第三部分医学英语的写作
任务一标题的写作（Title）
●标题的结构
1. 名词+介词
Blindness（视觉缺失）after Treatment for Malignant Hypertension
2. 名词+分词
Unilateral Neurogenic Pruritus Following Stroke
中风后单侧神经性瘙痒
3. 名词+不定式
Suggestion to Abolish Icterus Index Determination（黄疸指数测定）where Quantitative Bilirubin Assay（胆红素定量）is Available
建议能做胆红素定量的化验室不再做黄疸指数测定
4. 名词+同位语
Gentamicine, a Selelctive Agent for the isolation of Betahemolytic Streptocc ociβ-溶血性链球菌
庆大霉素是分离β-溶血性链球菌的选择性药物
5. 名词+从句
Evidence that the V-sis Gene Product Transforms by Interaction with the Receptor for Platelet-derived Growth Factor血小板源性生长因子.
V-sis 基因产物由血小板生成因子受体相互作用而转化的依据
6. 动名词短语
Preventing Stroke in patients with Atrial Fibrillation心房纤维性颤动
心旁纤颤患者中风预防
Detecting Acute Myocardial Infarction（急性心肌梗死）by Radio-immunoassay for Creative Kinase（酐激酶）用放射免疫法测定酐激酶诊断急性心肌梗死
7. 介词短语
On Controlling Rectal Cancer
8. 陈述句
Dietary Cholesterol is Co-carcinogenic协同致癌因素for Human Colon Cancer
9. 疑问句
Home or Hospital Births
Is Treatment of Borderline Hypertension Good or Bad?
●注意副标题的作用
1．数目：Endoluminal Stent-graft 带支架腔内搭桥for Aortic Aneurysms动脉瘤: A report of 6 cases
带支架腔内搭桥治疗动脉瘤的六例报告
2．重点：Aorto-arteritis 大动脉炎Chest X-ray Appearance and Its Clinical Significance
大动脉炎胸部X线表现及临床意义
3．方法：Gallstone Ileus（胆结石梗阻）: A Retrospective Study
4．作用：Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Breast-cancer Tissue: A useful prognostic indictor
乳腺癌组织中癌胚抗原——一种有用的预后指示
5．疑问：Unresolved—Do drinkers have less coronary heart disease?
6．连载顺序：Physical and Chemical Studies of Human Blood Serum: II. A study of miscellaneous Disease conditions
人类血清的理论研究：II. 多种病例的研究
7．时间：A Collaborative 综合Study of Burn Nursing in China: 1995-1999
常见标题句式举例
1. 讨论型：Discussion of/ on; An approach to; A probe into; Investigation of; Evaluation of / on
汉语中的“初步体会”、“试论”、“浅析”之类的谦辞可以不译。直接表达本意。
2. 观察、报告、结果型：An observation/ Observations of / on/in
3. 调查类：Survey of / on
4. 体会经验类: Experience in / with；Reflection on
5. 总结综述：Summary of/ Experience of ; Review of
6. 问题型：Problem of ; Some Aspects on
7. 探究：Study of/ on / in; Probe into; Exploration of
8. 报告：Report of / on
9. 药物治疗和非药物治疗：… in the Treatment of …; Management of …; Treatment ... with..; Use of … in the
treatment of … Therapy of / for … by …
10．诊断：… in the diagnosis of … ; Detection of … in … Diagnosis of … by/ with … Detection of …
by …Application of … to the diagnosis of …
练习
1.判断下列标题的书写格式是否正确
- Treatment of Psoriasis by hemodialysis（不对）
- Asthma in a Vietnamese refugee population（不对）
- Management of Hypertension in diabetes（不对）
- Does the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Involve the Autonomic Nervous system? （不对）
- Treatment of macroprolactinoma with cabergoline: A study of 85 Patients（不对）
- Clinical Observation on 342 Cases with Allergic Rhinitis鼻炎（对）
2.在下列英文标题中识别关键词、分析结构并翻译。
- Sudden cardiac death：Clinic pathologic investigation of 51 cases
心脏性猝死51例临床病理探讨
- Paranthyroidectomy in Chronic Renal Failure: Survey of 38 Cases
慢性肾功能衰竭的甲状旁腺切除疗法38例调查
- Recent Experience with Bacillemia菌血症due to Gram-negative Organisms.
治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌血症的新体会
- Treatment for Malignant Hypertension: An Experience of 35 Cases
35例恶性高血压治疗总结
-Certain Problems of the Surgical Treatment of Hyperparathyroidism.
甲状旁腺机能亢进手术治疗的几个问题
- Platelet Function Studies in Heart Disease
心脏病患者血小板功能的研究
- A Report of Rosai-Dorfman
腮腺肿块性病报告
- Use of Steroid （类固醇）in the Treatment of Clinical Septic Shock
皮质激素治疗败血症休克
- Treatment of Psoriasis by Hemodialysis
血液透析治疗牛皮癣
- Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Gallstones.
胆石症超声波诊断
3.请把下列句子改写成名词性短语标题（noun phrase titles）
- Thyroid cancer is a late consequence of head-neck irradiation
改为：Thyroid cancer as a late consequence of head-neck irradiation
- Coronary heart disease: Overweight and obesity are risk factors
改为：Coronary heart disease: Overweight and obesity as risk factors
- High blood pressure is a side effect of drugs, poisons, and food
改为：High blood pressure: A side effect of drugs, poisons, and food
- High uric acid serves as an indicator of cardiovascular disease
改为：High uric acid as an indicator of cardiovascular disease
- Prostaglandins serve as mediators of inflammation
改为：Prostaglandins as mediators of inflammation
任务二引言的写作（Introduction）
●引言的构成
阅读下列引言,分析其构成部分并概括每一部分的大意。
Helicobacter pylori(Hp幽门杆菌) is considered to be the main aetiological agent发病原因of the most common form of chronic gastritis]胃炎in the adult population—type B gastritis. Type B gastritis is localized in the antrum窦, 腔, 房and pylorus幽门, whereas type A gastritis, the classic autoimmune gastritis, mainly occurs in the fundus 底部. H pylori positive chronic gastritis of the antrum has been found to be closely related to
duodenal十二指肠ulcer and can lead to gastric atrophy萎缩, a precursor 前兆of gastric cancer. （第一部分：课题的研究概况及背景介绍）
Environmental factors, such as socioeconomic and educational state, seem to affect the prevalence of H pylori infection. Infection is consistently higher in Hispanic and black people than in white people and is inversely related to educational level.
The prevalence程度of H pylori infection is higher in close communities密集人口and in members of family groups than in the general population. This may be due to replases or reinfections between members of the same family. Furthermore, the route of transmission of H pylori remains unknown, although most of the evidence supports person to person transmission with colonization occurring primarily in childhood. Under natural
circumstances transmission could be by the oro-oral or faecal-oral(粪-口) routes, but no strong evidence exists to support either route as the primary one, and both may be relevant depending on other factors.（第二部分：内容、目的和方法等）
Most studies of transmission of H pylori infection within families have been conducted on parents and siblings of children referred for针对…研究symptoms and not on the general population. To avoid this potential selection bias偏差, we studied part of the population of the Dionysos cohort study群组研究to assess whether children of H pylori infected parents had higher infection rate than those families with uninfected parents. （第三部分：理由和意义）
●引言各组成部分的常用时态和语态
1. 观察下列有关“课题的研究概况及背景介绍”的表达中运用了哪些时态和语态。(常用一般现在时或者是现
在完成时，多用被动语态)
- Since its initial description 40 years ago, HCM（Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy肥厚型心肌病）has been largely regarded to be associated with substantial disability and premature death, and annual mortality rates as high as 3% to 6% had been reported.
自40年前首次报道以来，人们一直认为HCM与严重活动能力受限和过早死亡有关。据报道每年死亡。
- Studies have shown that patients with chronic renal failure have a high frequency of cardiovascular atheromatous disease.
- Stethoscope diaphragms have been shown to harbor potentially pathogenic bacteria.
- It remains unclear whether ventricular tachyarrhythmias are influenced by beat-blocking agents blunt the
morning peak of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
- The incidence of common bile duct calculi in patients selected for laparoscopic cholecystectomy is 4 to 6 percent.
Management is controversial.
2.请把下列有关“内容、目的和方法等” 的句子主干
结构划出来。（描述过去的研究活动可用过去时或者过去完成时）
- In a 22-year-old male, who had been irradiated 16 year s previously for Hodgkin’s disease, a radiation-induced thyroidcarcinomadeveloped. 放疗诱发的甲状腺癌.
16年前因患何杰金病接受放射治疗的22岁男子患有放疗诱发的甲状腺癌。
- A total of 120 patients with isolated stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery were
randomly assigned to stent implantation.
- Patients with myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, and congenital heart diseases were excluded.
- The analysis showed that this disease was associated with age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index.
3.第二部分的常用时态和句型（常用一般过去时）
- to do…
- The purpose/ aim/ objective/ goal (of the present study) is /was to…
- The present study is / was designed / devised / intended to…
- The study was performed / conducted / carried out / undertaken to…
- We aimed / sought to / attempted to…
- In an attempt to investigate/ determine/ clarify/ assess
- in an effort to… in order to/ in this study
- An attempt was made to;
- This paper examines/ (is concerned with, deals with will present or describe);
- This study will have three objectives: …
练习：Translate the following sentences of objective into English
1）目的：对临终前改变护理而采取的临床干预进行回顾性研究。
译文：Objective: To review clinical interventions designed to change care at the end of life.
2）目的：研究CMV对一年死亡率的同位肝移植患者的作用。
译文：Objective: To study the effect of CMV on 1-year mortality rates in orthotropic liver transplant recipients.
3）本文提出了一种确定HIV低流行人群中HIV危险性(risk)的方法。
译文：This article proposes a method for estimating HIV risk in low-HlV-prevalent populations.
4）本研究的目的是确定由拆换导尿管而引起的菌血症发病率和临床处理。
译文：The purpose of our study was to determine the incidence and clinical relevance of bacteremia induced by urinary catheter replacements.
5）本研究的目的是调查硝酸甘油剂量对心肌缺血性损害的影响。
译文：The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the dose of nitroglycerin on myocardial ischemic injury.
6）目的：确定输注人体白蛋白能否改善病人的预后。
译文：Objective: To determine whether replacement of human albumin will improve a patient's prognosis.
4. 翻译下列句子，注意句中划线部分的时态和语态。
-Hearts from men who died of sudden coronary death were studied in a prospective fashion. These hearts were seen in consultation （会诊）with medical examiner in the state of Maryland between January 1997. Coronary artery fixation, cardiac dissection, and tissue sampling were performed as previously described.本项目对冠心病猝死的男性心脏进行前瞻性研究。1994年1月至1997年5月马里兰州的医学人员对这些心脏进行过研究。
冠状动脉固定术、心脏解剖以及组织标本制作情况如前所述。
- B.P. (blood pressure) was measured twice by trained observers using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer after the subject had been seated for at least 5 minutes.
受试者就座至少五分钟后，由训练有素的观察者用标准水银血压计测量两次血压。
- Seven of the 12 children were less than 6 years of age at the time of cholecystectomy, and the youngest was a 9-month-old boy who had been receiving total parenteral nutrition（TPN）（全胃肠外营养）since shortly after birth after duodenal trauma.
12名患者中有7例在进行胆囊切除时年龄不足6岁。最小的是九个月。他出生后不久便因十二指肠创伤一直接受全胃肠外管养。
- All samples have been frozen at -20℃until tested by conventional ELISA（酶联免疫吸附测定法）.
所有标本在-20℃下冷冻，用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定。
5. “第三部分理由和意义”的表达
1）图表的表述
… is showed / presented in Table…; the figure shows/indicates/ demonstrate/ illustrate that; was strongly
associated with…; was inversely correlated with… was in direct proportion to …; was increased to/by; was
decreased to/ reduced/ dropped/ lowered/ declined to; was inversely proportional to; was compared with;
2) 表达数值范围或具有…….意义
Range from… to…; range between… and …; vary from… to… vary between… and…; with a range of …
to… ;from… to… the ratio of….; vs; the rate of …; results(data) demonstrate/ confirm/ suggest/ indicate/reveal/ that…; the experiments/ results/findings/ investigation/ facts/ supply a basis for…; the observation results are consistent/in accord/ with the theory/ idea/ proposal/ hypothesis/ previous studies that…; is similar to th at reported/ described/ documented (证明)by…; results are contrasted with/ different from…; may have been caused by…
may lead to ...result in… account for…; is related/due/attributed to… Although/ even if; one different
interpretation of this difference bet ween … and… is…; on the basis of/ based on these premises…; we think
believe/ propose/hypothesize/recommend that…; can speculate on…; whether … remains/ is yet to be determined;
further analysis experiments will be necessary/ needed to confirm…; We conclude that…; Have implications to(对…有意义)；there are several limitations to…; Given…考虑到…；when taking this point into
consideration… A major finding of this study is that…
3)概述本研究的内容
A model for … was developed; provides a description of…; we have provided a new approach to…; we have
presented empirical 实证studies of …；we have explored the relationship between…; the experiment confirmed that …;The result support our claim that.. 证实我们的想法；the result shows reasonably good agreement with other…. A significant difference was found (observed) in …;
4）理论价值
The main contribution of this ... is; this will have wider application to such areas of…; Two interesting future research lines are as fol lows…; It is believed that further research into... will improve the performance of…
The results in this paper will give insight to启发；will have considerable potential for…; There are several issues deserving further study; Among possible topics for the fu ture, we mention…
6. 致谢常用句型
This study was supported by..; other investigators who contributed to this study were…; To than for…. To be
thankful to… for…/ be grateful to … for/ be indebted… for… to acknowledge …; to express… thanks to … for…
to appreciate… to express… appreciation to… for…
练习：翻译句子, 注意划线部分的表达。
1. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between acute plaque rupture（急性斑块破裂）and
exertion-related sudden coronary death in a series of carefully studied autopsy hearts（通过详细的心脏解剖检查）.
译文：本研究的目的通过详细的心脏解剖检查，研究急性斑块破裂与用力导致冠状动脉猝死间的联系。
2. As greater clinical correlation is obtained, the usefulness of thyroglobulin （甲状腺球蛋白）determination will
increase.
译文：随着人们对甲状腺球蛋白水平与临床的相关认识提高，测定甲状腺球蛋白的必要性也在提高。
任务三：摘要的写作（Abstract）
了解4段式半结构式摘要的构成及常用时态、语态
1. 找出以下摘要分别为哪些部分构成并翻译。
（1）Objective：To evaluate spiral CT (SCT) in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinomas. （2）Methods：Fifty one patients suspicious of having colorectal carcinoma underwent spiral CT scans performed from the dome 膈顶of the diaphragm to symphysis pubica 耻骨联合after cleansing enema and rectal air insufflation. 41 of the
51 patients were proved to have colorectal carcinoma by colonoscopy and/or pathology. The findings of SCT of 31
patients treated with surgery were compared with the surgical pathological examination for staging.（3）Results：The overall accuracy rate of SCT staging was 58.1%(18/31). For evaluation of T staging and N staging the
accuracy rates were 84.4%(27/32) and 61.3%(19/31). Sensitivity and specificity for serosa膜infiltration肿瘤浆膜外侵犯were 92.9% and 50.0%.（4）Conclusion：SCT scan plays a significant role in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinomas useful to detect the serosa infiltration lymph node and distant metastasis.
译文：（1）目的：探讨螺旋CT(SCT)对结、直肠癌术前分期的价值。（2）方法：51例疑诊结、直肠肿瘤的患者行SCT扫描，扫描前清洁肠道，并经直肠注气，扫描范围从膈顶至耻骨联合。51例中，41例经直肠镜或手术病理证实为结、直肠癌，将其中31例病人的资料参与与手术病理结果进行对照并进行分期研究。
（3）结果：SCT总的分期准确率为58.1%(18/31)，判断T分期的准确率为84.4%(27/32)N分期的准确率为
61.3%(19/31)。评价肿瘤浆膜外侵犯的敏感性和特异性分别为92.9%和50.0%。（4）结论：SCT扫描对结、
直肠癌的术前分期有重要价值，有助于判断肿瘤浆膜外侵犯及区域淋巴结和远处转移情况。
2.分析四个部分各自使用了什么时态或语态，为什么？
3. 请把以下表示结论的句子翻译成英文，注意画线部分。
1）常规手X光片所反映的指骨密度是今后髋关节骨折的重要预知因素。
译文：Phalangeal bone density determined from standard hand x-ray films is a significant predictor of future hip fracture risk.
2）我们的结论是：在平板运动试验中（treadmill exercise），血清血液学、生化和电解质参数会发生微小但重要的变化，其中有些变化应引起日常临床工作的重视。
译文：We conclude that during treadmill exercise small but significant changes in serum hematological,
biochemical and electroyte parameters occur, some of which should be taken into account in the everyday clinical practice.
3）结果证实这种类型的肝炎可能与高发生率的持续肝功能障碍有关。
译文：The results confirm that this form of hepatitis may be related to a high frequency of persistent hepatic dysfunction.
4）儿童期应变性(atopic)湿疹对于社会、个人、感情以及家庭的经济前景都具有深远影响。
译文：Childhood atopic eczema has a profound impact on the social, personal, emotional, and financial
perspectives of families.
5）我们发现Carbose结合饮食和胰岛素是治疗I型糖尿病安全、有效的药物。
译文：A Carbose was found to be a safe and effective agent, when used in combination with diet and insulin therapy, for the treatment of type I diabetes.
6）考虑到有些病人血液透析存活率降低，为了预防和治疗排他作用，对这些病人加大免疫-抑制剂的剂量或许是必要的。
译文：Increased dosage of immuno-suppressive agents may be necessary in some patients to prevent or treat rejection in view of their reduced survival on hemodialysis.
4.分析并判断以下摘要的组成部分及其相关时态语态。
To investigate whether glucagon (高血糖素)increases the urinary excretion of oxypurinol (别嘌呤二醇)and purine (嘌呤)bases. We administered 1mg glucagon intravenously to 5 healthy subjects taking 300 mg allopurinol (别嘌呤)orally, and determined plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of oxypurinol and purine bases.
Glucagon increased the urinary excretion and fractional clearances of uric acid, xanthine (黄嘌呤), and oxypurinol, together with an increase in creatinine clearance, while it decreased plasma concentrations of xanthine and
hypoxanthine. Glucagon-induced increases in urinary excretion of uric acid, xanthine, and oxypurinol were
attributable to increases in the fractional clearances of uric acid, xanthine, and oxypurinol in addition to an increase in golmerular filtration rate. It is suggested that glucagon affects the renal common transport pathway of uric acid, xanthine, and oxypurinol by stimulating the release of a liver derived renal vasodilator.
5.请把以下摘要翻译成英文。
饮酒对心脏的健康：有害还是有利
过量饮酒是公共卫生的老大难问题，导致了巨大的经济花费和其他的负担。尽管长期过量饮酒在少数饮酒者中导致原发性心肌症，但是，由于酒精中毒现象普遍存在酒精成为西方社会非缺血性原发性心肌症的主要原因。相反，大量的证据表明，适量饮酒有保护心脏的作用。不仅能减少致命的缺血性心脏病的发病率，而且能改善因其它冠心病高危因素而发生心肌梗死的病人预后状况。因此，医生给病人的饮酒建议应该因人而异。
译文：The Effects of Alcohol on the Heart: Detrimental or Beneficial?
Alcohol abuse is a substantial public health problem, resulting in staggering financial costs and other burdens.
Prolonged alcohol abuse leads to cardiomyopathy in a minority of alcohol abusers, but because alcoholism is so widespread, alcohol is the major cause of non ischemic cardiomyopathy in Western society. In contrast, substantial evidence now suggests that moderate alcohol consumption has cardioprotective effects. It not only reduces the incidence of fatal iscbemic heart disease, but it improves outcome in patients who have other risks for comnmy events and go on to have my- ocardial infarctions. Therefore, physicians' recommendations about alcohol
consumption should be as individualized as their patients.
怎样使摘要简洁
1）分词短语代替从句
- Cancer of the breast which is known to be leading cause of death in women, too often escapes detection in an
early stage.
改为：The breast cancer,still a leading cause of death in women too often escapes detection in an early stage.
- After he had done this, he left the meeting room quickly.
改为：This done, he left the meeting room quickly.
- After the meeting was over, the delegates went out of the hall.
改为：The meeting over, the delegates went out of the hall.
2）单词代替词组
in order to--- to ;
at this point of time---now;
be referred to as--- be called ;
on account of the fact that—because;
during the cause--- during;
in spite of that-- though;
all the times--- always;
in the near future---soon;
take into consideration---consider
3）使用缩写
核磁共振MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging);
血管平滑肌细胞VSMC（vascular smooth muscle cells）;
左心室部分切除术PLV(partial left ventriculectomy)
HIV （human immunity virus）
AIDs （acquired immuno deficiency syndrome ）
SARS （serious atypical respiratory syndrome ）
4）简化后置修饰语（多个名词并列前置修饰）
十二指肠溃疡患者patient with duodenal ulcer / duodenal ulcer patient; 上泌尿道感染upper urinary tract
infection;
乳腺癌普breast cancer screening
5）省略
省略句中成分以简化句中:
1.We attempted to combine all types of cases that were described in previous systems with cases that have been
from our own experience .
改为：We attempted to combine all types of cases described in previous systems with cases from our own
experience.
2.Filicide that occurs during the postpartum period can involve command hallucinations or delusions that the
newborn is destined for a terrible fate, that it is possessed by the devil, or that it has special powers.
改为：Filicide that occurs during the postpartum period can involve command hallucinations or delusions that the newborn is destined for a terrible fate, is possessed by the devil, or has special powers.
3.In addition, he had been progressively more short of breath, had stertor, but had no hoarseness
改为：In addition, he had been progressively more short of breath with stertor, but no hoarseness.
4.Soft tissue lateral neck X-ray and computed tomographic (CT) scanning revealed a retropharygngeal
soft-tissue mass that arises between the levels of C3 and C5, that doesn't involve the prevertebral fascia or cervical spine.
改为：Soft tissue lateral neck X-ray and computed tomographic (CT) scanning revealed a retropharygngeal soft-tissue mass arising between the levels of C3 and C5, not involving the prevertebral fascia or cervical spine. 5.The patient was discharged from follow-up, but he returned to hospital five days later. He had further
abdominal pain.
改为：The patient was discharged from follow-up, but returned to hospital five days later, with further abdominal pain.
6. A man who was aged 57 and who was an alcoholic and a smoker and who suffered haematemesis and severe
epigastric pain was admitted via the emergency room.
改为：A man aged 57, an alcoholic, and a smoker, and suffering haematemesis and severe epigastric pain, was admitted via the emergency room.
7.When it was opened, it proved to contain a bleeding vessel on the mucosal surface at the fundus.
改为：When opened, it proved to contain a bleeding vessel on the mucosal surface at the fundus.
8.Five sets of blood cultures were taken. Each was taken 30 minutes apart. They were taken via different
puncture sites. This was followed empirical antimicrobial therapy that included intravenous aqueous penicillin G and gentamicin.
改为：Five sets of blood cultures were taken, each taken 30 minutes apart, via different puncture sites, following empirical antimicrobial therapy that included intravenous aqueous pencillin G and gentamicin.
9.She denied abdominal pain. She denied fever, and denied the use of salicylates or other drugs. She had no
history of alcoholic liver disease, she had not received prenatal care, and she was not taking multivitamins, and she did not have any unusual dietary habits.
改为：She denied abdominal pain, fever, and the use of salicylates or other drugs. She had no history of alcoholic liver disease, not received prenatal care, and she was not taking multivitamins, and did not have any unusual
dietary habits.
10.On examination, her temperature was 36.7 C, respiration was 18/minute, blood pressure was 117/75mmHg,
and pulse was 77bpm.
改为：On examination, her temperature was 36.7C, respiration 18/minute, blood pressure 117/75mmHg, and pulse 77bpm.
练习：
I. Correct the following abstracts, paying attention to structures, tense and words.
第一篇：
Objective: To find out the clinical value of ERCP to pancreaticobiliary disease and to improve the methodology of ERCP. Method: from 1977.1 to 1998.6, with ERCP, we examined 7,238 patients suspected with
pancreaticobiliary duct disease, for patients with therapy indication, treatment such as drainage, dilatation,
lithotomy were done, all cases were reviewed retrospectively,the clinical value and complications of ERCP were evaluated. Results: 7.138 patients examined with ERCP total 7.579 times, total successful rate of ERCP was 94.8%, showing rate of pancreatic duct is 75.7%, showing rate of biliary duct is 89.1%. 3.492 cases of biliary duct
disease,570 cases of pancreatic duct disease, 821 cases of diverticula, 171 cases of fistula were found,921 cases endoscopic treatment was done. The rate of complications of therapeutic ERCP was 1.3%, 2 patients died, the mortality of therapeutic ERCP was 0.22%. Conclusion: ERCP has important clinical value to the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatocibiliary duct disease.
改为：Objective: To validate endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)in the diagnosis and
treatment of pancreaticobiliary diseases, and to improve the manipulation of ERCP. Methods: From January 1977 to June 1989, 7,238 patients who were suspected as having pancreaticobiliary duct diseases were examined with ERCP. Those who had therapeutic indications received ERCP treatment including drainage, dilation and lithotomy.
All cases were reviewed retrospectively and analyzed for clinical value and morbidity of ERCP. Results: In the 7,238 patients who underwent 7,579 ERCPs, the total success rate was 94.8%, with a 75.7% showing rate of the pancreatic duct and 89.1% of the biliary duct, revealing 3,492 cases of biliary duct disease, 570 of pancreatic duct disease, 821 of diverticula and 171 of fistula, of which 921 cases were treated endoscopically. The morbidity of
diagnostic ERCP was 1.3 % including 2 patients who died (0.22 % ). Conclusion: ERCP is of important clinical value in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreaticobiliary duct diseases.
第二篇：
Objective: To study the long-term results and its relating factors of
anterior decompression and bone graft fusion on cervical spondylotic myelopathy(CSM)．Methods：two
hundred and forty-five cases of CSM were reported．All cases were treated with anterior cervical decompression and auto iliac bone graft fusion．Thirty one cases were re—operated 4 months to 2 years after
operation．Follow-up were carried out within 5 to 15 years after operation．Results：Function evaluation：excelent ll8 cases(48·16％)，good 71 cases(28．9％)，fair 35 cases(14．29％)and poor 21 cases(8·57％).
According to 40 points score method，8 points were improved on average．Among them, l01 cases were between
36 to 40 points，and 54 cases were between 31 to 36 points. Conclusion：The long-term results of surgical
treatment on CSM are sure. The timing of operation，degree of pathology and technique of surgery influence the treatment results significantly.
改为：Objective：To investigate the long-term outcome of anterior decompression and bone graft fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and factors affecting the outcome. Methods: Two hundred and forty-five patients with CSm were treated eith anterior cervical decompression and auto iliac bone graft fusion, of whom 31 had a second operation between 4 months and 2 years after operation. Follow-up studies were carried out within 5 to 15 years after operation, averaging 6.8 years. Results: Function evaluation: excellent in 118 cases (48.16%), good in 71 (28.98%), passable in 35 (14.29) and poor in 21 ~8.57%). According to the 40 points score method, there was an average of 8 point increase in all cases, of which 101 were between 36 to 40 points, and 54 between
31 to 36 points. Conclusion: The long-term outcome of surgical treatment for CSM is definite. Significant factors
affecting the outcome include timing of operation, degree of pathology and technique of surgery.
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words as required by the context.
1.Previous clinical studies have documented(证实)that injectable gold salts and the oral goldcompound, auranofin,
possess significant steroid-sparing effects in the treatment of asthma. The objectives of this investigation were to determine (确定)whether auranofin could reduce oral corticosteroid requirements．
2.Objective：To evaluate(评价)the prevalence of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection in diabetic patients and
to investigate (了解)the influence of several epidemiological and clinical factors on HCV infection．
3.To report (报告) three cases of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis(IRF，突发性腹膜后纤维化) diagnosed(诊
断)by the fine needle aspiration(FNA)biopsy and confirmed (证实)by histological examination. To our
knowledge (就我们所知)，this is the first report on the FNA findings in IRF．
4.Carotid endarterectomy(颈动脉内膜切除术)is usually delayed for 2 months following an acute stroke, but the
stroke may progress (发展)or a further stroke may occur (发生)．A randomized(随机)pilot study of urgent carotid surgery for acute stroke was undertaken（进行）to assess(评价)the feasibility of a definitive multicenter trial.
5.During the l980s，the frequency of nosocomial candidiasis(医院念珠病)increased dramatically(很大)．This
trend has continued into (持续到)the l990s，and Candida species remain (仍旧是)a major cause of nosocomial infections．Although Candida albjcans(白色念珠菌)remains the most frequent cause of fungemia and
hematogenously disseminated candidiasis，a number of reports have documented (证实)infections caused by other candida species．May of these infections arise from (产生于) an endogenous source (源)，and their
frequency is influenced by the patient population，the virous treatment regimens (方案)，and the antibiotics or other supportive care measured employed at specific institutions．
任务四写作中的常见错误
被动语态的使用问题
判断以下句子是否能改写为被动语态
The girl can already dress herself．
He couldn’t shake his head.
He dreamt a sweet dream. （例外：life must be lived.）
She caught a bad cold. He ate his words.
She entered the hall gracefully.
He likes to watch TV in the morning.
He started signing at the bell ring.
I would rather do it now. I dare not do it.
He has had his lunch.
The book costs 1 Yuan．
Jane resembles her mother．
Our English Corner told a lot of interesting stories.（可以）
Next month will hold a culture festival in Zhuhai.（可以）
（除最后两句其他都不能改变。）
进行时态可以表示被动
The meat is cooking. The cakes are baking．
The tea is brewing. The money is still owing.
The book is printing．The big bridge is building.
Apples are selling well. Drums and gongs are beating.
The eggs are frying. A new film is showing in town.
一般现在时或将来时可以直接表示被动
The flower smells sweet. The dish tastes delicious．
The cloth feels very soft．The stones have worn smooth．
The records sell well．Ripe apple peels easily.
The plays won’t act. Nylon dries quickly.
The wood won’t burn. The door opens with difficulty.
Water heats rapidly. The meat cuts easily.
This shirt cleans easily. Her coat caught in the door.
The food won’t digest. That kind of shirt washes very well.
The bolt won’t catch.The flat lets for 60yuan a month.
The car can’t drive. The machine runs well.
Meat can’t keep too long. The door closes at 10:00.
Some idioms simply won’t translate.
过渡性词语、短语包括从句引导词的使用出错
- The latest radiologic imaging modality is NMR, or preferably, MRI, like CTＸ－ray machines, uses computers to construct high contrast, two-dimentional tomographic images of the body. （在like 前面应加上which一词和“，”）
最新的放射显像模式NMR或MRI，这种模式犹如CT一样，利用计算机构建机体的高对比度二维体层图像。
练习：
I. Combine the sentences according to the model.
Example:
A. Noninflammatory causes of aortic aneurysm include arterial fibromuscular dysplasia.
B. Fibromuscular dysplasia can involve the renal, internalcarotid, and other major arteries of medium size. (which) Revised sentence:
Noninflammatory causes of aortic aneurysm include arterial f'ibromuscular dysplasia, which can involve the renal, internal carotid, and other major arteries of medium size.
Group 1
A. Many of the reflexes begin as sensory impulses from the skin. (which)
B. These reflexes make it possible for the human being to adjust himself to the environment
改为：Many of the reflexes, which make it possible for the human being to adjust himself to the environment, begin as sensory impulses from the skin.
Group 2
A. These cells live a much shorter time than most other cells of the body.
B. Some of these cells last a life time (which)
改为：These cells live a much shorter time than most other cells of the body, some of which last a life time. Group 3
A. If protoplasm could not reproduce, a man might eventually be without the outer layer of his skin.
B. The cells of the outer layer of the skin must continuously be replaced as a result of constant shedding. (which) 改为：If protoplasm could not reproduce, a man might eventually be without the outer layer of his skin. The cells of which must continuously be replaced as a result of constant shedding.
Group 4
A. The latter test emphasizes that the peripheral airways are "silent" zones.
B. hi these zones, considerable airway disease and obstruction may exist without signs or symptoms. (where)
改为：The latter test emphasizes that the peripheral airways are "silent" zones, where considerable airway disease and obstruction may exist without signs or symptoms.
Group 5
A. Also, a suspopulation of patients may have disease.
B. This disease exists predominantly in peripheral airways. (that)
改为：Also, a suspopulation of patients may have disease that exists predominantly in peripheral airways. Group 6
A. Membranes may contain secreting ceils. (that, which)
B. These cells produce lubricants.
C. The lubricants ease the movement of organs such as the heart and the movement of the joints.
改为：Membranes may contain secreting cells that produce lubricants which ease the movement of organs such as the heart and the movement of the joints.
Group 7
A. Those people are particularly susceptible to athlete's foot
B. Those people perspire a great deal. (who)
改为：Those people who perspire a great deal are particularly susceptible to athlete's foot.
Group 8
A. Those people have back injuries.
B. Those people may be spared serious spinal cord damage if careful moving on a firm board or door can be done correctly. (who)
改为：Those people who have back injuries may be spared serious spinal cord damage if careful moving ona firm board or door can be done correctly.
Group 9
A. There are four pairs of muscles of chewing.
B. These muscles of chewing insert on the mandible and move it. (which)
改为：There are four pairs of muscles of chewing, which insert on the mandible and move it.
Group 10
A. Flatfoot is a common disorder
B. Flat foot may be congenital.
C. In the case of being congenital, it usually gives little trouble.
改为：Flatfoot, a common disorder, may be congenital, in the case of which it usually gives littletrouble.
II. Choose the proper transition to complete each sentence.
1) Despite the disturbing nature of these crimes, a study of filicide classification can provide insight into their causes. ________ (Similarly/Furthermore), a study of filicide classification provides information essential to accurate death certification.
2) ________ (In summary/for instance), from the analysis above, it is safe to say that this case illustrates environmental contamination with organic arsenic in bird's nest soup consumed by an Asian American patient. 3) Unwanted children may be abandoned with the hope that someone will find them; ________(indeed/however), the child may die due to exposure or neglect before being discovered.
4) In such cases, the child may be crying or screaming for prolonged periods because she is actually ill; ________ ( in this case/as a result), evidence of minor illness may be present.
5) ________ (In conclusion/after all), this case demonstrates that FUO can be the only presenting symptom and manifestation of angiotropic large cell lymphoma (ALCL).
6) Since the body temperature remains almost constant in spite of the wide variations in the rate of heat production or loss. Obviously there must be a temperature regulator. ________ (in addition/Actually), many areas of the body take part in this process.
7) The abdominal muscles serve a number of purposes; ________ (in contrast/for instance), they are to assist indirectly in the process of respiration, relaxing when the diaphragm contracts and vice versa.
8) The blood that goes from the lungs, through the arteries, to the tissues is bright red, because it carries a
brand-new supply of oxygen. ________ (That is to say/In contrast), the blood that returns from the tissues, via the veins, and back to the lungs is much darker red, since it has given up much of its oxygen.
9) ________ (Therefore/Indeed), chemotherapy is extensively employed to treat cancers.
10) A large group of chemotherapeutic agents are the sulfonamide compounds, used against a number of disease organism, and these drugs have been largely superseded by the antibiotics; ______(so/aftar all), they can be toxic to the body in some cases.
11) Penicillin, the first widely used antibiotic, is made from a common blue mold, Penicillin; ______(as a result/similarly), streptomycin is derived from a type of soil bacteria, Streptomyces.
12) Chemotherapeutic agents are chosen to treat the disease. ________ (So/In this case), the agents act against the parasites without harm to the host itself because they exert a selective action.
III. Fill in the blanks with proper transitions
Heat exhaustion is a condition caused by excessive salt loss, and its symptoms include muscle cramps, dizziness, vomiting and fainting. This condition usually can be forestalled by taking salt tablets in hot weather. Sunstroke is also caused by high outside temperature. It differs from heat exhaustion in that one of the heat regulators is affected; namely, the sweat glands. Dehydration begins a chain of events, which terminates in decreased blood supply to the skin and diminished secretion of perspiration. As a consequence, the body temperature rockets up to a level that can be fatal. The victim of sunstroke exhibits many of the symptoms of heat exhaustion (for example,dizziness, fainting), but with this significant difference: there is an absence of
perspiration; the skin is dry and flushed. Sunstroke is an extremely serious emergency. The most important first aid measure is to lower the temperature; otherwise, permanent brain damage can result. Cooling of the body is
accomplished by immersing the victim in cool water or else by spraying him with it, and ice should be applied to the head and cold drinks administered if the patient is conscious.
The body is no more capable of coping with prolonged exposure to cold than to heat. If, for example, the body is immersed in cold water for a time, the water ( a better heat conductor than air) removes more heat from the body than can be replaced, and the body temperature falls. This can happen too, of course, in cold air-particularly when clothing is inadequate. An excessively low body temperature is termed hypothermia; and its main effects are lowered respiratory rate and blood pressure and a feeling of drowsiness finally ending in coma and perhaps death.
Hypothermia, the opposite of fever, is caused mainly by prolonged exposure to cold, and rarely by abnormal
conditions within the body.
句子成分并列与平行出错
1. 观察下列句子划线部分是否正确
- They are used as to regulate and harmonize qi and blood, to promote the local blood circulation, they should relieve the muscular fatigue and to relax contracture(痉挛)
(they should relieve 改为to relieve)
- This chapter will deal with the risk factors that cause the disease, the procedures that help diagnose the disease earlier, and the methods to use to treat it. (三个并列都是短语，正确)
- The professor is studying the following two groups of people: those who smoke pipe and cigar but never smoke cigarettes, and those smoking pipe and cigar but then switch to smoke cigarettes.
(those smoking pipe…应改为those who smoke pipe…)
2. Make the following parallel:
1) Usually, the presence of fever is due to an infection, though there can be many other causes.For example, the
patients may have malignancies.They may suffer brain injuries. Toxic reactions and reactions to vaccines can also play a part. Also, diseases involving the central nervous system may cause fever.
改为：Usually, the presence of fever is due to an infection, though there can be many other causes, such as
malignancies, brain injuries, toxic reactions and reactions to vaccines, and diseases involving the central nervous system may cause fever.
2) Repeated hemorrhages from piles (hemorrhoids) may be a cause of chronic bleeding. Chronic bleeding can also
be due to excessive menstrual flow, and various types of ulceration in the stomach or bowel can be a cause of chronic bleeding, too.
改为：Repeated hemorrhages from piles (hemorrhoids), excessive menstrual flow, and various types of ulceration in the stomach or bowel may be causes of chronic bleeding.
3) There are other types of tumors. There are tumors originating in a nevus, called melanosarcomas. There are also
tumors that arise in the connective tissue that separates the nerve cells of the brain.
改为：There are other types of tumors, tumors which originate in a nevus, called melanosarcomas: and tumors which arise in the connective tissue that separates the nerve cells of the brain.
4) Pinworms can be avoided if one washes his hands, fingernails are kept clean, and finger sucking is avoided.
改为：Pinworms can be avoided by Washing the hands, cleaning the
fingernails, and avoiding finger sucking.
5) Three kinds of pulmonary complications are well-recognized. The first of these is influenza viral pneumonia.
Secondary bacterial pneumonia is the second type, and the third one is mixed viral and bacterial pneumonia.
改为：Three kinds of pulmonary complications are well-recognized: influenza viral pneumonia, secondary
bacterial pneumonia, and mixed viral and bacterial pneumonia.
6) Although certain viruses are pathognomonic in the effects (mumps is one, measles is another, and polioviruses
are still another), clinical distinction among many virus infections is difficult.
改为：Although certain viruses, such as mumps, measles, and polioviruses, are pathognomonic in the effects, clinical distinction among many virus infections is difficult.
7) Neuralgic symptoms, present in 80% of the patients, are often bizarre, and often are diverse, and nonspecific.
These symptoms include subacute encephalopathy, and also peripheral and cranial neuropathy as well as
multifocal cerebrovascular syndromes.
改为：Neurologic symptoms, including subacute encephalopathy, peripheral and cranial neuropathy, and
multifocal cerebrovascular syndromes, present in 80% of the patients, are often bizarre, diverse, and nonspecific.
8) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland stores and releases three hormones, whose functions are to stimulate the
smooth muscle of the blood vessels, promoting re-absorption of water in the tubules of the kidney, and that they stimulate the contraction of the muscles of the uterus.
改为：The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland stores and releases three hormones, whose functions are to stimulate the smooth muscle of the blood vessels, to promote re-absorption of water in the tubules of the kidney, and to stimulate the contraction of the muscles of the uterus.
9) The two tests most commonly used in evaluating thyroid function are 1) the basal metabolism test. In this test,
the amount of oxygen a person uses is determined while the individual is at rest; 2) the blood iodine test. In this test, blood is taken from a vein and then tested for the amount of so-called protein-bound iodine present.
改为：The two tests most commonly used in evaluating thyroid function are 1)the basal metabolism test in which the amount of oxygen a person uses is determined while the individual is at rest: 2)the blood iodine test in which blood is taken from a vein and then tested for the amount of se-called protein-bound iodine present.
10) For various reasons, the thyroid gland may become either underactive or overactive. Underactivity of the
thyroid gland is known as hypothyroidism, and overactivity of the thyroid is known as hyperthyroidism.
改为：For various reasons, the thyroid gland may become either underactive or overactive: underactivity of the thyroid gland as hypothyroidism, and overactivity of the thyroid as hyperthyroidism.
连词以及起到连词作用的单词或短语的使用出错
识别下列句子中的连词及其种类
- 简单型
Time and tide wait for no men
He decided to leave at dawn, for he had many miles to cover, but he overslept the next morning.
- 关联连词
It was not only unkind but also untrue
- 分词连词
Supposing it rains what shall you do?
Considering his age, the little boy reads very well.
You may keep the book a further week provided (that) no one else requires it.
- 短语连词
It seemed as if the meeting would never end.
- 从属连词
I’ll do it as you told me.
That us wrong, no mater who says it.
练习：
I. 找出句中使用错误的连词并改正。
1. Although/even though/ though everyone played well, but we lost the game.（任意删除一个划线处单词）
2. Just because she makes more money than her husband does, so she thinks she is superior in the family.（任意删除一个划线处单词）
3. Mr. Peter can speak Chinese quite fluently. Because he practises the language whenever he has a chance.（删除划线处单词）
4. China will rank among the developed countries when she will greatly increase her overall national strength. (when she greatly increases…)
II. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirement.
1. The patient was admitted for fever of unknown origin. ( it is... that... )
改为：It is for fever of unknown origin that the patient was admitted
2. The 80-year-old man with complaints of appetite loss and general fatigue actually died of fatal venous gas embolism. (it is.. that... )
改为：It is fatal venous gas embolism that the 80-year-old man with complaints of appetite loss and general fatigue actually died of.
3. The cause of severe nausea and vomiting of the pregnant woman was so obscure that the physician felt helpless to diagnose what illness she suffered from. (So ...that..)
改为：So obscure was the cause of severe nausea and vomiting of the pregnant woman was so obscure that the physician felt helpless to diagnose what illness she suffered from.
4. Several notes in the mother's handwriting, including "They are angels, pray for us" and please forgive me, God" were written on the walls of the house of the deceased. ( split passive voice)
改为：Written on the walls of the house of the deceased were several notes in the mother's handwriting, including "They are angels, pray for us" and please forgive me, God".
5. Additional superficial incised wounds were behind each knee and at the inner aspect of the left ankle. (inversion)
改为：Behind each knee and at the inner aspect of the left ankle were additional superficial incised wounds were.
6. The cause of heart block was attributed to local tissue inflammation or edema but not perivalvular extension of endocarditic. (rather than)
改为：The cause of heart block was attributed to local tissue inflammation or edema rather than to perivalvular extension of endocarditic.
7. This not only happens, but also, a cancer literally spreads its own seeds, which plant themselves in other parts of the body. (use not only to introduce the sentence)
改为：Not only does this happen, but also a cancer literally spreads its own seeds which plant themselves in other parts of the body.
8. Sufferers of epilepsy can hardly live a normal active life if they don't follow a very careful hygienic-regimen and use appropriate medication as outlined by a physician. (use hardly to introduce the sentence)
改为：Hardly can sufferers of epilepsy live a normal active life if they don't follow a very careful hygienic-regimen and use appropriate medication as outlined by a physician.
9．Tumors of the brain are more common in young and middle-aged adults. (use more common to introduce the sentence)
改为：More common are tumors of the brain in young and middle-aged adults.
10. The surgeon explained to the patient's relatives to such great lengths about the procedure of the operation, the possible dangerous consequences that the patient has to risk to save his life.(use to such great length to introduce the sentence)
改为：To such great lengths did the surgeon explain to the patient's relatives about the procedure of the operation, the possible dangerous consequences that the patient has to risk to save his life.
III. Rewrite sentences in each group, using verbal construction.
Group 1
A. This sign is important.
B. The significance is in distinguishing psychogenic from organic obstruction in chronic vomiting
改为：This sign is important in distinguishing psychogenic from organic obstruction in chronic vomiting.
Group 2
A. In this way, millions of pathogens are prevented from causing harm.
B. The pathogens are trapped in the sticky mucus.
改为：In this way, millions of pathogens trapped hi the sticky mucus are prevented from causing harm.
Group 3
A. Connective tissue membranes are static.
B. Epithelial membranes are not.
C. Connective tissue serves chiefly as retaining and supporting structures. 改为：Compared with epithelial
membranes, connective tissue membranes，serving chiefly as retaining and supporting structures, are static.
Group 4
A. Normally, an organ destroys the older red blood cells.
B. This organ is the spleen.
改为：Normally, an organ, called the spleen, destroys the older red blood cells.
Group 5
A. The skin has a most important function.
B. It is to obtain information from the environment.
改为：The skin has a most important function for obtaining information from the environment.
Group 6
A.The genetic defect causes popliteal pterygium syndrome (腘翼状胬肉综合征).
B. The genetic defect is currently unknown.
改为：The genetic defect causing popliteal pterygium syndrome is currenlly unknown.
Group 7
A. For the geneticist, this should trigger off a search for definitive answers.
B. These answers lead to better understanding of the underlying disease mechanism (s).
改为：For the geneticist, this should trigger off a search for definitive answers leading to better understanding of the underlying disease mechanism(s).
Group 8
A. This causes pain
B. The pain is associated with visual disturbances and or haloes around lights due to the corneal edema.
改为：This causes pain, associated with visual disturbances and or haloes around lights due to the corneal edema Group 9
A. We combined the investigative and autopsy information with double filicide (homicide).
B. Then we certified the cases as maternal suicide.
改为：We combined the investigative and autopsy information certifying the cases as maternal suicide with double filicide (homicide).
Group 10
A. The example was an epileptic mother who placed her baby on the fire and her kettle in the baby's cradle.
B.This happened following a seizure.
改为：The example was an epileptic mother who, following a seizure, placed her baby on the fire and her kettle in the baby's cradle.
单词的使用出错
几组容易混淆的单词的辨析
- Acute / Chronic（These terms are used to describe symptoms, conditions, or disease. Avoid using them to
describe patients, parts of the body, treatment, or medication.）
辨别对错：Chronic therapy （错）
Long-term therapy （对）
- detect / measure / determine（Detect is to find out whether something exists. Measure is more frequently used to find size, length, amount, degree, etc. although it is sometimes used interchangeably with determine when the nature or amount of something that exists is to be decided or found out. ）
- develop / progress/ advance（Develop means to cause to begin to be seen, or show signs. Progress and advance mean a certain condition is getting worse in severity, or going on to a later stage. ）
- doctor / physician（doctor is a general term than physician, including people holding different degrees.
Physician is used to refer to a medical doctor. ）
- dose / dosage（A dose is the quantity to be administered at one time, or the total quantity administration. Dosage implies a regimen: the administration of individual doses or a quantity per unit of time. ）
- evaluate / assess / judge / estimate（These words are sometimes used interchangeably. Evaluate is to calculate the value or degree of something more objectively, assess and judge lay more emphasis on subjectivity, while estimate is to judge or calculate roughly. ）
- fever / temperature（Fever is a condition in which body temperature rises above normal. It is not informative to say a person has a temperature. Everyone has a temperature, either normal or abnormal. ）
辨别对错：A patient may have a fever of 39.5℃. （错）
A patient may have a temperature of 39.5℃. （对）
- negative / positive / normal / abnormal（Examination and laboratory tests are not negative, positive, normal or abnormal in themselves. These words only apply to observations, results or findings. ）
辨别对错：The throat culture was negative. （错）
The throat culture was negative for streptococci. （链球菌）（对）
The physical examination was normal. （错）
The results of the physical examination were normal. （对）
The electrocardiogram was positive. （错）
The electrocardiogram showed abnormalities in the alpha wave activity. （对）- result / findings / outcome / consequence（Result and findings are similar in meaning in most cases, but
findings carries more meaning of objectivity rather than finality. Outcome means how something that is coming out will look like. Consequence means something that follows from an action or condition. ）
- show / demonstrate / indicate / （Show is the most common that can be used in almost all situation.
Demonstrate is to show something clearly, especially by giving visible examples. Indicate means to show
clearly. ）
- study / research（Research is a more general term than study in this sense and in most cases it is not used as a verb or a countable noun. ）
- treatment / therapy（Treatment is the most general term in this sense. Therapy refers to a more concrete
treatment such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and physiotherapy. ）
- use / utilize / usage（Although use and utilize are synonymous, utilize has the specific meaning of
“ discovering a new use of something”. Usage refers to a practice or procedure. And use is always preferable to utilize and usage. ）
标点符号的使用出错
1.英语标点符号的正确使用
I. 判断下列句子中标点符号是否正确:
- It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields. （错）
改为：It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.
It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields.
It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields.
They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard.
It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.
As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.
- The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea.（错）
改为：The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea.
The essay is poorly organized: there is no central idea.
- He told the gunman,“I refuse to do that ”；his knees , however , were shaking even as he said those words. （对）- The hero in the novel is brave; honest; and kind.（错）
改为：The hero in the novel is brave, honest, and kind.
- The essay is poorly written: no new ideas, no new expression. （对）
- The teacher asked, “Could you understand me”？（错）
改为：The teacher asked, “Could you understand me？”
- He interrupted me, “Now, listen”——and went on saying.（对）
- The speaker owns a“fat farm”in California; which slims down rich overeaters for ＄2, 500 a week. （错）
改为：The speaker owns a“fat farm”in California , which slims down rich overeaters for ＄2 , 500 a week.
- It is customary to say“You’re welcome” whenever anyone says“Thank you.” （对）
- “If that the way you think...just go back to school,”he said.（对）
- I wonder how you will solve the problem？（错）
改为：I wonder how you will solve the problem.
II. Add proper punctuation marks.
1) The eosinophil however may also inflict injury
改为：The eosinophil, however, may also inflict injury.
2) There is a decrease in vital capacity VC with large increase in residual volume (RV) functional residual capacity
FRC and total lung capacity TLC
改为：There is a decrease in vital capacity (VC), with large increase in residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity FRC and total lung capacity (TLC).
3) Inhaled steroids are used to prevent asthmatic symptoms they should not be used to treat acute attacks
改为：Inhaled steroids are used to prevent asthmatic symptoms; they should not be used to treat acute attacks.
4) According to one hypothesis intrinsic asthma represents an abnormality of the parasympathetic nervous system
改为：According to one hypothesis, intrinsic asthma represents an abnormality of the parasympathetic nervous system.
5) Among many hormones that regulate renal function three are of particular importance parathyroid hormone
PTH aldosterone and antidiurectic hormone ADH.
改为：Among many hormones that regulate renal function, three are of particular importance: parathyroid hormone (PTH), aldosterone, and antidiurectic hormone (ADH).
6) Similarly disturbances in parasympathetic function have been invoked to explain the abnormalities in mucus secretion and production.
改为：Similarly, disturbances in parasympathetic function have been invoked to explain the abnormalities in mucus secretion and production.
7) What does the term postural proteinuria mean
改为：What does the term "postural proteinuria" mean?
8) In some patients hyperpnoea laughing or exercise may also induce bronchoconstriction
改为：In some patient's hyperpnoea, laughing or exercise may also induce bronchoconstriction.
9) Look the monitor stops working
改为：Look, the monitor stops working!
10) The patient's description of pain is influenced by neural psychological and cultural factors
改为：The patient's description of pain is influenced by neural, psychological,and cultural factors.
III. Put the following into English, using punctuation correctly.
1) 在肝硬化门脉高压患者的出血原因中，肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血已被大家所熟悉，然而，肝硬化并发胃血管病变所致的上消化道出血尚未引起足够的重视。
译文：In all the causes of bleeding among the patients with portal hypertension due to hepatocirrhosis, bleeding due to cirrhosis complicated with varices of fundus of stomach and esophagus has been generally recognized. However, hemorrhage of upper digestive tract caused by cirrhosis complicated with angiopathy of stomach has not attracted enough attention.
2)总之，立体定位血肿吸除术在治疗高血压性脑出血方面有许多优点。
译文：In conclusion, exsuction of hematoma through stereotaxic technique has a lot of advantages in treating hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.
3)门脉外压性病变，例如胰腺癌、胆管癌、淋巴结肿大及胰腺炎等，也可导致门静脉阻塞。
译文：The portal external pathologic changes, for example, pancreatic cancer, cancer of biliary duct, lymphadenectasis and pancreatitis, can also cause pylemphraxis.
4)肾上腺皮质激素具有非特异性抗炎、抗过敏作用，降低毛细血管通透性。而且．还可使血中含有大量组胺和肝素的肥大细胞脱粒。
译文：Adrenocortical hormone has a non-specific anti-inflammation and anti-allergy action, and reduces the permeability of the capillaries. In addition, it exerts degranulation to the mast cells that contains large amounts of and histamine and heparin.
5)本药在血容量不足时容易引起血压下降。所以，应在补足血容量的基础上应用。
译文：In the case of hypovolemia, this drug can easily cause decrease of blood pressure; therefore, it should be applied when blood volume is adequate.
2. 中英文标点符号的差异
初一英语作文带翻译 各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢篇一：My favorite season If you ask to me favorite season? I to say: my favorite season is fall. Because fall is cool and windy but isn’t too hot and too cold. I like reader relaxed and happy feeling. The climate is cool and pleasant in autumn, not so hot in summer nor so cold in winter. Autumn is the harvest season, golden rice in the paddy fields are ripe. Under the rays of the Sun in a piece of gold, Maple fell on a piece of Red Maple leaves, dancing in the air like a beautiful butterfly. moreover fall will come, farmers can harvest theirs “fruits of lador” The most exciting still can eat many tasty fruits. Such as: oranges，mangos, bananas, apples, pears……
一分钟励志英文演讲稿大全 总有一些心灵鸡汤，励志的小故事能给予我们力量，推动我们前行，下面是为你整理的几篇一分钟励志英文演讲稿，希望能帮到你哟。一分钟励志英文演讲稿篇一 ladies and gentlemen , good afternoon! i'm very glad to stand here and give you a short speech. today my topic is "youth". i hope you will like it , and found the importance in your youth so that more cherish it. first i want to ask you some questions: 1、do you know what is youth? 2、how do you master your youth? youth youth is not a time of life, it is a state of mind ; it is not rosy cheeks , red lips and supple knees, it is a matter of the emotions : it is the freshness ; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life . youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite , for adventure over the love of ease. this often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20 . nobody grows old merely by a number of years . we grow old by deserting our ideals. years wrinkle the skin , but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul . worry , fear , self dash;distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust . whether 60 of 16 , there is in every human being 's heart the lure of
英语演讲稿及翻译(精选多篇) 第一篇：英语演讲稿范文有翻译 英语演讲稿范文有翻译 dearstudents,ourwayoflifeisalwayssunny,blueskies,whichint heendthemostdazzlingrayofsunlight?itwassaidtobeexcellentacade micperformance,itwassaidtobegiventohelpothers......andithinkt hatourwayoflifeofthemostbrilliantsunshineshouldbereportedtobe longtothetemplemap,helpustogrowthankstoeveryone.yes,theinstit uteofthanksgivingisafeeling,theinstituteofthanksgiving,butals oacharacter. asteachersandourstudents,themostimportantgratitudeisascho ol.schoolstogiveusabiggrowthstageoflife:brightandspaciousclas srooms,newdesksandchairs,air-conditionedandwell- being,aswellasmulti- mediafacilities,hasprovideduswithanattractivelearningenvironm ent.readonebookbrightandcleanrooms,providesuswithknowledgeoft hemarinetour;flatbeautifulbigplayground,provideduswithagoodpl acefortheexercise,andpotteryroom,computerroom,danceroom,multi - purposehall,andsoon,noschoolisnotoutofdevotiontoourselflelove!
英语励志演讲稿带翻译范文 ----WORD文档，下载后可编辑修改---- 下面是小编收集整理的范本，欢迎您借鉴参考阅读和下载，侵删。您的努力学习是为了更美好的未来！ 励志的英语演讲稿篇一：I have a dream today.抓牢你的梦想I have a dream that one day every vally shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. Wow, what a dream it has been for Martin Luther King. But the changing world seems telling me that people gradually get their dreams lost somehow in the process of growing up, and sometimes I personally find myself saying goodbye unconsciously to those distant childhood dreams. However, we meed dreams. They nourish our spirit; they represent possibility even when we are dragged down by reality. They keep us going. Most successful people are dreamers as well as ordinary people who are not afraid to think big and dare to be great. When we were little kids, we all dreamed of doing something big and splashy, something significant. Now what we
1.Suppose a freshman asks you about the campus life,describe it to him and give your suggestions. On Campus Life Campus is a large stage to show yourselves because there are various kinds of activities awaiting you. Thrilling parties such as freshman initiation party offer you valuable chances to show your talents, enjoy yourselves and make new friends. Volunteering service, a worthy choice to serve people, gives you achievement and happiness. With many English lovers and foreigners,English corner is a good place for you to practice your oral English. Being immersed in these exciting activities you might be a little puzzled. Actually you need not participate in all of them.Self-management and self-control is necessary in college.It is wise to make a plan that fits your personality,interest and future development and follow it strictly.Do not be bothered by trivial things or distracted by online games which are nothing but a waste of time. If you can follow the suggestions above,you are bound to get the most out of your campus life. 翻译：改革开放政策使中国经济迅猛增长，令中国社会发生了巨大变化，同时，越来越多的农民工离开农村到城市工作，在城市中担任建筑工人、工厂工人、餐厅服务员和司机。他们跟城市工作者一起，把中国变成了世界工厂，为中国经济的增长做出了巨大贡献。然而，这一庞大群体却面临着诸多问题，如缺乏工伤赔偿和子女上学难等。 The reform and opening up policy brings rapid economic growth and great social changes to china. In the meanwhile, an increasing number of rural migrant workers have left their land in the countryside to work in cities as construction and factory workers, restaurant staff and drivers . Together with urban labors, they turn China into the factory of the world and contribute a lot to China’s fast-growing economy. However, the huge group is facing various problems such as a lack of industrial injury compensation and schooling for their children.
一分钟励志英文演讲稿 eally become a person of significance.thre time of young is limitted,it may pass by without your attention,and when you discover what has happened ,it is always too late.grasping the young well means a better time is waiting for you in the near future,or the situation may be opposite . having a view on these great men in the history of hunmanbeing,they all made full use of their youth time ,to do things that are useful to society,to the whole mankind,and as a cosquence ,they are remembered by later generations,admired by everyone.so do something in the time of young,although you may not get achievements as these greatmen did ,though not for the whole word,just for youeself,for those around! the young is just like blooming flowers,they are so beautiful when blooming,they make people feel happy,but with time passing by,after they withers ,moet people think they are ugly.and so it is the same with young,we are enthusiastic when we are young,then we may lose our passion when getting older and older.so we must treasure it ,don't let the limitted time pass by ,leaving nothing of significance. 【励志英文演讲稿范文二】As you slowly open your eyes,
优秀英语演讲稿带翻译3篇 优秀英语演讲稿带翻译篇1 we are busier and busier now. sometimes we just feel stressed and painful and we forget to smile. please smile! smile to others around you. smile to the world! smile is important in our life. for ourselves, smile can make us happy and relaxed when we are sad or stressed. when you smile, the world in your eyes are better.for others, smile can make others feel comfortable and relaxed and they will like you. also, smile can bring you success. i once read a story. a salesman tried his best to sale things but always failed before. then he learned how to smile. he smiled all the time and others felt he was so kind and his smile was so attractive that they all wanted to but his things. finally, the man became successful. no matter you are happy or sad, do it now. the power of a smile is large. it can make all of us feel happy including yourself. smile to the world, to others and to everything. 我们现在忙,忙。有时我们只是感到压力和痛苦,我们忘了微笑。请微笑!对别人微笑。向世界微笑! 微笑在我们的生活中是很重要的。对于自己,微笑可以使我们快乐和放松当我们悲伤或压力。当你微笑的时候,世界在你眼中更好。对另一些人来说,微笑可以让别人感到舒
we are the world ,we are the future someone said ?°we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite?±. i don?t know who wrote these words, but i?ve always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want it to be. we are all in the position of the farmers. if we plant a good seed ,we reap a good harvest. if we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all. we are young. ?°how to spend the youth??± it is a meaningful question. to answer it, first i have to ask ?°what do you understand by the word youth??± youth is not a time of life, it?s a state of mind. it?s not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips or supple knees. it?s the matter of the will. it?s the freshness of the deep spring of life. youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite , for adventure over the love of ease. this often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20 . nobody grows old merely by a number of years . we grow old by deserting our ideals. years wrinkle the skin , but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul . worry , fear , self ¨Cdistrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust . whether 60 of 16 , there is in every human being ?s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what?s next and the joy of the game of living . in the center of your heart and my heart there?s a wireless station : so long as it receives messages of beauty , hope ,cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long as you are young . a poet said ?°to see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour. several days ago, i had a chance to listen to a lecture. i learnt a lot there. i?d like to share it with all of you. let?s show our right palms. we can see three lines that show how our love.career and life is. i have a short line of life. what about yours? i wondered whether we could see our future in this way. well, let?s make a fist. where is our future? where is our love, career, and life? tell me.yeah, it is in our hands. it is held in ourselves. we all want the future to be better than the past. but the future can go better itself. don?t cry because it is over, smile because it happened. from the past, we?ve learnt that the life is tough, but we are tougher. we?ve learnt that we can?t choose how we feel, but we can choose what about it. failure doesn?t mean you don?t have it, it does mean you should do it in a different way. failure doesn?t mean you should give up, it does mean you must try harder. as what i said at the beginning, ?°we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite?±. the past has gone. nothing we do will change it. but the future is in front of us. believe that what we give to the world, the world will give to us. and from today on, let?s be the owners of ourselves, and speak out ?°we are the world, we are the future.?±?a?t￡o3·??óà???ó￠ó??Y?2?? 3·??óà???ó￠ó??Y?2?? ?Y?2??ò?￡o3·??óà???ó￠ó??Y?2?? you will no longer fear making new sounds, showing new facial expressions, using your body in new ways,approaching new people, and
初二优秀英语作文带翻译 初二优秀英语精选作文带翻译篇一 Ｔhis summer, Ｉ mo*e to a new city with my parents, and Ｉtransfer to a new school. Ｉused to li*e in the countryside, so my new life is so different from before. Ｔhe school is a little far from my home, so Ｉ go to school by bus. Ａfter school, Ｉ ha*e many acti*ities in school. Ｃlassmates are friendly to me. Ｉ learn Ｅnglish now. Ｉt's so interesting that Ｉ like it *ery much. Ｂesides, life in city is different. Ｔhere are many interesting places to go. Ａt weekends, my parents take me outside. Ｗe go to the park, the zoo or go shopping. Ｂut we are not so familiar with our neighbors. Ｉ think we should build good relationship with them. 这个夏天，我和爸爸妈妈搬到了一个新的城市生活，我也转到了新的学校上学。以前，我住在乡下，所以我现在的生活和以前有很大不同。学校离我的家稍远，所以我要坐公交车去上学。课后，我在学校有很多活动。同学们对我也很友好。现在我开始学英语了，这门课程很有趣，我很喜欢。另外，在城市里的生活也很不一样，有很多好
1分钟英语演讲稿篇1 梦想dreaming sometimes, what makes us relaxed and leaves us with a lighter feeling is enjoying the freedom of dreaming about good things. we can freely think of things that would do our lives more good than harm. we hope these things will happen in our lives some day. 有时候,自由自在地想像那些美好的事物能让我们的身心得以放松.我们可以无拘无束 地想像那些会对我们产生利大于弊的影响的事物,并期待这些事物有一天能够出现. dreaming is free. each of us has our own dreams. also, the way we deal with things in our dreams shows us who we can really be in real life. we tend to act based on what kinds of dreams we have, but we also have the freedom to make those dreams come true. 梦想是自由的,我们每个人都有属于自己的梦想.此外,我们处理梦想的方式也真实地反映了现实生活中的自己.虽然我们的行动往往以梦想为依据,但我们仍然拥有让美梦成真的 自由. to me, a dream is a picture of the place where we want to find ourselves some day. a dream is like a design of how we want things to look by the time we get there. 对我而言,梦想就是一幅图画,画中是未来某天我们发现自我的地方;梦想就如一幅蓝图,所有的事物都呈现出我们想要的样子. dreaming keeps us in motion; it keeps us going. 梦想让我们行动起来,使我们坚持下去. 1分钟英语演讲稿篇2 我们需要梦想we need dreams we all want to believe that we are capable of great feats, of reaching our fullest potential. we need dreams. they give us a vision of a better future. they nourish our spirit. 我们都相信自己有成就伟业的能力,能发挥出自己的最大潜能,我们需要梦想,它会给我们展现一番更好的前景,它能滋养我们的灵魂. they represent possibility even then we are dragged down by reality. they keep us going. most successful people are dreamers dreamers are not content with being merely mediocre, because no one ever dreams of going halfway. 梦想代表一种可能性,尽管它会受现实的羁绊.梦想让我们勇往直前.多数成功人士都是梦想家.梦想家不满足于平庸,因为谁也不希望半途而废. when we were little kids, we didn’t dream of a life of struggle and frustration. we dreamed of doing something big and splashy, something significant. we dreamed big. 孩提时,我们不曾梦想过自立而充满挫折的生活,却梦想做一些轰轰烈烈而又意义的大事.我们梦想成为伟人.
经典英语演讲稿带翻译范文(2) Someone said we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite . I don t know who wrote these words, but I ve always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want it to be. We are all in the position of the farmers. If we plant a good seed ,we reap a good harvest. If we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all. We are young. How to spend the youth? It is a meaningful question. To answer it, first I have to ask what do you understand by the word youth? Youth is not a time of life, it s a state of mind. It s not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips or supple knees. It s the matter of the will. It s the freshneof the deep spring of life. A poet said To see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour. Several days ago, I had a chance to listen to a lecture. I learnt a lot there. I d like to share it with all of you. Let s show our right palms. We can see three lines that show how our love.career and life is. I have a short line of life. What about yours? I wondered whether we could see our future in this way. Well, let s make a fist. Where is our future? Where is our love, career, and life? Tell me.Yeah, it is in our hands. It is held in ourselves. We all want the future to be better than the past. But the future can go better itself. Don t cry because it is over, smile because it happened. From the past, we ve learnt that the life is tough, but we are tougher. We ve learnt that we can t choose how we feel, but we can choose what about it. Failure doesn t mean you don t have it, it does mean you should do it in a different way. Failure doesn t mean you should give up, it does mean you must try harder. As what I said at the beginning, we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite . The past has gone. Nothing we do will change it. But the future is in front of us. Believe that what we give to the world, the world will give to us.
My Chinese Dream(我的中国梦) I am very glad to stand here to give thier a short speech.Today my topic is that the youth are the future of motherland(我很荣幸站在这里做这篇短 小的演讲，我演讲的主题是青年是祖国的未来。) When preparing for the English speech contest, I simply want to search some articles as the contents of my speech. I read a lot of articles, some from the university professor, some from the famous host, some from the college students, and even from junior high school students. But after reading it, I gave up the idea, I even felt shameful. Today,the topic I want to talk about is a solemn and serious theme full of glory and pride, which is a common aspiration of all our Chinese. Every Chinese has his own dream of China, and of course, there is a dream lingering in my heart only belongs to my own.(在准备英语演讲比赛的时候，我本想简单地从网上搜索一些 文章作为我演讲的内容。我看过很多文章，有著名主持人的、北大教授的、大学生的，也有初中生的。但是看完之后，我放弃了当初的想法，我甚至为当初的想法感到有一些羞愧。因为今天我站在这里向大家演讲的主题，是一个庄重而严肃的主题；是一个充满荣耀与自豪的主题；是每一个中华儿女共同期盼的主题。每个人都有属于他们自己的中国梦，而我，当然也有一直萦绕在心怀只属于我的中国梦。) So what’s my Chinese dream ? Finall y I will announce. We had learned a lot of knowledge and understood a lot of truth in the book. We had a basic concept to our country at that time. We know that our country is full of sunshine , and we are the future of our country, and our dreams are to be the hope of our motherland.我的中国梦是什么样的？先卖 个关子。记得刚刚上学那会儿，我们天真无邪。在课本里，我们学到了很多很多知识，也明白了很多很多道理，我们对祖国也有了一个最基本的概念。我们知道我们的祖国到处充满阳光，正在慢慢发展，而我们，就是祖国未来的花朵，未来的希望。我们梦想将来能够
Last sunday, Mr.Lee got up very early to go fishing. He spent the whole day sitting beside the river but got nothing at the end of the day. Therefore, Mr.Lee was very dissapointed due to that he had to go home by dinner time. On his way home, Lee thought that his wife might be mad at him for bringing nothing back. So he bought a big fish at the market before he got home. At least, he was happy finally for what he could bring home. 我的寒假计划My Plan for Winter Holiday Howtime flies. This term ends quickly and the winter holiday is coming. I make ageneral plan for it. Firstly, my teachers leave us some homework, so I mustearnestly finish them on time. I plan to finish them before the SpringFestival, and then I can enjoy the festival with all my heart. Secondly, I willspend some time with my friends. Generally, we study together but have littletime to play. During the holiday, we want to have fun together. Finally, I willvisit my grandparents with my parents, and then we will spend the SpringFestival with them. I haven’t seen them for a long time. I miss them very much.This is my winter holiday plan. What is yours? 时间过得真快！这个学期马上就要结束了，寒假即将开始。我制定了一个大概的寒假计划。首先，老师们给我们布置了寒假作业，所以我要先认真地按时完成作业。我打算在春节前完成，这样我就可以全心全意过新年了。其次，我会抽些时间和我的朋友们待在一起。平时，我们一起学习但是很少有时间去玩。放假期间，我们想一起玩乐。最后，我会和爸爸妈妈去看爷爷奶奶，然后和他们一起过年。我有很长时间没见过他们了，很想念他们。这就是我的寒假计划，你的寒假计划是什么呢？ 我身边的噪音The Noises Around Me 作者: admin来源: 网络文章时间: 2015-01-06 I live in the school now, I will go home on the weekend, at first, I thought living in school could make me focus on my study, while the fact is not. At noon, when I take a snap, the noise from the building machine is so loud, our school is under construction now, so the workers work day and night. But I couldn’t sleep well, my head aches, without not good sleep, I can’t focus my mind to study. What’s more, some students are playing games