage generated is 2Eo plotted in the lower part of Figure 4 at zero cross-field ampere turns. Now assume a cross-field strength of H2. In flux path P1 the value of H2 is additive to H1, hence the voltage generated in this flux path is now Ea. In flux path P2 the value of H2 is subtractive from H1; hence the voltage generated in this flux path is now Eb. The total voltage generated is
Ea+Eb, as plotted in the lower part of Figure 4. Since saturation increases
beyond point E0 and decreases below E0, voltage Ea+Eb is substantially less than 2Eo. At a cross-field strength of 2H2 the further increment of voltage generated in path P1 is very small, but the decrement of voltage generated in path P2 is large-in fact the voltage of path P2 reverses. The corresponding total voltage EC+Ed accordingly is much reduced. When the two magnetic circuits are duplicate, and when the numbers of turns of the respective windings are equal upon all pole pieces, the negative voltage generated by path P2 cannot become quite so great as the voltage generated by path P1; hence the o total voltage of the exciter never reaches zero. When the polarity of the cross-filed current is opposite to the foregoing, path P2 behaves as did path P1 in the foregoing and conversely. Hence the characteristic of voltage generated versus
cross-field (that is "loop" circuit) current tends to repeat symmetrically about the left-hand side of the vertical axis in the lower part of Figure 4. If compensation for armature reaction is not provided, this characteristic shows a departure from symmetry about the two sides of the vertical axis. The dissymmetry caused by armature reaction may or may not be practically disadvantageous, according to the specific design and application. To date, a design of exciter having closely symmetrical characteristics about the vertical axis has not been built. In the first design the armature reaction was not compensated. In a later design of a larger exciter the armature reaction was compensated, but a dissymmetry of
characteristics was purposely introduced by means of unlike proportions of the respective flux paths.
If a moderately greater value of separately excited field is held,
represented by a higher value of H1 in Figure 4, a voltage characteristic is obtained of similar shape having higher voltages throughout, and conversely for a moderately smaller of separately excited field. Design and Arrangement of System
The generator is of normal design. Its main field is wound with the maximum practicable cross section of copper in order to provide the desired high no-load voltage with the least oversize of generator. Such a field winding provides a generator time constant which, in combination with the circuit arrangement and cross-flux- exciter-characteristics, limits the peak currents to values which are suitable for the electric equipment and the hoist system.
The hoist motor has a nonstandard main-field winding for a variable separate excitation but in other respects is of the type which is standard for high-class crane-hoist installations.
In order to provide the desired variation of the hoist-motor field, the cross-flux exciter is designed for a maximum voltage substantially less than that of the constant-voltage main-excitation bus. One terminal of the cross-flux exciter, negative as shown in Figure 5, is connected permanently to the main-excitation bus terminal of like (that is negative) polarity , Thus between the positive terminals of these two sources of excitation a variable voltage is available which is the difference of the two voltages.
Because the cross-flux exciter is used for two purposes, its armature current is the difference of the generator-field and motor-field currents. Thus at zero "loop" current the exciter armature current is at its maximum value as output. At rated "loop" current the generator-field current and motor-field current are nearly equal; hence the exciter armature current is not far from zero. At maximum "loop" current, when the exciter voltage is low accordingly, most of the hoist-motor field current becomes input into the exciter which accordingly acts regeneratively. The uncorrected effect of armature IR drop would be to decrease the maximum effective voltage of the exciter by a more than negligible percentage, but also to increase the minimum voltage of the exciter by a large percentage over the desired low value. It is principally for these reasons that the exciter is compounded as has been mentioned.
Speed-Torque Characteristics
The characteristics of the system are determined principally by the manner in which the generator voltage varies, subject, however, to the modifying effect of the IR drop of the "loop" circuit and the additional modifying effect of the motor-field variation .when the generator field is excited and controlled as described, the characteristics of generator voltage and of motor counter electromotive motive force with respect to "loop" current will resemble those of Figure 6, in which the curves of generator voltage represent not terminal voltage but voltage generated within the generator.
The characteristics shown in Figure 7 and figure 8 are considered to be particularly suitable for cranes in steel plants and heavy machine shops, subject to the possible exception that the highest-speed lowering
characteristics there shown may be faster than considered desirable.it is a simple matter to real just so as to reduce the speeds of the fastest lowering characteristic and to redistribute the intermediate characteristics accordingly.
With the possible exception of an extraordinary combination of
conditions a crane is never called upon to lower a hook load greater than that which it is capable of picking up and hoisting. However, in the factory tests of the develop mental sample electric "live" loads were applied equivalent to hook loads substantially greater than any which could be lifted, as shown in Figure 8. At such excessive loads curves 1L show increases in speed. These, however, do not involve any tendency toward instability but are merely the result of increased IR drop of the "loop" circuit throughout the excessive overloads at which the generator voltage is at a nearly constant minimum. Throughout the entire over load range the hoist-motor excitation increases until at maximum overloads including those which are impossible in practice the motor is highly saturated, and hence in a very stable condition.
Conclusion
The hoisting-machinery art includes many different application. Some of these types of hoist have relatively unexacting requirement which are met acceptably by various simple systems of electric drive. several systems of electric-hoist drive have been developed , each of which has certain specialized modifications which are particularly advantageous .for certain exacting applications but which are irrelevant or disadvantageous for certain other hoisting applications whose requirements are equally exacting. but different. The electric system described in this paper is not to be considered as preferable or even applicable for every important type
of hoist, but it is intended for use in several types of hoist in which, notwithstanding certain substantial differences of design and use, the speed-torque requirements are similar.
No installations have yet been made in large heavy-duty indoor cranes such as are typical of steel plants and heavy machine shops. However, the results first demonstrated by the developmental sample and confirmed in practice by the Fontana Dam installation indicate the suitability and advantages of the system for heavy-duty indoor cranes. It seems reasonable to expect that with further experience and additional study of details and refinements the field of application will be broadened further.
一种新的电动葫芦驱动起重机
一个新的电动葫芦驱动器的系统已经研制成功，已经在实际使用中证明了它的成功。对于葫芦的类型，这个系统提供了更接近的理想的特性方式比以前更加可用的方式。虽然该系统不是在所有类型的重要的提升机中使用，它是预期进一步的经验和其他研究的详细信息和改进将扩大其在那之外的领域的应用程序，到目前为止，在实践中建立了。
理想的特征
该新系统的被认为是合适的用于几个提升应用程序,在高档重型室内起重机在钢厂和商店重型机器可能被认为是典型的代表。一项需求的研究表明,这种类型和某些其他类型的起重机主要的理想特征如下:
1. 任何方向位置操纵同样的控制器的降低的应引起电动机供电, 降低
空钩或吸收功率的适当降低负载是在那一刻任何所需的条件。
2. 空钩的最大起升速度应该是一个定值，大约在额定负载的两倍的速度。
3. 在全速提升控制器的位置应该限制在一个合理的过载失速扭矩值
4. 在第一档吊装位置的转速 - 转矩曲线应该是相对平坦的，空钩有一
个非常低的速度，但大幅失速扭矩。
5. 空钩的最大下降速度应该是一个在160％和两倍额定起升速度之间明确的选择值。
6. 基本上降低额定负载的最大速度应比在空钩更少，并降低最大负载的
最大速度应低于该降低额定负载
7. 最低的下降速度，也就是说，首先在速度控制器的降低速度的位置应
该是接近一致，不论负载。如果很容易实现，优选的是，在重负载降低了速度小于在部分负荷或空钩。
8. 该电气设备必须具有在下降方向有大幅余量，这样一来，它可以在电
梯的在下降方向提供充足的转矩容量，在最不利条件下，最大负载的处理时保持可靠的负载控制。
9. 必须在输入电源和其他紧急情况的发生故障时自动启动一个安全和
合理顺畅迟缓和挡块。
10.调节手段第六,第七满足需求必须一个负载被降低不可以拖延，但是
大负载可以在任何下降位置所述的控制器。
11.快速的运动控制器的处理的条件下电气设备应该有自我保护的包括：本身或机械设备。
12.它通常是重要的抱闸，在常规服务任何大的一部分是不需要如此自动是供应迟缓努力的新系统。
根据的沃德 - 伦纳德系统，理想的特性的主要特征就是增加了体现不寻常的设计励磁跨助熔剂原则的，彻底改善发展密切近似的应用程序。通过这种方式，得到一种特性，其中该横磁通激励器的电压以独特的方式响应向量值和当前的极性，在“循环”电路的变型，即，在本地电路中所包含的发电机和电动葫芦电机的电枢。在零“循环”当前这个激励器的为电压最大。在“循环”的电流，而不管大幅度的增加的极性，这激励器的电压降低，并且在“循环”的最大过载电流值的电压密切接近零。通过此激励器所产生的电压提供发电机磁场的励磁和修改电动机励磁的励磁。通过这样在发电机和电动机励磁特性的手段设置，速度与负载的那种特征已在本文后面所说明获得。
由紧急的动态制动电阻，提升电动机电枢电路中的一个简化的安排和改进的磁铁制动控制细节中分别满足上述理想起重机启闭机中列出的第 9 和第 12 的要求。分别满足电阻器的简化结构和通过在磁铁制动器的控制细节的改进。这两个特征不依赖于交叉磁通激励的原则。然而，他们在发达国家作为同一项目的贡献，即实现了最完美的起重机卷扬机驱动的尝试。因为内存不足，这些功能都没有介绍。
励磁建设
机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要
湖北文理学院 毕业设计(论文)英文翻译 题目在采用PWM逆变器下的变速感应电机驱动器中的传导性排放轴承电流的减少和鉴定 专业机械设计制造及其自动化 班级机制0911 姓名杨成杰 学号2009116140 指导教师 职称周立文（学校）冯南（企业） 2013年5月10日
┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊ Minimization and identification of conducted emission bearing current in variable speed induction motor drives using PWM inverter Abstract. The recent increase in the use of speed control of ac induction motor for variable speed drive using pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter is due to the advent of modern power electronic devices and introduction of microprocessors. There are many advantages of using ac induction motor for speed control applications in process and aerospace industries, but due to fast switching of the modem power electronic devices，the parasitic coupling produces undesirable effects. The undesirable effects include radiated and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) which adversely affect nearby computers, electronic/electrical instruments and give rise to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor. Due to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor，electrical discharge machining takes place in the inner race of the bearing which reduces the life of the bearing. In high power converters and inverters, the conducted and radiated emissions become a major concern. In this paper, identification of bearing current due to conducted emission, the measurement of bearing current in a modified induction motor and to minimize the bearing current are discussed. The standard current probe, the standard line impedance stabilization network (LISN)), the electronics interface circuits are used to measure high frequency common mode current，bearing current and to minimize the conducted noise from the system. The LISN will prevent the EMI noise entering the system from the supply source by conductive methods, at the same time prevents the EMI generated if any due to PWM, fast switching in the system, will not be allowed to enter the supply line. For comparing the results with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) standards, the graphs are plotted with frequency Vs，line voltage in dB μV，common mode voltage in dB μV and the bearing current in dBμA without and with minimizing circuits. Keywords. EMI;a.c.drives; bearing current.
外文资料翻译译文 塔式起重机 动臂装在高耸塔身上部的旋转起重机。作业空间大，主要用于房屋建筑施工中物料的垂直和水平输送及建筑构件的安装。由金属结构、工作机构和电气系统三部分组成。金属结构包括塔身、动臂和底座等。工作机构有起升、变幅、回转和行走四部分。电气系统包括电动机、控制器、配电柜、连接线路、信号及照明装置等。 塔式起重机简称塔机，亦称塔吊，起源于西欧。据记载，第一项有关建筑用塔机专利颁发于1900 年。1905 年出现了塔身固定的装有臂架的起重机，1923 年制成了近代塔机的原型样机，同年出现第一台比较完整的近代塔机。1930 年当时德国已开始批量生产塔机，并用于建筑施工。1941 年，有关塔机的德国工业标准DIN8770 公布。该标准规定以吊载(t)和幅度(m)的乘积(tm)一起以重力矩表示塔机的起重能力。 我国的塔机行业于20 世纪50 年代开始起步,相对于中西欧国家由于建筑业疲软造成的塔机业的不景气, 上海波赫驱动系统有限公司我国的塔机业正处于一个迅速的发展时期。 从塔机的技术发展方面来看，虽然新的产品层出不穷，新产品在生产效能、操作简便、保养容易和运行可靠方面均有提高，但是塔机的技术并无根本性的改变。塔机的研究正向着组合式发展。所谓的组合式，就是以塔身结构为核心，按结构和功能特点，将塔身分解成若干部分，并依据系列化和通用化要求，遵循模数制原理再将各部分划分成若干模块。根据参数要求，选用适当模块分别组成具有不同技术性能特征的塔机，以满足施工的具体需求。推行组合式的塔机有助于加快塔机产吕开发进度，节省产品开发费用，并能更好的为客户服务。 塔机分为上回转塔机和下回转塔机两大类。其中前者的承载力要高于后者，在许多的施工现场我们所见到的就是上回转式上顶升加节接高的塔机。按能否移动又分为：走行式和固定式。固定式塔机塔身固定不转，安装在整块混凝土基础上，或装设在条形式X 形混凝土基础上。在房屋的施工中一般采用的是固定式的。 设备特点和安全装置 塔式起重机的动臂形式分水平式和压杆式两种。动臂为水平式时，载重小车沿水平动臂运行变幅，变幅运动平衡，其动臂较长，但动臂自重较大。动臂为压杆式时，变幅机构曳引动臂仰俯变幅，变幅运动不如水平式平稳，但其自重较小。 为了确保安全，塔式起重机具有良好的安全装置，如起重量、幅度、高度和载荷力矩等限制装置，以及行程限位开关、塔顶信号灯、测风仪、防风夹轨器、爬梯护身圈、走道护栏等。司机室要求舒适、操作方便、视野好和有完善的通讯设备。 塔式起重机的检验产要点 1) 检查金属结构情况特别是高强度的螺栓，它的连接表面应清除灰尘、油漆、没迹和锈蚀，并且使用力矩手或专用扳手，按装配技术要求拧紧。 2) 检查各机构传动系统，包括各工作传动机构的轴承间隙是否合适，齿轮啮合是不是良好及制动器是否灵敏。 3) 检查钢丝绳及滑轮的磨损情况，固定是否可靠。 4) 检查电气元件是否良好，名接触点的闭合程度，接续是否正确和可靠。 5) 检查行走轮与轨道接触是否良好，夹轨钳是否可靠。装设附着装置、内爬装置时，各连接螺栓及夹块是否牢固可靠。
A controller enabling precise positioning and sway reduction in bridge and gantry cranes Khalid L. Sorensen, William Singhose, Stephen Dickerson The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 813 Ferst Dr., MARC 257, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA Received 28 September 2005; accepted 30 March 2006 Available online 5 June 2006 一个控制器使门式起重机和减摇桥精确定位 Khalid L. Sorensen, William Singhose, Stephen Dickerson, 乔治亚机械工程学院，乔治亚技术学院， Ferst博士813，MARC 257 ,亚特兰大，GA 30332-0405,美国，2005年9月28日收到，2006年3月30日接受，2006年6月5日可在线使用.
一个控制器使门式起重机和减摇桥精确定位 摘要 起重机是很难精确操纵载荷的。振荡,可以诱导成大桥或手推车的阻尼系统轻度运动,并且还对环境造成滋扰. 为解决上述两种振荡的来源,结合反馈和输入整形控制器的发展。该控制器是由三个不同的模块组成，反馈模块的检测和定位误差补偿; 第二反馈模块侦测并拒绝振动; 使用塑料造填充的第三个模块,以减轻振荡。一个使用精确的模型矢量驱动的交流感应马达，为典型的大型起重机, 用同一个褶分析技术,将非线性动力学起重机器分为对照设计。在佐治亚技术学院实验10吨桥式起重机控制器。该控制器具有良好的定位精度和性能以减少摆动.。 关键词:输入整形；指挥整形；起重机控制；振动控制；防摇；桥式起重机；龙门吊床 1. 绪论 桥、门式起重机在工业生产中占据了关键地位。它们被使用在世界各地数以千计的船场、建筑工地、钢铁厂、仓库、核电厂及废料储存设施，以及其他工业园区。这种操纵系统的及时性和有效性为工业生产力起了重要贡献。因此，可以提高企业经济效益的起重机是极其宝贵的。这些结构，见图一。1.被给予高度评价的压电性质.、抗外部干扰，如风力或气压 (例如桥梁或小车) 能造成载荷振动。在许多实际生产中，这些振动产生了不良后果。摇动使得有效载荷或钩的精确定位在一人操作的时候费时费力；此外，当载荷或周边障碍有是一个危险和脆弱的时候，振荡可能存在安全风险。广泛使用的桥、门式起重机，再加上要控制不必要的振荡，使得大量的研究与控制这些结构有了干劲。工程师们正试图改善其易用性，以增加经济效益，并减轻安全上的顾虑，起重机系统的三个主要要解决的方面: (1)运动诱发的振荡；(2)扰动诱发的振荡；(3)定位能力。一个15吨的桥式起重机采用鲁棒输入整形技术来减少运动诱发的振荡(Singer,Singhose, & Kriikku,1997)。莱利建议控制小车位置和振荡通过比例-微分( PD )控制，在这之间的耦合电缆角和运动的小车将被增加(Fang,Dixon, Dawson, & Zergeroglu, 2001)。Piazzi提出了动态基于逆控制以降低瞬态和残余运动诱发振荡(Piazzi & Visioli, 2002)。金大中推行了极点配置策略,对一个真正的集装箱起重机运动控制和振荡以及定位(Kim, Hong, & Sul, 2004) 。 Moustafa今日发达非线性控制载荷轨迹律跟踪基于Lyapunov的稳定性分析((Moustafa, 2001) 。奥康纳制定了控
电动车：正在进行的绿色交通革命？ 随着世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费以及汽车数量的增加，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。石油并不是可再生资源。在石油消耗枯竭之前必须找到一种能源与之替代。随着科技的发展和社会进步，电动车的发明将会有效的缓解这一燃眉之急。电动汽车将成为理想的交通工具。 面临能源成本居高不下、消费者和政府更加重视环境保护的情况下，世界汽车制造商正加大对可替代能源性混合动力汽车技术的开发投资。该技术能极大削减燃料消费，减少温室气体排放。许多人把目光投向了日本和美国的汽车制造商，关心他们开发混合动力和电池电动车的进展情况。丰田普锐斯一跃成为世界上销量最好的混合动力车。美国的新兴汽车制造商，Tesla Motors，推出了该公司首部电池电力车，名为Tesla Roadster。截至2010年底，通用汽车公司计划推出备受赞誉的V olt混合动力汽车，而克莱斯勒公司最近已经宣布同样的计划正在进行之中。 目前，中国在新能源汽车的自主创新过程中，坚持了政府支持，以核心技术、关键部件和系统集成为重点的原则，确立了以混合电动汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车为“三纵”，以整车控制系统、电机驱动系统、动力蓄电池/燃料电池为“三横”的研发布局，通过产学研紧密合作，中国混合动力汽车的自主创新取得了重大进展。形成了具有完全自主知识产权的动力系统技术平台，建立了混合动力汽车技术开发体系。混合动力汽车的核心是电池（包括电池管理系统）技术。除此之外，还包括发动机技术、电机控制技术、整车控制技术等，发动机和电机之间动力的转换和衔接也是重点。从目前情况来看，中国已经建立起了混合动力汽车动力系统技术平台和产学研合作研发体系，取得了一系列突破性成果，为整车开发奠定了坚实的基础。截止到2009
附录A Portal power China’s rapid economic growth in the past decade has resulted in a big increase in freight traffic through the country’s seaports . Old ports are being expanded and new ports built to handle the large growth in container and bulk cargo traffic all along the Chinese coastline. China’s port expansion programme has provided a strong boost to the domestic port equipment industry, which has enjoyed a strong increase in demand for port cranes of various types, including container cranes and portal cranes along with bulk cargo handling equipment. State-run China Harbour Engineering (group) Corporation Ltd, established under the ruling State Council, is China’s largest supplier of port cranes and bulk cargo handling equipment. The organization controls both Shanghai Zhenhua Port Machinery Co Ltd (ZPMC),the world’s largest manufacturer of quayside container cranes, and Shanghai Port Machinery Plant (SPMP), which specializes in the manufacturer of portal cranes and other cranes used in ports along with dry bulk cargo handling equipment. SPMP’s main market is China, although the company is looking to expand its overseas sales. Although less well known than its associate ZPMC, SPMP also operates large manufacturing facilities, and is due to move part of its production shortly to Changxing Island near Shanghai where ZPMC already operates a large container crane fabrication plant. Portal and other harbour cranes are SPMP’s major production item. During the past two years, the corporation has won contracts for 145 portal cranes from port authorities throughout China, both from new ports under construction and ports undergoing expansion. In recent years, SPMP has also supplied portal cranes to the United States, Iraq,and Myanmar.The port Rangoon of Myanmar in has purchased a 47m,40t portal crane while BIW of the United States has purchased three cranes-15t,150t, and 300t portal
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系（院）：电子与电气工程学院 专业：电气工程及其自动化 姓名： 学号： 外文出处： (用外文写)Baidu library 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基础防雷 简介 闪电是一个反复无常，随机和不可预测的事件。它的物理特征包括：电流超过400 kA；温度超过50000华氏度，速度接近或超过三分之一的光速。自2000年以来持续雷击地球约100次每秒。美国保险公司的资料显示每57索赔有一次是因为雷击损坏。这些数据还不包括商业，政府和工业雷电造成的损失。在美国每年因雷电造成的火灾超过26000起，财产损失在5-6亿美元。 地球上的雷击现象，按目前的技术角度来看，遵循一个近似的规律： 1。从顶层雷云朝地球的向下脉冲，寻求电气地面目标。 2。地基对象（围栏，树木，草叶，建筑，避雷针，等等）对此事件发出不同程度的电力活动。从这些地基对象向上发送电力波动，在离地面几十米的位置，会出现一个“聚集区”加剧当地的电场。 3。当带有异种电荷的雷云相遇，相当于电路“开关”被关闭，于是有电流流过。我们就会看到闪电。 闪电效果可以直接也可能是间接的。直接影响是有电阻发热，出现电弧并可能燃烧起来。间接影响是，多数时候对电容，电感出现电磁影响。在绝对意义上实现闪电的防护是不可能的，只能使其产生的影响减少，可以由一个整体性，系统性的风险缓解办法来实现保护。下面对通用条款进行描述。 避雷针 从富兰克林研究雷电开始，就使用避雷针进行建筑物防雷并引流接地。避雷针，是现在最常用的防雷装置，根据建筑物不同的地点，高度和形状，使用合适类型的避雷针来达到设计要求。一些公共事业如架空线、变电所喜欢屏蔽电线。在某些情况下，没有任何避雷装置的使用是最适当的。 高空避雷装置的使用可能会改变闪电的动作。在等效电力场所，钝尖杆被看作是一种有效的避雷针类型。高空防雷装置的设计和性能是一个有争议的并尚未解决
China Hybrid Electric Vehicle Development With the depletion of oil resources, increase awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical " To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cell for the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress. With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series of breakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January 31, 2009, Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334. Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability to develop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fuel economy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources, Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achieved low-volume market. FAW Group Development Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000. FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission, officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanical and electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level. Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus FAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basic operation. The power hybrid electric bus
毕业设计论文外文资料翻译 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 起重机的工作需要更多的科学技术 起重机的出现大大提高了人们的劳动效率，以前需要许多人花长时间才能搬动的大型物件现在用起重机就能轻易达到效果，尤其是在小范围的搬动过程中起重机的作用是相当明显的。 战后的前几年，世界性的工业诞生了，起重机行业几乎完全停止。然而到这个年代末，起重机的建造变得多元化并传播到世界各地，它的前所未有的蓬勃发展似乎整个工业注入了新能源。轻型起重机投入到工作地点并准备作为主要机械，因为人们意识到了在工作间不用拆除他们的的优点。这些新的设计也不再需要其他起重设备协助操纵——相比以前在安装前要进行繁琐的设计。但是，在这一切之前发生了恐怖的第二次世界大战。到1940年，欧洲完全陷入了战争中。到战争结束后的几十年来，欧洲和世界其他地区发生了巨大的政治，经济和社会变化，将影响整个社会结构，包括建造业和起重机行业。在美国，蒸汽机已开始改为柴油机——到1953年超过百分之五十的机车将使用柴油机。战争期间，挖掘机，铲运机和起重机的大规模生产在继续。例如1940年，看到Thew推出新的'Lorain Motocrane'系列。这其中包括三种起重机，是历史上首次自身安装了底盘的起重机。最小的MC - 2 ，起重量达7.6吨，MC – 2起重量为9.9吨，MC – 3起重量为13.5吨。这些起重机许多被用于军队，有的还安装在港口用作港湾式起重机（在MC - 4型）。当然，这场战争已经削弱了能在起重机行业工作的健壮的男人的数量，并且优秀的起重机司
机严重短缺。在Thew ，一位毕业于美国海军学院的经验丰富的技工A C Burch和L K Jenkins进行了为期两天的起重机业务课程的教授。这两位绅士好比是我们今天所知的―经营者培训‖的创始人。他们实际上已设计了动力起重机，都深深地了解起重机，并很高兴传授这方面的知识。 当日本国家铁路公司致力于采购一种旨在搬动钢轨扣板的原型机，潮流逆转。该设备工作极为出色。iVlasuo Tadano环游日本，用35毫米的电影展示该设备的强大用途。沿路上，他获取了大量订单。同时，他好像成为当今市场营销专家所宠爱的公司影像传播的先驱！ 其他国家也在大力发展起重机。特别是意大利，逐渐发展成为该行业的创新基地。1948年Carlo Raimodi在米兰附近的Legnano，首次建造了回转塔式起重机，一种经典的顶端回转起重机。公司最初成立于1863年，在生产起重机之前，是一间铸造厂并为技工和其他行业生产机械设备。当时全球建筑业空前繁荣，吸引了专业设备制造商的注意。其中许多公司在推广起重机后，推出了混凝土搅拌设备。提供了多种不同组合，例如，Reich， Ibag和Liebherr设计开发了起重机与混凝土搅拌设备一起使用的组合。 桥式起重机小车运行机构设计主要包括起升机构、小车架、小车运行机构、吊具等部分。其中的小车运行机构主要由减速器、主动轮组、从动轮组、传动轴和一些连接件组成。桥式起重机是水电站桥式起重机，安装于丰满水电站扩建工程厂房内，用于水轮发电机组及其附属设备的安装和检修工作。水电站内设备一般都是大中型设备，对桥式起重机的载荷要求较高，所以对减速器性能要求较高。 桥式抓斗起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行，由起重小车带动抓斗抓取物料的一种桥架型起重机。桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，起重小车沿铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行，构成矩形的工作范围，就可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。桥式抓斗起重机广泛应用于电厂、煤厂等需要散料装卸的场合，由于该设备笨重，运输安装困难，对其产品质量检测一般需要在现场进行。所以要求控制设备接线方便，体积小便于携带。又由于使用现场条件不动，还要求检测设备有随机手动控制功能，以保证运行时的安全。随着对起重运输机械控制要求的不断提高,控制手段也越来越先进。目前国内的桥式起重机控制系统都需要人在现场进行控制，控制方式都比较落后。在中小型起重机中, 大都采用控制器直接控制大、小车运行, 主、副钩提升、下降重物及调速。
城市交通的可持续能源存储应用的无轨电车线 M.E. Falvo ，R. Lamedica，A. Ruvio罗马萨皮恩扎，DIAEE大学，通过Eudossiana 18，罗马（意大利） 摘要该文件的重点是指出于无轨电车线路，在中等规模城市作为城市轨道交通解决方案。在以下方面比较经济和环境的特点，在无轨电车系统其他流动性，潜在的升级行动，这将提高其节能性能，得到突出显示。特别是深深分析了在能量储存应用供电系统和船上的车辆。以确定该两种溶液在涉及最高节能，一项研究已经完成对一个无轨电车线路的情况下提出了科森扎的城市。 关键词：能源存储应用，无轨电车线，电力系统的能源效率，运输系统，城市交通，环境可持续发展的能力。 引言 以城市交通的可持续发展为目的，促进公共交通的质量。需要保证使其在能量方面有效的高质量和效率和对环境的影响。对于一个中等规模的城市，城市公共的选择集体运输系统是用于许多功能。首先，为公众移动每个传输解决方案都有其利用自己的特殊领域，作为潜在的功能运输需求和当地的条件[ I] - [ 6 ]。世界公认的运输能力值（测量为每程乘客/小时数）有，每种类型的移动系统： ?公共汽车和无轨电车：2.000÷4.000 ; ?电车无专用路径：2.000÷6.000 ; ?电车专用路径： 6.000 ÷15.000 ; ?轻铁：6.000 ÷15.000 ; ?自动轻轨：10.000÷25.000 ; ?传统的地铁交通：20.000÷45.000 。 很显然，公共汽车和无轨电车线可以有同样的运输能力，这反而会增加选择有轨电车，轻轨和地铁交通系统。所以，对于一个中等规模的城市，运输能力是保证是普遍满意巴士或电车巴士线或与电车线的一些情况。因此，本选择的输送系统，然后密切相关其它方面，如：- 一体化运输系统的的水平其他城市的基础设施; - 经济问题; - 能源效率方面的问题; - 环境方面。 在本论文中，比较运输的经济和土地的可持续发展，不同类型的中型城市大规模移动系统不同。那么宽的分析电气化集体运输系统，以实现意大利中等规模的城市，指出的选择无轨电车线路是最广泛的。参考这个传输解决方案，其主要的优点，在以下方面提高能源效率，特别是在案件集成电力系统的能量存储器。量化的改进，这种解决方案可能的话，应用程序特定的无轨电车线，在意大利城市科森扎的实施。 本文可分为如下五个部分。第1节总结该经济和环境的不同类型的大众运输系统的性能中型城市。第二节说明该就业这种类型的交通工具，在意大利报告一个无轨电车系统的主要数字，指出其好处和潜在的改进，可实现与使用存储系统。第四节报告案例研究科森扎城市，包括交通的结果和电模拟在一个具体的计划。第五节包含的结论。 1 移动系统 中型城市：经济和领地即使在城市移动系统的选择严格链接到服务提供的（数每程乘客/小时）的交通规划系统也非常受成本影响评估并与香港可持续发展方面[ 7 ] 。 A.经济features 在一个经济比较，其中的三种可能对于一个中等规模的城市（公共汽车，电车移动解决方案公共汽车和电车线路），具有主要的成本项目为考虑是： ?涉及到具体施工的固定成本，专用基础设施（土建工程），无视支出为庇护所，接入点等
二○一三届毕业设计外文翻译 学院：工程机械学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：赵国超 学号：2504090516 指导教师：陈新轩 完成时间：2013 年 3 月 27 日
Type of Cranes 起重机的类型 Cranes can be classified into four kinds, namely, (a) overhead traveling crane; (b) jib crane; (c) bridge or gantry crane; and (d) cantilever crane. 起重机可分为四类：高架移动起重机、动臂起重机、桥式或门式起重机、悬臂吊车。 Overhead traveling crane. Consists of a girder and a trolley. The girder is supported at each end on trucks capable of traveling on elevated fixed tracks. The trolley is equipped with hoisting and other mechanism, capable of traversing from end to end of such girder. The girder and associated end carriages are known as the bridge. 高架移动起重机由横梁和空中吊运装置组成。横梁靠固定道轨支承，并且可以在轨上来回移动。空中吊运装置由提升装置和其他装置组成，可以从横梁的一端运动到另一端。横梁和与之相连的框架统称为桥。 Such cranes vary in lifting capacity from about 2 tons to 400 tons, and in span from 20 ft to 150 ft,or more. Depending on the purpose for which it is to be used, the crane can be operated either from a cabin fixed to the bridge or the trolley, or from the ground. When two trolleys are furnished, these may run on a common tracks arranged side-by-side or one above the other so that each trolley can traverse the entire span. 这些的起重机囊括了起重量从2吨到400吨，跨度从20英尺到150英尺的各种类型。根据目的不同,在机舱工作的起重机常在桥或空中吊运装置进行控制,其他情况控制装置常在地面。当两个空中吊运装置安装完毕，他们就能在同一道轨上并行或上下交错的并行，以确保每个空中吊运装置都能在整个横梁上移动。 Jib crane 动臂起重机 Consists of an inclined member, or jib, capable of suspending a load at its outer end. The jib is supported by a rope or other member attached to a vertical mast of frame. The out reach of the jib can be constant or variable, and the crane as a whole may be either fixed or movable. 动臂起重机有能在它的外侧提升重物的倾斜动臂。动臂通过绳索或其他方式连接到垂直的框架上。动臂可以是定长或者可伸缩的。起重机可以是固定式或移动式。 Included in this kind are: mobile and caterpillar cranes, builders tower cranes, wharf cranes, and movable cranes mounted on high pedestals, gantries, pontoons and barges. 这一类的起重机包括：移动和履带起重机,建筑商,码头起重机、塔式起重机和可移动的安装在高台子,井架,浮筒和驳船上的起重机。 Lifting capacities vary from 1/2 ton to 300 tons or more, and outreaches from a few feet to 150 ft. Cranes required for handling heavy machinery and equipment in shipyards and at ports are frequently mounted on pontoons. 起重能力不同从1/2吨到300吨不等,动臂可伸展范围从几英尺到150英尺。