摘要
中国饮食文化博大精深、源远流长是来华外宾了解中国文化的一个重要窗口。菜铺上的菜名对人们有着很好的指示作用,它传神的表达出菜本身的特点和美好寓意。与此同时,随着我国日益与国际接轨,中国菜越来越受外国友人的亲睐。特别是2008奥运会的举办成功，有一次以最震撼最夺目的方式把中国推向世界。
但由于中国饮食烹饪方式多样，文化内涵丰富，相关专业性强，因而容易导致中国菜名的英译错误。中国菜名的英译错误不仅不能准确的表达出菜本身的特点,还给人留下不好的印象,闹出了国际笑话。因此，如果我们在翻译的时候把握翻译原则，注意灵活运用相关的翻译方法，中国菜名的翻译不至于成为翻译的“拦路虎”。
关键词：中国菜名。翻译原则；翻译方法
注意：关键词应是3至5个名词
Abstract
Chinese diet culture, with a long history, is rich and profound, which has become an important window for the foreign guests to get acquainted with Chinese culture. Chinese dish names on the menu have a good indication for people. It vividly expresses the characteristics of the food and good moral. At the same time, as our country increasingly has interfaced with international, Chinese dishes are becoming more and
more popular among foreigners. Because of 2008 Olympic Games in China, it is one of the most brilliant ways to show China to the whole world.
However, different Chinese food cooking ways, rich food culture and professional strong bring about difficulties for translation. Chinese dishes translation error can’t express the characteristics of the food and give people a bad impression. Therefore, we should grasp the translation principles and note the flexible use of relevant translation method.
Keywords:Chinese dish names。translation principles。translation methods
(注意：中英文Abstract摘要标题用小二号黑体)（内容用小四号）Contents
摘要I
Abstract .................................................................................................................... I ContentsII
1 Introduction1
2 Names of Chinese dishes2
2.1 Flavor snacks2
2.2In allusion named Chinese dishes2
2.3With good things or image scene named Chinese dishes2
2.4In medicinal food named Chinese dishes2
2.5Others3
3 How to translate effectively4
3.1 Principle translation4
3.1.1 Transliteration principle4
3.1.2 Avoid the principle of virtual to real4
3.2 Methods of translation4
3.1.1 Realistic translation4
3.1.2Freehand translation4
4 Conclusion (5)
Bibliography (6)
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1 Introduction
China has a long history of several thousand years formed colorful food culture. Delicious food match good reputation is one of the distinctive features of Chinese food culture. The dishes are concentrated the profound Chinese cuisine and local characteristics, which reflect the Chinese long history and splendid culture of food. Chinese dishes pay attention to color, aroma, taste and shape and stress lucky. It witnesses the China’s ancient civilization. It is the national history and culture in miniature. With China’s rapid economic development, tourists from the whole world, more and more Chinese food culture has been widely disseminated. 2008 Olympic Games held in Beijing also plays an active role in Chinese food culture. At the appointed time, the Chinese diet culture steps. How will China’s distinctive image and ethnic Characteristics into translation of Chinese dishes is extremely important. This article, starting from the typical naming of Chinese dishes, shows the translation of Chinese dishes.
注意：所有一级标题用小二号粗体。段前段后距23磅
所有二级标题用三号粗体。
所有三级标题用四号粗体。
所有正文内容用小四号。
正文行距为1.3倍。
正文中所有一级标题另起一页
2Names of Chinese dishes
2.1 Flavor snacks
As a country with a long history, China has a lot of unique food. For those dishes accepted by foreigners and with Chinese characteristics, we can use Pinyin for the purposes of promoting Chinese culture. For example:
Deep fried twisted dough stick(油条—Youtiao)
Dumpling stuffed with vegetable and meat fillings(饺子—Jiaozi)
Dumplings made of sticky rice flour served in soup(汤圆—Tangyuan)
Steamed dumplings with pork and sticky rice filling(烧卖—Shaomai)
2.2In allusion named Chinese dishes
China is known its place, beautiful scenery, talented. Many well-known dishes are named because of allusion, which occupy a large proportion. As for this type translation, we should combine the English and Chinese culture with caution. For example:
Assorted meat and vegetables cooked in embers(佛跳墙)
Beijing roast duck(北京烤鸭)
Zhenjiang fragrance pork(镇江肴肉)
Guangzhou stewed chicken（广州清平鸡）
2.3 With good things or image scene named Chinese dishes
Some Chinese dishes need to be remained the better image and flavor. For example:
Stir-fried shrimps with jade(翡翠虾仁)
Stewed mushrooms stuffed with white fungus(雪积银钟)
2.4In medicinal food named Chinese dishes
Medicinal food is unique in Chinese dishes. It base on Chinese medicine theory, which has a good effect on health. For example:
Stewed chicken with herbs—with the function of preventing dizziness and curing headache(天麻炖山鸡)
White fungus and shelled longyan soup--with the function of improving lungs and preventing anemia（雪耳龙眼汤）
Fried slices pigs’ kidney with encomia—with the function of tonic(杜仲腰花片)
2.5 Others
Apart from the above, there are many naming. Many dishes are named cooking method and main ingredient. There are many examples of error:
Bagger’s chicken (叫花鸡)
Husband and wife’s lungs lice (夫妻肺片)
Four glad meat balls (四喜丸子)
Chicken without sexual life（童子鸡）
Government abuse chicken (宫保鸡丁)
Fried lion’s head（红烧狮子头）
Stewed Meatball with Brown Sauce is a famous dish. But some people translate into Fried lion’s head. What have you imaged if you are a foreigner when you see the name? As a king in the forest, if the lion is cooked in this way and appeared on the table, we will of course think China is a rule country. In fact, it is a traditional Chinese dish, which is famous for its head. The lion is the symbol of good wishes. If we translate like that, we must be laughed.
3 How to translate effectively
Translation of Chinese Dishes must consider its geography, history and other cultural factors. When we translate the Chinese dishes, we should strive to follow the following principles, and note the flexible use of relevant translation method.
3.1 Principle translation
3.1.1 Transliteration principle
Many Chinese dishes have been accepted and remembered by foreign friends. For example: Tofu, Baozi, Jiaozi. So we could use Chinese pinyin to translate.
3.1.2 Avoid the principle of virtual to real
Chinese dishes pursuit lucky, wealthy and artistic conception of poetic, so many dish names are just glossy. In order to let foreigners understand the Chinese dishes, we must abandon fictional words and translate the Chinese dish names into simple functional names.
3.2Methods of translation
Chinese dishes translation can be divided into realistic translation (reflecting the content and features dishes) and freehand translation (reflecting the profound meaning of dishes)
3.1.1 Realistic translation
Realistic translation is a kind of translation to the means of food production, names of food materials and shape of food materials. In short, it is translating the food production materials, cooking methods and morphology of straightforward. And then based on correct grammar, we combine the words to English dishes. It is easy to understand the content of Chinese dishes for foreigners. For example: Stewed slices pork with bean curd. Stew describes methods of cooking. Slices pork describes the cooking ingredient.
3.1.2Freehand translation
Freehand translation reflects to the profound meaning of dish names. Many Chinese dish names are based on the color, smell, cooking methods, cultural background and open the door of appetite. For example: steamed bean curd and minced fish (the whole family is well)
4 Conclusion
Chinese dishes are known to all and attracting guests.China has a vast territory of 9.6 million square kilometers with 56 nations. Because of the differences of natural geography,climate conditions, resource specialties and eating habits, Chinese dishes are divided into eight cuisines. They are Lu,Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hunan and Anhui.Su, Zhejiang cuisines like a beautiful girl in South.Shandong and Anhui like Man in north. Guangdong and Fujian dishes like a romantic and elegant son. Sichuan and Hunan dishes like an enriched, talent and skilled celebrity. Eight cuisines in China have their own feature. Eventhe same materials, the practices of food are different.
Enjoying Chinese food, it is good for keeping health, enjoying the color, aroma, taste and appearance. Meanwhile, we can have a good knowledge of history,amorous feelings and tradition of China.
From the above, the translation of menu dishes considers the basic function and purpose of the menu and the transmission of culture. Even though, there are still many problems in translation of Chinese dishes. For example: the confusion of translation methods, vague sense and misunderstanding caused by cultural differences. However, with this awareness, we follow the translation principles and methods in translation. Chinese dishes translation provide an effective guide for people,and satisfy the main purposes of profit of carting industry.It also realizes the customers’demand of tasting the cuisine. Objectively,it effectively serves the development of the carting industry and the transmission of the Chinese cuisine culture and historical culture.
Bibliography
[1] Paul Pearsal1．The New Oxford Dictionary of English[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign
Language Education Press，2001：l157
[2]Nord，Christiane．Translating as a Purposeful Activity—Functionalist Approach
es Explained[M]．Shanghai Education Press，2006:32
[3] Eugene A．Nida，language，Culture and Translating[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign L
anguage Education Press，1093：110
[4] 周湘萍。中西饮食文化差异与中餐菜单的英译J-j]．北方论丛，2003，178(2)：107—110．
[5]萧帆。中国烹饪辞典[M]．北京：中国商业出版社。1992：14
注意: 参考文献应是10项以上: 其中一半以上为英文文献, 英文文献在前,中文文献在后,以A-Z字母顺序排序。文献类别以教务处网页上提供的为准。
中国饮食文化英文介绍 各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢 篇一：中国饮食文化——英文版 China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China’s local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted around. Certainly, there are many other local cuisines that are famous, such as Beijing Cuisine and Shanghai Cuisine. 中国地域辽阔，民族众多，因此各种中国饮食口味不同，却都味美，令人垂涎。因为中国地方菜肴各具特色，总体来讲，中国饮食可以大致分为八大地方菜系，这种分类已被广为接受。当然，
还有其他很多著名的地方菜系，例如北京菜和上海菜。 Shandong Cuisine 山东菜系 Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste. 山东菜系，由济南菜系和胶东菜系组成，清淡，不油腻，以其香，鲜，酥，软而闻名。因为使用青葱和大蒜做为调料，山东菜系通常很辣。山东菜系注重
介绍英国文化的英语作文2篇 英国文化英语作文一：介绍英国The Englishman love to behave gentlemanly and the Englishwoman love to behave ladily. They also show their respect to ladies. They always say Lady first. In their daily life. the English pay attention to their appearance. They dress neatly. They shake hands when they meet other. When they are with others, they usually say pleasethank yousorry and so on. The breakfast in Britain is very rich. Usually there are all kinds of egg products, oatmeal, bacon, ham, sausages, butter, jam, bread, milk, juice, coffee and so on. They are popular with the western countries. Whats more, the English like drinking tea. They have the habit of drink afternoon tea at about 3 in the afternoon. They enjoy drinking tea and treat it as a kind of seeing friends. 【参考译文】 英国人崇尚绅士风度和淑女风范，讲究女士优先。在日常生活中，英国人注意仪表，讲究穿著，英国人的见面礼是握手礼。与人交往时，注重用敬语请、谢谢对不起等。英式菜的早餐很丰盛，一般有各种蛋品、麦片粥、咸肉、火腿、香肠、黄油、果酱、面包、牛奶、果汁、咖啡等，受到
美国饮食文化英语作文 You are what you eat.;Nutrition experts often use this saying to promote better eating habits.What we put in our mouths does become a part of us.But we can look at this statement another way.What we eat reflects who we are--as people and as a culture.Do you want to understand another culture?Then you ought to find out about its food.Learning about American food can give us a real taste of American culture. What is American food?At first you might think the answer is easy as pie.To many people,American food means hamburgers,hot dogs,fried chicken and pizza.If you have a sweet tooth,you might even think of apple pie or chocolate chip cookies.It's true that Americans do eat those things.But are those the only kind of vittles you can find in America? 带翻译： 你是你吃什么。,营养专家经常使用这句话来促动更好的饮食习惯。我们把我们的嘴的东西确实成为我们的一部分。但我们能够看看这个语句的另一种方法。我们是谁吃的反映出我们自己——不论什么人,如文化。你想了解另一种文化吗?然后你应该找出它的食物。学习美国食品能够给我们一个真正的美国文化的味道。 美国食物是什么?乍听之下你可能认为答案容易得很。对很多人来说,美式食物就是汉堡、热狗、炸鸡和披萨。如果你喜欢吃甜食,你可能会想到苹果派或巧克力片饼干。美国人确实吃这些东西。但这些就是你在美国找得到的食物吗?
第一章饮食文化概论 1. 饮食与文化 (1).饮食的基本含义：①中文：一是吃的和喝的东西；二是吃东西和喝东西。 ②英文：一是food and drink；二是diet(可指规定的、特别的饮食， 也可指日常的膳食). (2).文化：①广义指人类在社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、 精神财富的总和。狭义指精神生产能力和精神产品，包括一切社会意识形式：自 然科学、技术科学、社会意识形态。②泛指一般知识，包括语文知识···。③中国 古代封建王朝所施的文治和教化的总称。 (3).饮食文化概念的基本理解：(特定群体)关于食物获取的知识、技术、方式、习俗和制度。 (4).饮食的功能：①满足生理需要；②满足心理需要(保持良好的精神状态，是你有安全感， 使你感到“自我价值”，使你感到“美味”带来的快乐)；③满足“公关”需要。 (5).文化的认识：①“人”是文化的主体；②动态性(丰富和发展、重新认识和修正、对某 些旧的或传统的东西的否定)；③多样性(内容、观念、方式方法)；④结构性；⑤共 同享有；⑥后天习得；⑦强制或规范；⑧理想与现实；⑨适应性。 (6).饮食受文化影响：“食欲也是被文化决定的”是说特定群体所处的自然环境和社会环境 对其成员的饮食行为特点的形成有重要影响，其中社会环境对其群体特殊饮食习 惯、方式形成的影响在很多情况下可能是决定性的。 (7). 饮食文化内容的基本理解：①观念(精神性)：指特定群体对待饮食的态度或看法； ②获取(物质性或技术性)：指特定群体的食物选择、加工制成技术、日常饮食结构、 餐饮方式(食具的样式和使用方法、分食还是合食、具体食物的食用方式)等；③风 俗(民众的自发的重复性行为，具有传承性和社会性)，制度。 (8).影响人对饮食选择的主要因素：①家庭因素：包括文化传统，食物供应，生活状况与观 念，人口结构，食物制作水平，宗教；②个人因素：包括教育背景，价值观，生 活经历，职业(阶层)与生活方式，经济状况，心情；③环境因素：包括政治与经济 全球化，人员流动与文化交流，参照对象与团体归属，商业促销与流行趋势，营 养、卫生、健康知识的普及以及公众对食品安全问题的重视、消费环境。 2. 饮食文化与社会 (1).经济发展---恩格尔系数：“恩格尔定律”是西方经济学家关于家庭食品开支与家庭总收 入的比例关系的定律，系数在59%以上为绝对贫困，50%～59%为勉强度日， 40%～50%为小康水平，30%～40%为富裕，30%以下为最富裕。 (2).社会文明---“文明”的土壤：人类的饮食状况不仅表现出人类文明的进步程度，同时也 是人类文明产生的土壤----食物生产技术、方式对科学技术发明的贡献。(3).习俗传承的载体----标记：即某种事物或行为成为某一文化群体传统习俗中的标志性民 俗事象。如日本新年的干沙丁鱼、黑豆之类的食物。(4).社会文明---文明：文明就是一切能减少人们生活麻烦的手段。 平等：“平等”、“自由”的餐饮服务文化或服务精神。 多元化共存：人们享受来自不同地域、不同民族，乃至不同时代的美食文化。 环境协调：对自然的尊重、理解和爱护，引导“绿色消费”。 (5). 习俗传承的载体---传承：即某一特定的习俗会通过“代际”关系而代代相传。 寓意：如“喜饼”“蛋糕”等。 交际：饮食或宴席在交际场合总是发挥着难以替代的作用。 交换：“互报交换系统”。
淮阴工学院课程论文（2010-2011学年第二学期） 论文题目: 跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异——以中美饮食文化为例 课程名称：跨文化交际英语任课老师：余洪虹 姓名: 植云 班级: 艺术1093 学号: 1092202325
跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异 ——以中美饮食文化为例 摘要：饮食是一种文化，而不同的文化背景孕育着不同的饮食文化，中国饮食以食表意，其博大精深不可言喻，而美国的饮食则是吃什么就是什么。在中西方文化互相交融的今天，美国文化有值得我们学习和借鉴的地方，同时中华饮食文化的优点也要继承，本文着重从中美饮食文化进行比较，从而用客观的视角去审视中西方饮食文化。 关键词：饮食文化，中国饮食，美国饮食，文化差异 1中国饮食文化的特点 中国的历史悠久，文明源远流长，具有上下五千年的文化，因此饮食文化也比较丰富，它也是祖国丰富文化宝库中的一朵奇葩。中国从原始社会开始都是以大杂居为主，远古时期以部落为单位，后来一直演变，直到现代社会都是以家庭为单位，团团圆圆一直是中国人的愿望，中国人的集体意识形成了中国饮食文化的一大特点就是—一家人都是吃一桌菜，并且大多数家庭是以圆桌为主，一家人围在一起，表示家人和和睦睦、团团圆圆。中国人的饮食很讲究色、香、味原则，三者缺一不可，为使食物色美，通常是在青、绿、红、黄、白、黑、酱等色中取三至五色调配，也就是选用适当的荤素菜料，包括一种主料和二、三种不同颜色的配料，使用适当的烹法与调味，就能使得菜色美观。食物香喷，可以激发食欲，其方法即为加入适当的香料，如葱、姜、蒜、辣、酒、八角、桂皮、胡椒、麻油、香菇等，使烹煮的食物气味芬芳。烹调各种食物时，必须注重鲜味与原味的保留，尽量去除腥膻味；譬如烹调海鲜时，中国人则爱用葱姜。因此适量的使用如酱油、糖、醋、香料等各种调味品，可以使得嗜浓味者不觉其淡，嗜淡味者不嫌其浓，个人根据自己的口味选择。 因为中国自古以来地大物博、人口稠密，所以中国人的饮食从先秦开始，就是以谷物为主，肉少粮多，辅以菜蔬，这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食，而菜则是为了下饭，即助饭下咽。因为主食并不可口，必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点，但是不等同于盐。因为主食的单一性，所以，只有在菜上面花功夫，因此，中国的菜大都比较注重口味，
Chinese Food Culture 1.Characteristics of cuisines in southern part of China Chinese cuisine has a number of different genres, but the most influential and typical known by the public are the 'Eight Cuisines'. These are as follows: Shandong Cuisine, Guangdong Cuisine, Sichuan Cuisine, Hunan Cuisine, Jiangsu Cuisine, Zhejiang Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine and Anhui Cuisine. We have roughly separated Chinese cuisine into two genres. They are Cuisines of the north part and the southern part. Cuisines of the southern part of China are really featured. They have various differences with northern cuisine. Firstly, abundant rain drops and sunlight in South China provide favorable conditions for the growth of millet and rice. Compared with people in North China who have to spend much time in cold weather, people in South China are less preferable to meat diet, which contains lots of fat and protein. Southern Chinese prefer plant diet quite a lot. Many people are accustomed to drink soup both before and after the meal. Guangdong Soup(老火靓汤) Secondly, South China is one of the most developed areas in China. It welcomes people from the entire world. As a result, Southern Cuisine, especially Guangdong Cuisine, emphasizes a flavor which is clear but not light, refreshing but not common, tender but not crude. Thirdly,People in South China tend to be more careful and sensitive than northern people. As a result, their dishes as well as appearance are really cute and attractive. Just like dim sum(点心), which means “touch the heart”, is one of the most famous Cantonese meal. It consists of a variety of delicacies and is usually served for breakfast or dinner. Spicy-hot Fish麻辣鱼Mapo Tofu (Stir-Fried Tofu in Hot Sauce)麻婆豆腐Pork Rips排骨)Penaeus orientalis对虾 2.Characteristics of cuisines in northern part of China Cuisines of the north part of China have several characteristics. people in the north tend to eat cooked wheaten food. Or in other words, people eat more food made of flour. This is because the climate here is temperate continental climate, which means there are less rain drops and sunlight. And this climate provides favorable conditions for the growth of wheat. First,When it comes to cooked wheaten food, there is a place many people are familiar with. That is Shanxi(山西). As the saying goes, “east or west, Shanxi cooked wheaten food is best”. Shanxi is famous for its diverse and delicious cooked wheaten food. With a history of 2000years, Shanxi cooked wheaten food is gaining more and more popularity at home and even abroad. Cooked wheaten food in Shanxi,there are round 280 kinds of cooked wheaten food, among which the sliced noodles is the most renowned one. Apart from the sliced noodles刀削面, boiled food also includes hand-pulled noodles拉面, He lao饸饹）Tijian,剔尖Maoerduo猫耳朵, Jiupian(揪片) ，which are all delicious and tasty. As for the cooked food, it includes fried cake(炸糕)、Yi wo su(一窝酥)、fried dough twist （麻花）,Shuai bing(甩饼) and so on. Other steamed wheaten food includes steamed bun、You mian kao lao（莜面栲栳）、Gao liang mian yu（高粱面鱼）. Second, food in the north is often more salty and greasy than that in the south.
美联英语提供：英国饮食文化之早餐篇 分享一个免费试听课，名额有限，碰碰运气吧 https://www.doczj.com/doc/ed5535895.html,/test/xingzuo.html?tid=16-73675-0 Today people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever before. As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and chips. 今天，人们在英国吃了更多样化的饮食比以往任何时候。以及区域饮食的英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士和北爱尔兰，许多移民社区介绍了他们的菜以前unadventurous英国人：中国，希腊，印度，意大利，泰国，美国快餐食品，如比萨饼，汉堡包和炸鸡已在一定程度上取代传统的快餐店的炸鱼和薯条。 Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking country. Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved successful. In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than beer. Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is tea. 由于气候和日耳曼起源及其早期的许多人，英国一直是传统上喝啤酒，而不是葡萄酒
印度传统食物 尝遍世界美食，想想就让吃货倍感兴奋。那你想知道印度的传统美食是什么吗?下面是分享的印度传统食物，一起来看看吧。 印度有着多种不同的宗教信仰及多元的传统和习俗，因此其饮食习惯也随著信仰及地区而有不同的变化。影响印度饮食文化最深的两个宗教是印度教和伊斯兰教，而葡萄牙、波斯和英国对于印度饮食文化也有很大的影响。 印度料理千变万化，所以并没有所谓正统的印度料理。在印度各地，烹煮食物的方式和使用的材料都不一样，每个家庭也有自己的传统，只有米饭，是印度家家户户都吃的主食。 在印度，吃素是一件很普遍的事情。(印度教不吃牛肉，伊斯兰教不吃猪肉，最后大家只好吃素......)肉菜的选择比较有限，主要是羊肉、鸡肉及海鲜鱼虾，穆斯林们也会选择吃牛肉。 肉汁做成的料理，也就是俗称的咖喱菜在印度相当风行，每一个地区都有各自口味的咖喱。印度料理的本质就是香料的使用，香料不仅可以开胃，也可以帮助消化。在喀拉拉，香料之王是胡椒，但该区同样也盛产数种不同的香料，如小豆蔻、肉桂、肉豆蔻、丁香、姜和郁金。 印度料理的另外一个重要角色就是乳制品;;奶油和炼乳，扁豆和蚕豆也常常被拿来入菜。蔬菜的部分会因为季节或是地区而有不同，
烹煮的方式也依主菜的选择而有所变化。 印度招牌美食1. 波亚尼炖饭(Biryani) 波亚尼炖饭是莫卧儿人带入印度的米饭料理，这种蒙古风味菜以米饭搭配羊肉、鸡肉、牛肉或蔬菜，吃起来口感绵软湿滑。海德拉巴的波亚尼炖饭最为出名。 2. 坦都里烤鸡(T andoori Chicken) 这是北印度的一道著名宫廷料理，将整只鸡先以酸奶和香料醃渍过后放入坦都炉内烤，烤完后鸡肉呈红色，吃起来带点辣味。食用时配以绿色的酱料和洋葱，非常可口。 3. 奶油鸡(Butter Chicken) 这也是属于北印度的一道著名料理，几乎在每家餐厅都有供应。采用去骨切块的坦都里鸡肉，放入奶油、番茄与香料混合的酱汁中烹煮，搭配印度烤饼一起食用，是印度人民的日常美食。 4.塔利(Thali) 塔利是印度的定食，印度的每个省份都有属于自己风格的塔利。北印度塔利是以普里、恰巴提或罗提面饼，配上几道口味重的配菜和一份甜点;而南印度塔利则是以炸饼(papad)、米饭搭配。配菜一般是蔬菜泥、豆泥、马铃薯、炖菜、酸奶、甜点等。 由于吉加拉特省(Gujarat)是耆那教的大本营，吃纯素的比例相当高，因此Gujarat Thali就是纯素食的塔利。而拉贾斯坦省的塔利则采用沙漠植物和羊肉搭配麵包，口味也很特别。 5.馕(Nan)
China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China's local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted around. Certainly, there are many other local cuisines that are famous, such as Beijing Cuisine and Shanghai Cuisine. 中国地域辽阔，民族众多，因此各种中国饮食口味不同，却都味美，令人垂涎。因为中国地方菜肴各具特色，总体来讲，中国饮食可以大致分为八大地方菜系，这种分类已被广为接受。当然，还有其他很多着名的地方菜系，例如北京菜和上海菜。 Shandong Cuisine 山东菜系 Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste. 山东菜系，由济南菜系和胶东菜系组成，清淡，不油腻，以其香，鲜，酥，软而闻名。因为使用青葱和大蒜做为调料，山东菜系通常很辣。山东菜系注重汤品。清汤清澈新鲜，而油汤外观厚重，味道浓重。济南菜系擅长炸，烤，煎，炒，而胶东菜系则以其烹饪海鲜的鲜淡而闻名。Shandong is the birthplace of many famous ancient scholars such as Confucious and Mencius. And much of Shandong cuisine's history is as old as Confucious himself, making it the oldest existing major cuisine in China. But don't expect to gain more wisdom from a fortune cookie at a Shandong restaurant in the West since fortune cookies aren't even indigenous to China. 山东是许多着名学者的故乡，例如孔夫子和孟子。许多山东菜的历史和孔夫子一样悠久，使得山东菜系成为中国现存的最古老的主要菜系之一。但是不要期望在西方国家的山东菜馆里从签饼(中国餐馆的折叠形小饼,内藏有预测运气话语的纸条)获得更多的好运气，因为签饼在中国也不是本土的。 Shandong is a large peninsula surrounded by the sea to the East and the Yellow River meandering through the center. As a result, seafood is a major component of Shandong cuisine. Shandong's most famous dish is the Sweat and Sour Carp. A truly authentic Sweet and Sour Carp must come from the Yellow River. But with the current amount of pollution in the Yellow River, you would be better off if the carp was from elsewhere. Shandong dishes are mainly quick-fried, roasted, stir-fried or deep-fried. The dishes are mainly clear, fresh and fatty, perfect with Shandong's own famous beer, Qingdao Beer 山东是个巨大的被向东流去的大海环绕的半岛，黄河曲折的流经其中部。因此海鲜是山东菜系的主要构成。山东最着名的菜肴是糖醋鲤鱼。正宗的糖醋鲤鱼必须打捞自黄河。但是因为现在黄河的众多污染，其他地方的鲤鱼更好一些。山东菜主要是速炸，烧烤，炒或深炸。菜肴清新肥美，搭配山东本地的着名啤酒——青岛啤酒就完美了。 Sichuan Cuisine 四川菜系 Sichuan Cuisine, known often in the West as Szechuan Cuisine, is one of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil,
浅析美国饮食文化 摘要： 美国式饮食不讲究精细，追求快捷方便，也不奢华，比较大众化。一日三餐都比较随便。关键词：饮食美国菜文化大众化 一、美国的特殊文化背景对烹饪菜肴的影响 要想了解美国的饮食文化必须先浅谈一些美国的历史、地理及风土人情。一个国家民族饮食文化的形成与发展有两大主要因素，一个是乡土性的地缘因素（Regionalism）,一个是多元性的人为因素（Diversity）。对美国而言，多元性的人为因素比乡土性的地缘因素更具有关键性的影响。美国的情况则比较特殊，土地广阔、历史短而且有一百多个国家不同种族的人移民到美国，现在的总人口约二亿八千万，其中西班牙语系的居民约有四千三百万，黑人约三千六百万，亚洲来的移民也已经超过一千万，这么庞大的外来族移民在美国，成家立业，落地生根，让美国成为世界人种的大熔炉。所以，美国食品菜肴的形成也就来自这个“大熔炉”。美国人日常生活接触到最多的食品如汉堡包、炸鸡、比萨、酱汁面条、塔可卷饼、三明治、热狗、炸薯条，天天全都是早期从西欧各国传入的舶来品，牛排、羊排、猪扒、鱼排也不是美国最早发明的食品，因此有许多人用严厉的眼光、严格的尺度来衡量，认为这些都不能算是美国菜。在美国居住的人群不是同文同种，不是同宗同源，世界各国传到美国的风味菜肴日久天长就发生了“因地制宜，因人而异”的变化了。 二、早期美国厨艺水平落后的原因 早期美国烹饪业不发达，厨艺水平落后的原因有三项。第一、历史与文化的长度及深度不够。美国自1776年成为独立自主的国家至今只有230年的历史，第二次世界大战胜利之后逐渐发展成为富裕强国至今也只有五六十年的历史，美国原始的印第安人在拼命的找寻赖以生存的食物，希望能让自己及家人生活下去的时候，他们根本不可能创造发明什么美食，更不可能开创全国性的统一菜肴了。第二，美国的立国精神及民族偏向保守朴实。17世纪初期英国的清教徒为了宗教自由及宣扬基督教义，带着冒险奋斗不怕吃苦的精神大船横越大西洋来到美国。这些虔诚的清教徒重视精神生活而不注重物质生活，重视宗教礼仪，提倡勤劳朴实的生活方式。这些人是美国的老祖宗，他们在美国生活的子孙后代也袭承了优良传统，养成俭朴有礼循规蹈矩的道德规范。他们这种俭朴不浪费、不虚荣、实事求是的主流价值观限制了、阻碍了美食的进步与发展。第三，美国没有宫廷皇室的推动与鼓励。中国、法国、意大利、西班牙甚至波斯、印度、泰国都曾经有过非常重视美食的皇家贵族。很可惜，美国
Talk about from the perspective of the British diet most representative British food "fish and chips" Summary: Food culture is part of the national culture, reflecting the historical development of the national culture. Britain is a country with a rich history and culture, it has his own story, but also compatible with softness, attract new blood, to understand English, you should be aware of Britain's eating habits, food culture, to understand the most representative of the United Kingdom the food, it is necessary to proceed from the British food culture, to understand the habits and customs in the UK diet from all aspects. Keyword: Food Culture; British; Representative Food Britain is a country rich in culture, they retained the original traditional eating habits and cooking skills in cooking, as the British North Atlantic ocean currents affected by the regulation and westerly winds throughout the year, forming a cool, there is rain throughout the year, four seasons cold and heat little change in the temperate climate. Due to climatic conditions, Britain's main plant feed crops and pasture development, and the development of dairying. Britain itself grain and livestock products, but not self-sufficient, need to rely on imports, and therefore, the number of British cooking dishes are affected by external information. However, the British food choice of materials limitations relatively large, so the British do not pay attention to eating seafood, actually prefer beef, lamb, poultry and vegetables. Moreover, Britain is a very particular country gentleman, their gentleman is also reflected in the table. The British tend to be more popular way of cooking are: stewed, grilled, fried, baked, baked and fried. Meat, seafood, game cooking methods are unique, and their beef has a special preference. When not accompanied by seasonal vegetables edible, baked potato, but also add a little mustard sauce on the steak. Most British cuisine seasoning on the table, fancy free to choose, and the British do not like dishes with slime and too spicy dishes, also hanged MSG seasoning. The British do not like the salty taste, love sweet, sour, slightly spicy. British often use oven cooking, the oven-baked dish with a variety of meat and vegetables should be placed in the baking dish with slow roasted to taste the meat and vegetables are out of tune. British like drinking tea, morning to morning tea; to 11:00, to take a break, drink a cup of tea, which they call a light meal around 11 am; after noon, eat lunch, but also with a glass tea; 15:30 to about 4:00 even a cup of tea, elegant formal tea gathering, do not drink tea or eat dim sum restaurants, can be called "tea", tea has almost become British essential to life habits. Britain is also rich in wine, Scotch whiskey production, due to the climate, cultural traditions, the British very fond of drink, therefore, the British wine very powerful, bars everywhere, unique pub culture has become an important part of British culture. There are five major UK Bar: First, traditional pubs, quaint, old, a lot of open-air
中国美国饮食文化差异的英语作文 我们用英语作文，如何把我们对于中国的饮食文化与美国的差别表达出来？下面是小编给大家整理的中美饮食文化差异的英语写作范文，供大家参阅! 中国美国饮食文化差异的英语作文篇1 food is the heaven to the human. Since human beings appeared on the earth millions years ago, we have had food everyday to satisfy the need of energy. Because of the influence of religion, climate, and region, different countries have different dietary cultures. China, which has a history longer than five thousand years, is one of the biggest countries in the world, and the United States is the super country that has a great influence to the whole world. We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the United States. By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and American dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west and we can also improve and create the new culture of China. In my paper, I would like to discuss the difference of food between the two countries.