The vacuum cleaner technology and history
Vacuum cleaner-classification
Vacuum cleaner species more,according to the structure points are mainly：
1,vertical：a bucket or square round the majority，points on,under two parts，the upper part．is powered with motor，the lower for dust collection box．
2,horizontal:rectangular or models shape，have two parts，front before for dust collection box，rear part for the motor．
3and portable，it usually has four kinds of form-shoulder type：smaller，when using back on his shoulders，smaller power；Pole type：shape like rod，handles，and on the top is for suction nozzle below，smaller power；Portable:smaller，which can be directly used in hand grip, smaller power；Mini type：multi-purpose battery-powered，smaller，more for clean clothes, instruments，smaller power．
According to the drive motors to points
vacuum cleaner and can be divided into the following categories:ac vacuum cleaners,dc cleaner and ac/dc amphibious vacuum cleaner．
Vacuum cleaner-working principle
Cleaner mainly by up dust，vacuuming，blow3parts，generally includes string-excited motor,centrifugal blower KSF,blow device(bags)and vacuuming accessories.KSF string-excited motor speed up more than20000r/min(mini vacuum cleaner analyzed．combined by micro，rated voltage dc machines for3~6V).Blow is usually adopts mesh，flannelette or filter materials.General cleaner power for400~1000W or higher，portable vacuum cleaner power generally lower than250W．Cleaner principle of work is as follows：motor high-speed drive their impeller rotation,make air high-speed eduction,and the air blower front-end vacuuming cottrell constantly supply，make aspiration to fan cottrell，thus produced with outside the instantaneous vacuum forming negative pressure differential pressure，on the pressure difference，under the action of inhaled air，the dust scurf，ejecting purity is filtered air cleaner air．The greater the air pressure difference，the greater the greater ability，aspiration．
A vacuum cleaner，commonly referred to as a vacuum is a device that uses an air pump to create a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt,usually from floors.The dirt is collected by either a dust bag or a cyclone for later disposal.Vacuum cleaners,which are used in homes
as well an in industry,exist in a variety of sizes and models:from small battery-operated hand-held devices to huge stationary industrial appliances that can handle several hundred litters of dust before being emptied.
Technology
A vacuum's suction is caused by a difference in air pressure.An electric fan reduces the pressure inside the machine.Atmospheric pressure then pushes the air through the carpet and into the nozzle,and so the dust is literally pushed into the bag.
Tests have shown that vacuuming can kill100%of young fleas and96%of adult fleas.
A British inventor has developed a new cleaning technology known as Air Recycling Technology which instead of using a vacuum uses an air stream to collect dust from the carpet. This technology was tested by the Market Transformation Programmer(MTP)and shown to be more energy efficient than the vacuum method.Although working prototypes exist Air Recycling Technology is not currently used in any production cleaner.
Exhaust filtration
Vacuums by their nature cause dust to become airborne,by exhausting air that is not completely filtered.This can cause health problems since the operator ends up inhaling this dust.There are several methods manufacturers are using to solve this problem.Some methods may be combined together in a single vacuum.Typically the filter is positioned so that the incoming air passes through it before it reaches the motor.Typically,the filtered air then passes through the motor for cooling purposes.
History
The vacuum cleaner evolved from the carpet sweeper via manual vacuum cleaners.The first manual models,using bellows,came in the1869s,and first motorised models came in the beginning of the20th century.
Daniel Hess
Daniel Hess of West Union,Lowe,USA invented a vacuum cleaner in1860.Calling it a carpet sweeper instead of a vacuum cleaner,his machine did,in fact,have a rotating brush like a traditional vacuum cleaner,which also possessed an elaborate bellows mechanism on top of the body to generate suction of dust and dirt.Hess received a patent(U.S.No.29.077) for his invention of the vacuum cleaner on July10,1860.
Elves W.Mc Gaffe
The first manually-powered cleaner using vacuum principles was the“Whirlwind,”invented in Chicago,USA in1868by elves W.Mc Gaffe The machine was lightweight and compact,but was difficult to operate because of the need to turn a hand crank at the same time as pushing it across the floor.Mc Gaffe enlisted the help of The American Carpet Cleaning Co. of Boston to market it to the pubic.It was sold for$25.It is hard to determine how successful the Whirlwind was,as most of them were sold in Chicago and Boston,and it is likely that many were lost in the Great Chicago Fire of1871.Only two are known to have survived,one of which can be found in the Hoover Historical Center.
Mc Gaffney was but one of many19th-century inventors in the United States and Europe who devised manual vacuum cleaners.He obtained a patent(U.S.No.91,145)on June8,1869. Melville Bissell
In1876,Melville Bissell of Grand Rapids,Michigan,USA created a vacuum cleaner for his wife,Anna,to clean up sawdust in carpeting.Shortly after,Bissell Carpet Sweepers were born.After Melville died unexpectedly in1889,Anna took control of the company and was one of the most powerful businesswomen of the day.
John S.Thurman
On November14,1898,John S.Thurman of St.Louis,Missouri,USA.Submitted for patent(U.S.No.634,042)a“pneumatic carpet renovator”.It was issued on October3,1899. Thurman created a gasoline powered carpet cleaner for the General Compressed Air Company. In a newspaper advertisement from the St.Louis Dispatch,Thurman offered his invention of the horse drawn(which went door to door)motorized cleaning system in St.Louis.Louis.He offered cleaning services at$4per visit.By1906,Thurman was offering built-in central cleaning systems that used compressed air,yet featured n dust collection.Thurman’s machine is sometimes considered the first vacuum cleaner.However,the dust was blown into a receptacle rather than being sucked in,an in the machine now used.In later patent litigation, Judge Augustus Hand ruled that Thurman“does not appear to have attempted to design a vacuum cleaner or to have understood the process of vacuum cleaning.”
H.Cecil Booth
Hubert Cecil Booth has the strongest claim to inventing the motorized vacuum cleaner in 1901.As Booth recalled decades later,in1901he attended“a demonstration of an American machine by its inventor”at the Empire Music Hall in London.The inventor is not named,but Booth’s description of the machine conforms fairly closely to Thurman’s design,as modified in later patents.Booth watched a demonstration of the device which blew dust off the chairs, and thought it would be much more useful to have one that sucked dust.He tested the idea by laying a handkerchief on the seat of a restaurant chair,putting his mouth to the handkerchief, and then trying to suck up as much dust as he could onto the handkerchief.Upon seeing the dust and dirt collected on the underside of the handkerchief he realized the idea could work. Booth created a large device,driven first by an oil engine,and later by an electric motor electric.Nicknamed the"Puffing Billy",Booth's petrol-powered,horse-drawn vacuum cleaner relied upon air drawn through a cloth filter.Gaining the royal seal of approval, Booth's motorized vacuum cleaner was used to clean the carpets of Westminster Abbey prior to Edward VII’s coronation in1901.Booth received his first patents on February18and August30,1901
David T.Kenney
Nine patents granted to the New Jersey,USA inventor David T.Kenney between1903 and1913established the foundation for the American vacuum cleaner industry.Membership in the Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers’Associatio,formed in1919,was limited to licensees under his patents.
Walter Griffiths
In1905"Griffith's Improved Vacuum Apparatus for Removing Dust from Carpets"was another manually operated cleaner,patented by Walter Griffiths Manufacturer,Birmingham, England.was portable,easy to store,and powered by"any one person(such as the ordinary domestic servant he task of compressing a bellows-like contraption to suck up dust through a removable,flexible pipe,to which a variety of shaped nozzles could be attached.This was arguably the first domestic vacuum-cleaning device to resemble the modern vacuum cleaner. Hermann Bogenschild
German immigrant engineer Hermann Bogenschild filed a patent in1906for a mechanical'dust removing apparatus.'Emigrating from Berlin to Milwaukee in1892, Bogenschild's device was mounted on wheels for portability and its motor was connected to a hose and filter system.
James Murray Spangler
In1907,James Murray Spangler,a janitor Canton,Ohio,practical,portable vacuum
cleaner.Crucially,in addition to suction that used an electric fan,a box,and one of his wife's pillowcases,Spangler's design incorporated a rotating brush to loosen debris.Unable to produce the design himself due to lack of funding,he sold the patent in1908to William Henry Hoover who had Spangler's machine redesigned with a steel casing,casters,and attachments.Subsequent innovations included the first disposal filter bags in the1920s and the first upright vacuum cleaner in1926.
Hoover
Spangler patented his rotating-brush design June2,1908,and eventually sold the idea to his cousin's husband,Hoover.He was looking for a new product to sell,as the leather goods produced by his'Hoover Harness and Leather Goods'company were becoming obsolete, because of the invention of the automobile.In the United States,Hoover remains one of the leading manufacturers of household goods,including vacuum cleaners;and Hoover became very wealthy from the invention.Indeed,in Britain the name Hoover became synonymous with the vacuum cleaner so much so that one"hovers one's carpets".Initially called'The Electric Suction Sweeper Company',their first vacuum was the1908Model O,which sold for $60.
Nilfisk
In1910,P.A.Frisker patented a vacuum cleaner using a name based on the company’s telegram address—Nilfisk.It was the first electric vacuum cleaner in Europe.His design weighed just17.5kg and could be operated by a single person.The company Frisker and Nielsen was formed just a few years before.Today the Nilfisk vacuums are delivered by Nilfisk-Advance.
Electrolux Model V
The first vacuum cleaners were bulky stand-up units and not easily portable.But in1921 Electrolux launched the Model V that was designed to lie on the floor on two thin metal runners.This innovation,conceived by Electrolux founder Axel Wenner-Gren,became a standard feature on generations of future vacuum cleaners.
There is a recorded example of a1930s Electrolux vacuum cleaner surviving in use for over 70years,finally breaking in2008.
Post-World War II
For many years after their introduction,vacuum cleaners remained a luxury item;but after World War II they became common among the middle classes.They tend to be more common in Western countries because,in most parts of the world,wall-to-wall carpeting is uncommon and homes have tile or hardwood floors,which are easily swept,wiped,or mopped.
Vacuum cleaners working on the cyclone principle became popular in the1990s, although some companies(notably Filter Queen and Regina)have been making vacuum cleaners with cyclonic action since1928.Modern cyclonic cleaners were adapted from industrial cyclonic separators by British designer James Dyson in1985.He launched his cyclone cleaner first in Japan in the1980s at a cost of about US$1,800and later the Dyson DC01upright in the UK in1993for￡200.It was expected that people would not buy a vacuum cleaner at twice the price of a normal cleaner,but it later became the most popular cleaner in the UK.
Cyclonic cleaners do not use bags instead;the dust collects in a detachable,cylindrical collection vessel.Air and dust are blown at high speed into the collection vessel at a direction tangential to the vessel wall,creating a vortex.The dust particles and other debris move to the outside of the vessel by centrifugal force,where they fall due to gravity,and clean air from the center of the vortex is expelled from the machine after passing through a number of successively finer filters at the top of the container.The first filter is intended to trap particles which could damage the subsequent filters that remove fine dust particles.The filters must regularly be cleaned or replaced to ensure that the machine continues to perform efficiently. Since Dyson,several other companies have introduced cyclone models,including Hoover, Bissell,Eureka,Electrolux,etc and the cheapest models are no more expensive than a conventional cleaner.
In early2000several companies developed robotic vacuum cleaners.Some examples are Roman,Robomaxx,Intellibot,Trilobite and Floor Bot.These machines propel themselves in patterns across a floor,cleaning surface dust and debris into their dustbin.They usually can navigate around furniture and find their recharging stations.Most robotic vacuum cleaners are designed for home use,although there are more capable models for operation in offices, hotels,hospitals,etc.Some such as the Roman are equipped with an impeller motor to create an actual vacuum.By the end of2003about570,000units were sold worldwide.
In2004a British company released Airider,a hovering vacuum cleaner that floats on a cushion of air.It has claimed to be light weight and easier to maneuver(compared to using wheels),although it is not the first vacuum cleaner to do this—the Hoover Constellation predated it by at least35years.
吸尘器的技术与历史
吸尘器的种类较多，按结构分主要有：
1、立式。呈圆桶形或方形居多，分上、下两部分，上部装有电机，是动力部分，下部为集尘箱。
2、卧式。长方形或车型状，有前后两部分，前部为集尘箱，后部为电机部分。
3、便携式。它一般有4种形式——肩式：体积较小，使用时背在肩上，功率较小；杆式。形状似杆，上端为把手，下端为吸嘴，功率较小；手提式：体积更小，可直接握在手中使用，功率较小；微型式：多用电池供电，体积更小，多用于清洁衣物、仪器等，功率较小。
按驱动电动机来分
吸尘器又可分为以下几类：
交流吸尘器、直流吸尘器和交直流两用吸尘器
吸尘器-工作原理
吸尘器主要由起尘、吸尘、滤尘3部分组成，一般包括串激整流子电动机、离心式风机、滤尘器（袋）和吸尘附件。串激整流子电动机转速高达20000r/min以上（微型吸尘器采用微型永磁式直流电动机,额定电压为3～6V）。滤尘器通常采用滤网、绒布或滤纸等材料。一般吸尘器的功率为400～1000W或更高，便携式吸尘器的功率一般低于250W。吸尘器的工作原理如下：电动机高速驱动风机叶轮旋转，使空气高速排出，而风机前端吸尘部内的空气不断地补充给风机，使吸尘部内产生瞬时真空,从而与外界大气压形成负压差,在此压差的作用下，吸入含尘屑的空气，经滤尘器过滤，排出清净的空气。负压差愈大，风量愈大，吸尘能力也愈大。
吸尘器，通常简称为真空试一种装置，它利用空气泵创建一个部分真空对吸起来的灰尘和污垢，通常从用于地板。收集的灰尘是以一dustbag或旋风为以后处理。真空吸尘器，并把它应用与房屋以及在行业，存在于多种尺寸和模型：从小型电平驱动手持设备到巨大的固定工业电器，能容纳几百升的灰尘之前被排空。
技术
真空吸力是由于不同的空气压力，一个电风扇减少机器内的压力，然后推大气压力的地毯和空气通过进入喷嘴，因此这个尘埃是子边上推进袋子里。
实验表明，吸尘可以杀死100%的跳蚤幼虫和96%的人身上的跳蚤。
一个英国发明家已经开发出一种新的清洗技术被称为空气循环技术，而不是使用一个真空气流除尘从地毯上。此技术测试，有市场转型计划（MTP）并能显示更多的有效
能量真空的方法。虽然工作原型存在空气循环技术是当前不使用于任何生产清洁。
排气过滤
真空吸尘系统有它们的本性导致尘埃变成空降，有污浊的空气这部全是过滤净化。这肯能会导致将吸入灰尘来解决问题。厂家都在使用几种方法来解决这些问题。一些方法可能被组合在一起，在一份单一的真空。典型的滤水器定位，让进来的空气通过它才能到达电机，然后通过过滤空气电机冷却的目的。
历史
通过手持真空吸尘器演变而来的地毯清扫器。第一个模型，使用了上世纪六十年代的波纹管。第一次机动模型进入了20世纪初。
丹尼尔·赫斯
丹尼尔?赫斯的爱荷华州底部联盟。美国在1860年发明了一种真空吸尘器。它叫做地毯清扫器，事实上他的机器上没有真空，只有一个旋转刷像传统的真空吸尘器，也拥有一个精心制作的波纹管的顶端上的身体机制产生吸入灰尘和污垢。1860年7月10日，他的吸尘器受到了国家专利。
McGaffey艾夫斯
真空吸尘器的第manually-powered原则是“旋风”，McGaffer艾夫斯于1868年发明于美国芝加哥。这台机器是轻和紧凑的，但操作复杂，因为需要一只把手将它推在地板上。在MaGaffey的招募下，美国波士顿的地毯清洁公司对上市公共销售，价格是25美元。很难决定多么成功，因为大多数旋风是出售在芝加哥和波士顿，1871年芝加哥大火很可能损失了很多。只有两个一直有幸存者，其中之一，可以发现在胡佛历史中心。
MaGaffey只不过是一个许多19世纪发明家在美国和欧洲的发明手持真空吸尘器。1869年6月8日，他获得了国家专利。
梅尔维尔·比斯尔
1876年，梅尔维尔·比斯尔的密歇根州的大急流城，创造了一个真空吸尘器，美国妇女，安娜对清理锯木屑在地毯。不久之后，地毯扫把比斯尔诞生了。梅尔维尔猝然逝世后，于1889年，安娜接管公司，是其中一个最强大的女企业家。
约翰?Ｓ?瑟曼
1898年11月4日，约翰?ｓ?瑟曼的至路易斯密苏里州专利、美国提交“气动地毯renovator”.这是发布于1987年10月3日。创造了一个有动力瑟曼地毯清洁剂为一般的压缩空气的公司。在报纸上的招聘广告的派遣到路易斯。提供了他的发明，瑟曼工作于
（其中前往门到门）电动清洗系统在至路易斯。他主动提出清洁服务在4元/每次。1906年，瑟曼是由中央清洗系统，提供内置使用压缩的空气，但出现无粉尘的手机。瑟曼机器有时被认为是第一个真空吸尘器。然而，把灰尘被风吹进一个容情而不是被吸进去，就像在这台机器现在使用。在以后的专利诉讼、法官爱古斯都的手裁定瑟曼，似乎并没有试图设计一个吸尘器，或有理解真空清洗的过程。
塞西尔?布斯
在1901年休伯特塞西尔?布斯声称他发明了电动吸尘器。作为展位召回了数十年之后，于1901年，在伦敦他参加了“演示一个美国人的机器，它的发明者”在帝国音乐厅，不是用发明者命名。但展位的描述符合相当密切瑟曼机的设计，作为改型在以后的专利。看了一场示威摊位器件的尘埃落在了椅子，觉得这会是非常有用的，有一个吸尘埃。他测试了主意要靠打手帕在座位上的一个餐厅椅子，把他的嘴的手帕，然后试图所传授的尘埃像他能在手帕上。当看见的灰尘和污物收集到的有关尾部的手帕，他已是道德想法可以工作。展位制造了一个巨大的推动下，首先装置由发动机，后来被一个电动马达。戏称为“膨化比利”，马拉布斯的燃油吸尘器依赖空气通过滤布拔出来。1901年获得比准皇家的印章、摊位电动吸尘器是用于清除的地毯威斯敏斯特教堂前爱德华七世
加冕礼。1901年2月18日和8月30日收到他的最初两项专利摊位。
Kenney大卫
九专利授予美国新泽西，发明家Kenney大卫1903年和1913年之间奠定了基础，美国吸尘器行业。会员资格吸尘器制造商协会在1919年想成，限于温泉取供事业在他的专利。
沃尔特?格里菲思
“格里菲思于1905年改进除尘装置，提高真空”是另一个手动的沃尔特?格里菲思地毯清洁剂制造商，专利为英格兰的伯明翰。只是便携式、易于储存、使用“任何一个人（如平凡家政服务）”，谁会有一个像吼叫的压缩灰尘的玩意儿可以吸取灰尘通过一个可移动的柔性管，各种形状的喷嘴，请另附纸。只是有据可查的国内第一家真空吸尘设备，类似于现代真空吸尘器。
黄耀德
德国移民工程师黄耀德提出申请专利在1906年为一个机械的联合除尘器械从柏林移民，1892年在黄耀德密尔沃基的装置安装在电机可移植性和它的轮子被连接到一个软管和滤波处理系统。
詹姆斯?莫里斯
1907年，詹姆斯?莫里斯，一个新的看门人从位于美国俄亥俄州坎顿市，发明第一个实用的、可移动的真空吸尘器。至关重要的是，使用电动风扇、一个盒子里，和他的一个妻子的枕套，装入了新的一个旋转刷松碎片。由于赞助商的缺乏信心无法自己生产，他卖掉了专利在1908年，威廉?亨利?胡佛曾是机器重新设计新的钢制套管、脚、和附件。在20世纪20年代后续创新包括处理滤袋。1926年第一个正直的吸尘器。
胡佛
1908年6月20日他的旋转刷设计新的专利，并最终对他表弟的出售的观念，则非胡佛莫属。他在寻找新产品来卖，因为汽车的发明为皮革制品的生产的他的马具和比革制品胡佛公司更加丰厚利润。在美国，胡佛仍然是其中的领导厂商的家居用品，包括真空吸尘器，胡佛变得非常富有的发明。事实上，在英国成了同义词名称胡佛真空吸尘器，如此我们的“星座”。最初成为“公司的电动吸”的清扫，他们第一个真空试1908年，一新模型60美元。
Nilfisk
1901年的今天，专利吸尘器年利Fisker使用一个名称的基础上，Nilfisk公司的电报。它是第一个电动吸尘器。它的设计，体重只有17.5kg。仅仅几年前本公司成立Fisker和尼尔森。吸尘器拿手的是清理那些细小的Nilfisk今天送达力奇先生。
伊莱克斯模型v
第一个真空吸尘器相当庞大挺立的单位，不会轻易便携。但在1921年伊莱克斯发动了明星设计了v，躺在地板上两薄金属赛跑手。这一创新，所持的伊莱克斯创始人阿克赛尔会行走的圆球上，变成了一个标准的特征辈分的真空吸尘器。
有一个记录的例子伊莱克斯吸尘器生存与1930年代使用超过了70年，终于在2008年被打破。
二战以后形成的
多年来谈们的介绍、吸尘器仍然是一种奢侈品，但经过第二次世界大战他们成了常见中产阶级。他们往往更常见，因为在西方国家在世界大战部分地区、满铺地毯是不常见的，和房子瓷砖或木地板，这是很容易打扫干净，或用拖把擦干。
工作上的真空吸尘器旋风在20世纪90年代原理办得非常受欢迎，自1928年以来尽管有些公司（特别是过滤器女王和雷吉娜）已经进行了改变真空吸尘器状况与行动。从现代状况清洁剂非常适合工业状况分离器由英国设计师詹姆斯?戴森牌在1985年。在日本80年代他开始了他第一次设计了飓风吸尘器，为此付出的代价1800美元及后来英国在1993年起的戴森牌DC01行为正直的人，价格￡200.正如我们预料，人们不买一个真空吸尘器真空清洁器的两倍的价格，但它后来正常清洁剂清洁就成了最受欢迎的英国吸尘器。
不要使用塑料袋状况而不是清洁剂、尘收集在一个拆、圆柱集水容器。空气和灰尘吹在高速收集容器，在一个方向切，创造了一种容器壁的漩涡。尘埃颗粒和其他残骸搬
到外面的血管离心力在那里他们下跌的原因，从地心引力，以及清洁空气漩涡的中心而被开发出这台机器后，通过了一系列的先后更精细过滤器在顶部的容器。第一个过滤器的目的是陷阱粒子构成，可能损害后续滤波器，消除细尘埃颗粒。过滤器必须经常被清洗或更换，以确保机器的继续执行效率。自从戴森牌，还有一些其他的公司采取了旋风模组，包括胡佛，分别是尤里卡、伊莱克斯等，和最便宜的模型比传统不在昂贵的清洁剂。
在2000年初几个公司研制出了机器人的真空吸尘器。一些例子是房间自动吸尘机器和地板吸尘。这些机器推进器模式在自己在地板，清洗表面灰尘和碎片射向他们垃圾箱。他们通常会在游走在附近家具，找到他们的充电的电台。大多数机器人吸尘器都在家庭使用，尽管有更有能力模型操作的写字楼、酒店、医院等。一些如自动吸尘机器配备一个叶轮电机来创建一个实际的真空。在2003年年底之前，大约57万单位被销往世界各地。
一家英国公司公布的2004年一只盘旋的真空吸尘器，坐垫，漂浮在空气中。他宣称重量轻且更容易机动（而使用不动了），虽然它并不是第一个真空吸尘器去这么做，整个胡佛星座星座至少35年了。
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement，and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/e29670255.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/e29670255.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/e29670255.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。
I / 11 本科毕业设计外文翻译 <2018届） 论文题目基于WEB 的J2EE 的信息系统的方法研究 作者姓名[单击此处输入姓名] 指导教师[单击此处输入姓名] 学科(专业 > 所在学院计算机科学与技术学院 提交日期[时间 ]
基于WEB的J2EE的信息系统的方法研究 摘要：本文介绍基于工程的Java开发框架背后的概念，并介绍它如何用于IT 工程开发。因为有许多相同设计和开发工作在不同的方式下重复，而且并不总是符合最佳实践，所以许多开发框架建立了。我们已经定义了共同关注的问题和应用模式，代表有效解决办法的工具。开发框架提供：<1）从用户界面到数据集成的应用程序开发堆栈；<2）一个架构，基本环境及他们的相关技术，这些技术用来使用其他一些框架。架构定义了一个开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发工程。 关键词：J2EE 框架WEB开发 一、引言 软件工具包用来进行复杂的空间动态系统的非线性分析越来越多地使用基于Web的网络平台，以实现他们的用户界面，科学分析，分布仿真结果和科学家之间的信息交流。对于许多应用系统基于Web访问的非线性分析模拟软件成为一个重要组成部分。网络硬件和软件方面的密集技术变革[1]提供了比过去更多的自由选择机会[2]。因此，WEB平台的合理选择和发展对整个地区的非线性分析及其众多的应用程序具有越来越重要的意义。现阶段的WEB发展的特点是出现了大量的开源框架。框架将Web开发提到一个更高的水平，使基本功能的重复使用成为可能和从而提高了开发的生产力。 在某些情况下，开源框架没有提供常见问题的一个解决方案。出于这个原因，开发在开源框架的基础上建立自己的工程发展框架。本文旨在描述是一个基于Java的框架，该框架利用了开源框架并有助于开发基于Web的应用。通过分析现有的开源框架，本文提出了新的架构，基本环境及他们用来提高和利用其他一些框架的相关技术。架构定义了自己开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发和事例工程。 应用程序设计应该关注在工程中的重复利用。即使有独特的功能要求，也
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
The mold designing and manufacturing The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also rapid quietly. Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year . The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops . The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase;
理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业：热能与动力工程 姓名：赵海潮 学号：09L0504133 外文出处：Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前，利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果，我们在符合日本工业标准（JIS D 1616）的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性，结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下（从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速，从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内），计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析，差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求，研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型，相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90％的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言，消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件：（1）能够衰减高频噪声，这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围，尤其是低频率范围，因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。（2）最小背压，背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内，因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言，这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器，利用实验的方法，根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能，利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来，在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有：传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法（也叫四端网络法）。该方
Section 3 Design philosophy, design method and earth pressures 3.1 Design philosophy 3.1.1 General The design of earth retaining structures requires consideration of the interaction between the ground and the structure. It requires the performance of two sets of calculations: 1）a set of equilibrium calculations to determine the overall proportions and the geometry of the structure necessary to achieve equilibrium under the relevant earth pressures and forces; 2）structural design calculations to determine the size and properties of thestructural sections necessary to resist the bending moments and shear forces determined from the equilibrium calculations. Both sets of calculations are carried out for specific design situations (see 3.2.2) in accordance with the principles of limit state design. The selected design situations should be sufficiently Severe and varied so as to encompass all reasonable conditions which can be foreseen during the period of construction and the life of the retaining wall. 3.1.2 Limit state design This code of practice adopts the philosophy of limit state design. This philosophy does not impose upon the designer any special requirements as to the manner in which the safety and stability of the retaining wall may be achieved, whether by overall factors of safety, or partial factors of safety, or by other measures. Limit states (see 1.3.13) are classified into: a) ultimate limit states (see 3.1.3); b) serviceability limit states (see 3.1.4). Typical ultimate limit states are depicted in figure 3. Rupture states which are reached before collapse occurs are, for simplicity, also classified and