Anthology of English and American Literature
?What is literature? Is it necessary or important in modern society?
?什么是文学？今天我们还需要文学吗？
主讲内容
一、考试主要题型、特点和应考策略；
二、以讲解关键词的方法作全书梳理，包括各个时期重要的文学理念，核心观点；
三、结合真题对重点作家做总结和预测
第一讲
一、考试题型分析
1.选择题（40/25）
40，22（英国），18（美国），主要考查：基本知识点、理解（10）
趋势：选择题难度上升，主观题难度下降。
2.阅读（4×4)要求指出：
A）作者和作品出处（1分）
B）作品中具体某个词或词组的确切意义（1分）
C）表述该选段的思想内容（2分）。
09年真题
41. Wherefore feed and clothe and save
From the cradle to the grave
Those ungrateful drones who would
Drain your sweat- nay, drink your blood?
Questions:
A. Identify the poet and the title of the poem from which the stanza is taken.
B. What figure of speech is used in Line 2?
C. Whom does “drones” refer to?
3.简答（6×4)内容的跨越比较大，既有阅读理解部分的延伸，也有某一时期的文学思潮，还有对某一断代史的简论，答对率非常低。
4.讨论（2×10)考查：文学流派与作家解析，作品主题、人物、情节、叙事方法等分析
二、应试技巧（主观题）
基本方法：核心观点+实际问题
答题时最好用A,B,C或123等符号将答案分割成几点；
英文的书写与拼写
语法
做简答题或论述题的答题要点
?A. 关于历史时期的介绍
1> 时间+来源(0.5分---1分)
2> 历史背景(不需要扩充) (1---2分)
3> 该时期中最重要的创作思想以及影响该时期的大背景．(2---3分)
4> 代表作家以及代表作品简介．(1分)
5> 影响(0.5—1分)
?B. 论述题中人物性格分析的答题要点：
1> 利用题目发挥(0.5--1分)
2> 该任务的代表时期，属于哪个阶层(1—2分)
3> 作品中人物经历的有关情节(2—3分)
4> 该人物的直接性格分析(1—2分)
5> 该人物的文学性格分析(3—4分)
6> 作用／影响／语言风格等(0.5—1分)
?C. 论述题中关于作家的分析
1> 利用题目发挥(0.5—1分)
2> 该作家所处的历史背景(1—2 分)
3> 该作家的语言风格(1—2分)
4> 该作家说写的典型作品及创作主题(2—3分)
5> 关于典型作品的有关情节(1—2分)
6> 影响(0.5—1 分)
英美文学选读答题套语
?Sb. launches possibly the sharpest and the fiercest attack upon the very foundations of the corrupt feudalism/capitalist world.
?The penetrating hit at the very heart of capitalism is driven home.
?no other than=nothing more than
?…is discernible.
?Lengthy accounts are given to…
?Sb. perceptively states that…
?Sth. bears some resemblance with…
?…draws influence from…
?in essence
?prolific
?play a pivotal role in…
?The significance of …lies rather in the portrayal of…
?It affords the readers a whole gallery of vivid portraits of the people of all stratum.
?…gives an encyclopedic creation of…
?…shows a genuine sympathy for…
?every character one’s creative finger touched came alive
?…leaves unforgettable impressions on the readers’ mind.
?The great humorists of the world are few in number, and Mark Twain is of that choice company.
?评分标准：
1）答出参考答案多数要点且某些要点有较好发挥，可给满分；
2)考生答非所问不给分；
3）内容和语言综合考虑，语言表达不好的要适当扣分，原则如下：
a)语言通顺，表达清楚，语法错误和拼写错误很少，基本根据内容评分；
b)语言基本通顺，有少数语法错误和拼写错误，扣该题分值的20%；
c)语言不通顺，表达不连贯，有较多语法错误和拼写错误，扣该题分值的40%；
d)语言很不通顺，无法表达连贯的意思，扣该题分值的60%。
?常考不衰的重点：
文艺复兴的文学特色及其核心作家；英国浪漫主义与美国浪漫主义；自然主义；意象主义；现实主义；现代主义（英国）
?必考的作家：
Shakespeare; Milton; Defoe; Fielding; Shelley; Austen; Dickens; Hardy; T.S.Eliot; Hawthorne; Whitman；Mark Twain; Dreiser; Pound; Hemingway; Faulkner
?考过的是否会重考？
1.任何考题都有可能在其他题型中重考；
2. 选择题有可能重考；
3. 考过的问答题不会重考，但同一作家可重考；
?复习建议：把握英国重点部分，死记美国所有部分
1）思考，理解；
2) 比较记忆和联想记忆；
?关键词
?个章节时代介绍；重要引语；作家作品名称的拼写；
?参考资料：原教材辅导书，近5年真题
最新考纲要求
调整后的《英美文学选读自学考试大纲》将于2009年4月考试试行。
?一、关于考核知识点的调整
考核知识点中的各章概述内容仍为考核内容；对知识点中的作家只保留对如下主要作家的
考核。
?二、关于考核要求的调整
考核要求中每章概述内容不作调整；“该时期的重要作家”只包
含对考核知识点中保留的重要作家的相关内容的考核。
5分钟巧记所有作家
英国
小沙弥在看非州的Swift吹笛子, 布来克/澳雪(在旁边)华华叫, (吵得)狄更斯和哈代不得安宁, (气得)萧伯纳踢死(T.S)了劳伦斯
美国
挥霍的梅姑娘.(看见)James骑马D答D答响, (后面跟着) 肥仔老罗和发福的海明威
大纲调整后的特点
二、大纲调整后的特点
（一）新大纲更加突出了英美各个文学时期的时代特点。如：文艺复兴时期的戏剧和诗史，浪漫主义时期的诗歌等。从这个意义上讲，命题的重点突出了。
（二）新大纲中考核的作家，都是每一个文学时期文学潮流的最具代表性的作家，都是对该时期文学的发展起到决定作用的作家。从这个意义上讲，命题的焦点集中了。
（三）新大纲中所保留的作家的作品大多是广大考生耳熟能详的作品，从这个意义上讲，考试的难度降低了。
三、大纲调整后的复习方法
（一）概述：
考试大纲调整以后，可命题的作家的数量减少了，但命题的深度会增加；同时，由于作家数量的减少，这也意味着在每一章的概述部分和作品选读部分的命题点会增多。
（二）每章概述部分的复习重点
在对这部分的复习中，重点关注每一个文学时期的界定以及其标志性事件；另外每一个文学时期的时代特点和突出文学成就也是考查的重点，还有本时期同时存在的文学流派的特点也是重点内容。
（三）每章重点作家的复习重点
作家的文学史上的地位和贡献；作家的代表作以及代表作的中心大意和所反映的社会现实；作家的写作风格和写作特点也是命题的重点。
（四）每章作品选读的复习重点
作品选读前面的斜体字部分的简介和概括；作品中的名句；作品选读中的注释部分，小说作品中的人物关系。
第二讲
The Renaissance Period
1)It marks a transition from_____ to the ____world.
2) It refers to the period between ____ and _____.
3) a) revival or rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture;
b)introduction of Humansim;
c) new ideas pros and cons in the interest of the rising bourgeoisie;
d) the development of early science;
e) the religious Reformation or religious struggle in the folk life;
f）the shaping of nationalism.
?Humanism
a)Emphasis of man and individual, man is the measure of all things;
b)Humanists try to exalt human nature and regard human beings as glorious creatures capable of Individual development toward perfection with life to question, explore and enjoy;
c) Emphasis of human values, dignity, ambitions and the present life rather than the afterlife.
The Achievement of the Elizabethan Drama
1)It is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. It is not until the Elizabethan age, under the influence of the Renaissance, that drama was developed into a mature art form. And great dramatists like____, _____, _____ appeared on the stage;
2)By imitating the romances, embracing the mysteries of German legend, and combing the poetic fancy with the facts of daily life, they made a vivid depiction of the sharp conflicts between feudalism and the rising bourgeoisie;
3)The drama, with _____ as the master, stands out as a monument of the Renaissance, which is unrivaled for pure creative power by any other product of that epoch.
?Representatives:
Chaucer:_______
Spenser: ____________
Marlowe：____________
Shakespeare:__________
Bacon:_______
John Donne:________
John Milton:_______
The Neoclassical Period
?Starts from _____ to _____.
?The 18th century England is also known as the age of ______ or the age of _____.
?How to define 1．The Enlightenment Movement
2. Neoclassicism
3. the Realistic Novel
What is the literary characteristics of Neoclassicism?
Neoclassicism
1) A revival of interest in the old classical works.
?All forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers & those of the contemporary French ones.
?The artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy, & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.
?Seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.
The Enlightenment Movement
1)The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.
2) A progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time.
3) The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries.
4) To enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas.
5) celebrating reason or rationality, equality & science.
6) Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.
the Realistic Novel
?A newly rising literary form contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats,
?Gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.
?Is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution
?Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, & Oliver Goldsmith.
What is the literary characteristics of Neoclassicism?
1)All forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones.
2) Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature, prose should be precise, direct, smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, & each class should be guided by its own principles.
3) Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented.
?Representatives:
John Bunyan:________
Pope:_________
Defoe:_______
Swift:______
Fielding:______
Johnson:______
Sheridan: ______
Gray:_____
The Romantic Period
1. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in ____ with the publication of of ____ and to have ended in ____.
2. Cultural background：
?The ideas of Rousseau;
B. The literary sources: The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.
C. The literary views:
?(1) a rebellion against neo-classicism
?(2) express on imagination
?(3) priorities been given to passion, emotion and feeling
?(4) being close to nature for its purity while the society is corrupting
?(5) tremendous interest in something remote in term of space and time
?(6) supremacy of freedom
3. Literary forms:
A. Poetry
A). The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.
?B). Theory of poetry
a. They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing.
b. They saw poetry as a healing energy, the believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.
c. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.
d. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.
B. Prose
The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. Coleridge, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures.
C. Novel
A). Austen is of the 18th-century in her moral outlook. Her view of life is a totally realistic one. The major theme of her novels is love and marriage.
B). Walter Scott is the most popular novelist of his day. Waverley, Old Martality, The Heart of Midlothian, Rob Roy, and Ivanhoe are among the most popular ones of his novels. He is the first major historical novelist.
C). Gothic novel:
a. Nature:
Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement.
b. Subject matters:
Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.
c. Works:
Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.
D. Drama
Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound and The Cenci, Byron’s Manfred and Coleridge’s Remorse are generally regarded as the best verse plays during this period.
How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism?
?a. Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order, logic , restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature, should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expressions should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.
?b. Romanticism tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong of feeling” the value of the work link lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular altitude.
?c. In a word, Neoclassicism emphasized rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind ( emotion, imagination, temporary experience……….)
?Representatives:
William Blake:________
William Wordsworth:_________
Coleridge:_______
Byron:______
Shelley:______
Keats:______
Austen: ______
The Victorian Period
1. The Victorian Period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victorian from 1836 to 1901, the most glorious in the English history.
2. Towards the mid-19th century, England had reached its highly point of development as a world power.
3. Darwin’s The origin of species and The Descent of Man shook theoretical basic of traditional faith.
4. Famous novelists like Charles Dickens , William Makepeace Thackery, Charlotte Bronte , Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell and Anthony Trollope.
What are the characteristics of Victorian literature?
?As a product of its age, it naturally took on its quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and reflected romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people’s life and thought.
?Victorian literature has the high-spirted vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness , the good-natured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented.
What were the common things shared by the novelists of Victorian Period?
Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, the novelists of this age shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutiions, the decaying social morality.
What were the literary characteristics of English critical realism?
?English critical realism of the 19th century, flourished in the forties and in the early fifties;
?The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief trait of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint;
?The realists not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruining classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.
?Humor and satire abound in the English realistic novels of the 19th century.
?The critical realists did not, due to their world outlook, and could not find a way to eradicate social evils.
Representatives:
Dickens:_______
The Bronte Sisters:_________
Tennyson:_______
Robert Browning:______
George Eliot:______
Thomas Hardy:______
The Modern Period
?The social, ideological background of the Modern English Literature:
?The influences of the two World Wars on English literature;
?Ideologically, the rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships.
So, after the First World War, all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared. After
the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that "the world was absurd, and the human life was an agony."
2. What is Modernism?
A) Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century;
B) Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism;
C) Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base;
D) Modernism is, in many aspects, a reaction against realism.
What are the basic characteristics of Modernism in literature?
?Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. One characteristic of English Modernism is "the dehumanization of art".
?The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.
?The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.
?In their writings, the past, the present and the future are mingled together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.
Why do we say Modernism is a reaction against Realism?
Modernism is, in many aspects, a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of realism.
A) It excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism;
B) By advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc., which are essential to realism. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.
How do you define Modern English Poetry?
The 20th century has witnessed a great achievement
in English poetry.
A. In the e arly years, the poems of Pound and Eliot and Yeats marked the rise of “Modern Poetry”, which was a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Victorian poetry;
B. With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poetry again, advocating reason, moral discipline and traditional forms.
How do you define Modern English novels?
?The first three decades of 20th century were golden years of the modernist novel. In stimulating the technical innovations of novel creation, the theory of the Freudian and Jungian psycho-analysis played a particularly important role.
?One of the remarkable features of their writings was their continuous experimentation on new and sophisticated techniques in novel writing, which made tremendous impacts on the creation of both realistic and modernist novels in this century.
?Modernist novels came to a decline in the 1930s, After the Second World War, modernism had another upsurge with the rise of existentialism which was reflected mainly in drama.
The development of 20th century English drama.
A. The most celebrated dramatists in the last decade of the 19th century were Oscar Wilde and George
Bernard Shaw, who, in a sense, pioneered the modern drama, though they did not make so many innovations in techniques and forms as modernist poets or novelists.
B. The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England. One of the early experimenters was T. S. Eliot who regarded drama as the best medium of poetry.
C. The English dramatic revolution, which came in the 1950s under various European and American influences, developed in two directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.
Representatives:
Bernard Shaw:_______
Galsworthy:_________
Yeats:_______
T.S.Eliot:______
Lawrence:______
James Joyce:______
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
英 美 文 学 选 读 论 文 《傲慢与偏见》的女性 叙事视角解读 姓名： 班级： 学号：
《傲慢与偏见》的女性叙事视角解读 摘要: 奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中，通过在全知视角下具有限制性的叙述模式向我们展示了灰姑娘的浪漫爱情故事，描绘出作者所处时代的社会道德风貌，表达了作者的女性抗争意识及对当时社会婚姻观的批判。 关键词: 全知视角;有限视角 在奥斯丁的著作中，《傲慢与偏见》一直深受读者的喜爱，并经受住了时间的考验，成为文学史上不休的名著。剖析其原因，发现这与奥斯丁高超的叙事技巧是分不开的。自小说发表以来，其叙述技巧引起了广泛的评论，纵观其评论，发现对其独特的女性视角分析还是不够。在这部小说中，奥斯丁颠覆了以往男权统治下的话语权，采用了全知视角下，从女性的有限视角展示故事，从女性的角度来描写生活，并首次让小说中的女性形象第一次成为真正意义上的主角，让女性有了话语权。因而，从女性视角这一角度对小说进行解读，对于理解和把握作品具有重要的意义。申丹曾指出：叙事者的性别不同，往往会对叙事模式及其意义产生影响。把性别和视角结合在一起的女性视角是指从性别入手来审视人类的文化遗产和文化创造的一种批评观念和批评角度。本文将从女性叙事视角对小说进行解读，发掘其对于展现女性意识的意义。 叙事视角，在文学作品中是指作品叙述者或者人物从什么角度观
察故事。从小说的整体来说，奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中选择了全知视角，如在交代故事背景，人物首次出场以及在每章节中奥斯丁看似无意的评述。例如：小说的第一章第一句话就是通过贝内特太太总括式的议论“有钱的单身汉总是要娶位太太，这是一条公认的真理。”使读者顷刻间就能识别人物形象。贝内特太太在全知叙述视角下，是作为被叙述对象而存在，她的那句总括式议论，与作者的价值信念是完全不同的，因而造成了读者与她的距离，读者高高在上地评判着贝内特太太，笑她的迂腐和无知。但是正是这一人物形象，却揭露了当时社会上普遍流行的婚姻价值观，正是因为当时流行的婚恋观所以贝内特太太才把嫁女儿当作自己的人生大事，读者在嘲讽贝内特太太的同时也了解了整个社会背景，实际上读者对贝内特太太的疏离也拉近了读者和隐含作者的距离，从而拉近了读者和女主人公的距离。在全知视角的应用方面还可以从小说的第二十二章中，作者那一段心酸讽刺的话语评价了夏绿蒂的婚姻看出。“大凡家境不好而又受过相当教育的青年女子，总是把结婚当作仅有的一条体面的退路。尽管结婚并不一定会叫人幸福，但总算给自己安排了一条最可靠的储藏室，日后可以不致挨冻受饥。”这句话揭示出了当时女子在婚姻方面的被动局面，在男权社会里，女性一直处于附属地位，婚姻是两个门当户对家庭的结合，爱情的有无处于次要地位。对于女性来说，她在婚姻市场的卖点取决于她能够带来的嫁妆，像夏绿蒂这样没有嫁妆的女性，在当时只有两条路可走，一条是做家庭教师，另一条就是抓住婚姻，所以当迂腐的柯林斯向她求婚时她爽快地答应了，这在夏绿蒂看来似乎
要通过《英美文学选读》这门课考试，不是考前“冲刺”一类的短训能奏效的。这门课难就难在它的阅读量很大，它包括英国和美国的诸多作家的诸多作品，而每一部作品就是一部书。现行统一教材在作家和作品的选取方面尽管已经是精而又精了，但还是不得不采用节选的办法来压缩篇幅。即便如此，为了更好地理解作品，考生还不得不在对整部作品了解的基础上，在教师指导下反复阅读节选，才能对节选部分的内容以及思想有较好的理解。不过文学阅读也有规律可循。下面的文字就“选读”课的性质、阅读时读取什么信息、现行试题各个部分的考查点是什么、如何回答简单论述题等问题，给考生一点提示，希望能对考生学习、复习《英美文学选读》课提供一些帮助。 第一部分《英美文学选读》课的性质 一、《英美文学选读》课的重点是作品顾名思义，“英美文学选读”是有选择地阅读英美文学史上有影响作家的重要作品，熟知作品内容，了解大多数批评家和读者已经接受的对这些作品主题的表述，并能从作品中找到、列举出证明这些表述的细节。这样的定义里有三个要注意的问题。一是作品内容，二是作品里的细节，三是节作品主题。三个同等重要，学习者不能只取其一。以小说为例，所谓作品内容，是指情节(plot)、场景(setting)、人物(characters)、语气(tone)、以及语言(style)。情节是指故事里所展示的事件和这些事件按作家意愿有序的安排，如事件发生的背景、事件中涉及的人物、事件本身(即冲突)、以及解决冲突的办法和结果。情节就是故事；没有情节就没有故事；熟知情节是理解文学作品，特别是小说和戏剧的第一、也是不可缺少的一步。不掌握故事情节，对作品进行深入分析就无从谈起。有故事当然就有人，对人物的分析是对作品分析的核心。语气是指作者在他／她刻画人物、安排情节、描写场景时所持的态度，而作者的态度直接影响我们对作品思想的理解。作者要表达自己对人物、事件的态度，只有通过文字才能与读者交流，而不同的作家使用语言的风格(style)是不一样的。如果掌握了以上内容，就掌握了细节，之所以把细节单列出来，是因为多数考生只记得大概情节，考试中不能用具体的细节进行人物或思想分析、评述，空话太多。劳伦斯小说《儿子与情人》(Sons and Lovers)里，成年的保罗是如何仍然生活在他母亲的掌控之下的细节，是分析这部作品里的人物和主题的关键，不能引用相关细节作为根据，分析就失去了基础。阅读文学作品一定要在一般性的了解情节的基础上，尽量记一些细节，细节显示考生对作品的熟悉程度。主题是对作品思想的高度概括。教材里作家作品概述和作品简介(斜体部分)，对作品主题已有简明准确的表述，考生不可不读。对这些表述的理解，又是以考生对作品内容、细节的掌握为基础的。作品内容、细节、主题是考生学习的重点。 两点说明： (一)这里我们姑且不讨论新批评对作者和作品关系的观点，也不去讨论接受美学和读者反映理论，本科阶段没有开设文学批评理论课，没有必要进行那样的讨论，教师也不要引入类似的话题，以免造成不必要的困惑。 (二)从历年考题来看，作家的生卒年月、家庭背景、接受教育情况、作品发表年代等都不在考察范围，考生不必在这些方面浪费时间。目前市场上有一些英美文学教材和辅导材料在作家生平上花费了相当的篇幅，有的甚至远远超过了对文学作品本身的介绍和分析，这类书籍对考生复习没有多大帮助。教育部组织专家编写的现行教材尽管可以再修改、完善，但它的最大好处是它给考生提供了学生最需要的作品概要和精确而恰当的分析(教材里作品前的斜体部分)，对考生从作品全貌理解文学作品很有帮助。 二、文学作品与文学史的关系关于文学作品和文学史哪个在先、以及哪个更重要的问题，我们还是留给专门的学者去争论，我们要搞清楚的是考生学习过程中应该以哪一个为重点的问题。前面讲选读课的性质时已经讲过，《英美文学选读》课的重点是作品，以往考试所包括的内容也充分说明了这一点，似乎没有争论的必要。但我们不得不考虑另一个无法回避的问题：如何对待教材中每个文学阶段前对该时期影响文学作品的经济、文化、社会、思想思
1. The 18th-century England is known as ( ) (浙0710) A. the Age of Puritanism B. the Age of Reason C. the Era of Capitalism D. the Age of Glory 2. English Enlighteners in the 18th century held ________ as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations. （一）1 A. property B. education C. emotion D. reason 3. In the Enlightenment Movement, the progressive representatives intended ______. (浙0810) A. to call the people to fight against poverty and hardship B. to tell people to economize and to accumulate wealth C. to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas D. to instruct people to obtain their present social status through hard work 4. As to education, the enlighteners thought that ______. （浙0310） A. human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and not capable of rationality and perfection through education. B. universal education was unnecessary. C. if the common people were well educated, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. D. most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further education. 5. Why did the enlighteners regard education the major means to improve the society and the people? ( ) (浙0710) A. Because most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further education. B. If the common people were well educated, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. C. Because universal education was limited , dualistic, imperfect, and unnecessary. D. Because human beings were not capable of rationality and perfection through education. 6. About reason , the enlighteners thought _____. （浙0210） A. reason or rationality should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities B. reason couldn't lead to truth and justice C. superstition was above reason and rationality D. equality and science is contrary to reason and rationality 7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about the tendency of ( ) A. realism B. puritanism C. neoclassicism D. romanticism 8. Which of the following statements about Neo-Classicism and Enlightenment Movement is true? A. The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理3 I). Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 11. He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。 12. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年，欧文出版了《见闻札记》，该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲的文学荣誉。 13. A History of New York---He parodies or imitates Homer.《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马。 14. Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所创造的两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样，都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。 15. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose. We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.他的作品行文优美流畅，犹如音乐。他的作品寓教于乐，给人以轻松安逸之感，如入梦境。 16. He is worth the honor of being“the American Goldsmith”for his literary craftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国的近匠”。 17. “rip van winkle”—Here, Irving’s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at on ce made unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西十分依恋，笔触生动，令人难忘。 (II). Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 18. New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.在美国浪漫主义时期的文学中，新英格兰的超验主义是不可或缺的。 19. Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.爱默生的超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想，强调人类具有本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神性而形成的一个哲学流派。 20. In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature.爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然的重要性。 21. Emerson id a ffirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.爱默生相信人的直觉知识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动。 22. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.一个理想的个人应是自助自立的人。 23. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”“回到自然中去吧，沉浸在自然的影响中吧，你将重新获得精神的完整。” 24. In 1845, a great transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年，写成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔登》。
英美文学选读-阶段测评3 成绩：87.5分 一、Multiple Choice 共40 题 题号: 1 本题分数:2.5 分 https://www.doczj.com/doc/71388498.html,wrence’s novels( )are generally regarded as his masterpieces. A、The Rainbow，Women in Love B、The Rainbow，Sons and Lovers C、Sons and Lovers，Lady Chatterley’s Lover D、Women in Love，Lady Chatterley’s Lover （P370.para2）劳伦斯的成名作是《儿子和情人》，而其代表作是《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》 标准答案：A 考生答案：A 本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 2 本题分数:2.5 分 T.S.Eliot’s poem( )is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream - of -consciousness technique,also a prelude to The Waste Land. A、―Prufrock‖ B、―Gerontion‖ C、The Hollow Men D、Lyrical Ballads （P358.para3）―Gerontion‖是一部用戏剧式独白写成的诗歌，是《荒原》的前奏曲，也采用了意识流派的文风。 标准答案：B 考生答案：B
本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 3 本题分数:2.5 分 https://www.doczj.com/doc/71388498.html,wrence’s autobiographical novel is( ). A、The Rainbow B、Women in Love C、Sons and Lovers D、Lady Chatterley’s Lover （P369.para1）劳伦斯的作品大多都是从心理上去探求让人的本能的，同时也反映人性中最内在的东西。其作品《儿子和情人》真实地反映了自己在童年时期的家庭状况，被视为其半自传体小说。 标准答案：C 考生答案：C 本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 4 本题分数:2.5 分 The typical representatives of G.B.Shaw’ s early plays are( ). A、Man and Superman，The Apple Cart B、Widowers’ House，Mrs. Warren’ s Profession C、Candida，Mrs. Warren’ s Profession D、The Apple Cart，Widowers’ House （P321-322）。萧伯纳的第一步剧作是Widowers’ House，写于1892年；第二部剧作是Mrs. Warren’ s Profession，写于1893年。 标准答案：B 考生答案：B 本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 5 本题分数:2.5 分 It was only after the publication of( )that https://www.doczj.com/doc/71388498.html,wrence was recognized as a prominent novelist.
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are
威廉-莎士比亚 威廉-莎士比亚（1564-1616）是世界有史以来最著名的作剧家和诗人之一。凭着38部作品，154首十四行诗和2首长诗，他建立了他在世界文学史中的赫赫威名。他也被全世界各式各样的学者和评论家给予了最高的赞誉。在过去4百年间，关于莎士比亚的书籍和文章还不断大量出版。 莎士比亚可能出生于1564年4月23日埃文河畔斯特拉特福城的一户商人家庭。他的父亲的职业被传为是卖手套的、羊毛商人、农夫或者是屠夫，是一个镇上有点地位的人，并多次当选为镇委员会的成员。莎士比亚在哪个美丽的贸易小镇度过了他的童年并上了斯特拉特福语文小学。他真正的老师是大自然和周围的百姓。1587年，莎士比亚娶了大他几岁的安妮-哈撒韦为妻。妻子为他生了3个孩子，苏珊娜和双胞胎朱迪斯和哈姆尼特。也许由于要养活不断壮大的家庭，莎士比亚在1586或1587年离开斯特拉特福去了伦敦。 莎士比亚去了伦敦一处为戏剧发展提供了优越环境的地方。他既当演员又做作剧家，为张伯伦家族做事，张伯伦家族后来又成为了王族。莎士比亚的事业发展得如此的好以致被誉为‘大学才子’之一的罗伯特-格林气极败坏地地称呼他是只‘向上扑腾的乌鸦’。 大约从1591到1611年间，莎士比亚到达了他戏剧生涯的顶峰，他的作品一部又一部地不断问世。莎士比亚没有把他的天赋局限于戏院里，在1593和1954年，他发表了2篇叙事诗，《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，都是写给南安普顿伯爵的。1609年他也写了短诗并出版了。到1597年时莎士比亚已经很有钱了，他在斯特拉特福买套大宅子作为新居。大约于1610年莎士比亚从伦敦退隐回了斯特拉特福，即便如此他还是坚持写作了一段时间。他卒于1616年4月23日。 由于对莎士比亚的许多作品的创作准确时间仍然存有争议，评论家们对把莎士比亚戏生涯的戏剧作品划分阶段方面存有不同的观点。但总体来说他的戏剧生涯可以分为4个时期。 莎士比亚戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段是创作早期。他写了5部历史剧：《亨利六世》的第一、二、三部，和《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》；4部戏剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维罗纳的2位绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 第二个阶段，莎士比亚的创作风格和方式变得极具个性。在不同的人物之间、现象和现实之间，莎士比亚构造了复杂的典范，他对人类各种缺点进行了精妙的诠释。在这个时期他写了5部历史剧：《理查二世》，《约翰国王》，《亨利四世》第一、二部和《亨利五世》;6部戏剧：《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯的商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第12夜》和《温莎的风流妇人》；2部悲剧：《罗密欧和朱丽叶》和《裘里斯凯撒》 莎士比亚的第三时期作品包括他最杰出的悲剧和所谓的黑色喜剧。这个时期的悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》，《麦克白》，《安东尼与克利奥帕特拉》，《特洛伊罗斯与克雷西达》和《科里奥兰纳斯》。2部喜剧是：《终成眷属》和《争锋相对》。 莎士比亚最后时期的作品包括他主要的烂漫悲喜剧：《伯利克里》，《辛白林》，《冬天的故事》和《暴风雨》；和他最后两部作品：《亨利八世》和《两个贵亲戚》。 莎士比亚真正的跟戏剧五官的是个主要是两首叙述长诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，和他的154首系列短诗。莎士比亚的十四行诗都单是
Chapter 3 ------------The Romantic Period(英国） Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. Historical background: Rousseau’s ideas provided guiding principles for the French Revolution (1789-1794) The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one. Political reforms and mass demonstrations shook the foundation of aristocratic rule in Britain. Cultural background 1.Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Rousseau established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit. Goethe and his compatriots extolled the romantic spirit as manifested in German folk songs, Gothic architecture, and the plays of English playwright William Wordsworth. 2. The Romantics saw man essentially as an individual in the solitary state and emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. 3. In the works of the sentimental writers, we note a new interest in literatures and legends other than those of Greece and Rome. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. Features of the romantic literature 1.Expressiveness: Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the romantics hold that the object of the artist should be the expression of the artist’s emotions, impressions, or beliefs 2. Imagination: Romantic literature puts great emphasis on the creative function of the imagination, seeing art as a formulation of intuitive, imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact, logic, or the here and now. 3.Singularity: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical. 4. Worship of nature: Romantic poets see in nature a revelation of Truth, the “living garment of God”. 5.Simplicity: Romantic poets tend to turn to the humble people and the everyday life for subjects, employing the commonplace, the natural and the simple as their materials 6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott. Gothic novel was one phase of the Romantic Movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural Willam Blake Points of view: 1. Politically Blake was a rebel, mixing a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine. He strongly criticized the capitalists’cruel exploitation. He cherished great expectations and enthusiasm for the French Revolution and regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets. 2. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual’s imagination. His works: Poetical Sketches (1783) Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) Songs of Innocence (1809) Songs of Experience (1794) 1. Songs of Innocence (1809)