西方文化入门（2010）
一、课程名称：西方文化入门
二、学时与学分：36 学时，2 学分
三、适用专业：英语专业本科、
四、课程教材：自编教材
五、参考教材：Duncan Sidwell著，《欧洲文化概况》，外语教学与研究出版社，2008年
12月第一版
王佐良，李品伟等主编，《欧洲文化入门》，外语教学与研究出版社，1992
年9月第二版
六、开课单位：外语学院
七、课程的目的、性质和任务:
西方文化入门是英语专业的一门文化课，目的是使学生了解西方文化的历史发展和文学，文化传统，促进学生对西方文化内涵的兴趣，提高对文化差异的敏感性和宽容性，培养学生跨文化的交际能力。
八、课程的基本要求：
了解西方文化发展的历史脉络，如，作为西方文明源头的希腊罗马文明，基督教的兴起与传播，欧洲中世纪文明，文艺复兴，宗教改革，理性主义的勃发，工业革命和现代欧洲，殖民主义与帝国主义，等；了解西方文化中的一些关键概念，如，希腊城邦，罗马帝国，上帝和子民，人文主义，民主与自由，人权，平等与博爱，科学和技术，工业革命，殖民主义，帝国主义，等；从欧洲的角度了解文学在古代，中世纪，近代和现代的发展，学习希腊文学，罗马文学，文艺复兴时期意大利、英国、西班牙等国经典文学片断，了解欧洲古代，中世纪，文艺复兴，启蒙时期，浪漫主义和现实主义时期文学的特点和精神实质；旨在使学生对西方历史，文化的发展脉络有较为清晰的了解和把握。
九、课程的主要内容：
介绍西方文化的源头古希腊古、罗马的文明，重点为雅典的民主制，希腊史诗与悲剧，希腊建筑艺术，罗马帝国及其影响，罗马文学；《圣经》简介，上帝与子民，中世纪教会组织，人文主义文学，宗教改革，启蒙时代的精神，平等，自由与博爱，欧洲浪漫主义文学，英国工业革命，马克思主义与达尔文主义的兴起与传播，等。
十、说明：
西方文化内容多，涉及面广；由于课时原因，本课程将不涉及一次世界大战以后西方文明的发展，也不涉及美国文明的发展。本课程教材，参考教材均为英文；讲授中英文并用；讲授方式以讲座为主。
十一、考核方式：
课后作业，期末考试。
欧洲文化入门参考资料 这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。 《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别：专业限选课程 3、课程学时：32学时 4、学分：2 5、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业：英语 7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间：2005 二、课程的目的与任务： 本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。 三、课程的基本要求： 本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。 了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络； 了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等； 了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物； 将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较； 学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。 四、教学内容、要求及学时分配： 希腊、罗马文化 基督教及其《圣经》 中世纪 文艺复兴与宗教改革 十七世纪 启蒙运动 浪漫主义 马克思主义与达尔文学说 现实主义 现代主义及其它 五、考试考核办法：笔试 六、教材及参考书：
《西方文化概论》教学大纲 一、基本信息 二、教学目标及任务 本课程为全校文法类各专业通识课。本课程将通过对古希腊文化、古罗马文化、中世纪基督教文化和西方近现代文化的讲解，使全校文法类各专业的本科生了解西方文化孳乳繁衍、发生进化的来龙去脉，掌握西方文化史中的一些重大事件和重要人物，认识不同时代的精神和文化状貌，为从不同专业的涉外部分的学习、进行中西比较、或直接学习研究具体领域的西方文化打下知识基础。 三、学时分配 四、教学内容及教学要求 第一章古希腊罗马文化：爱琴文明与希腊神话传说 习题要点：米诺斯文明, 迈锡尼文明, 希腊神话传说的源流,希腊神谱, 神谱的文化学意义，荷马史诗与“系统叙事诗”等的具体内容。 本单元重点、难点：1．爱琴文明与希腊城邦文明之间的文化联系。2．希腊神话的源流与谱系。 本单元教学要求：了解古希腊罗马文化：爱琴文明与希腊神话传说，要求基本理解希腊罗马文化的发展脉络，掌握希腊罗马文化的特征。 第二章古希腊罗马文化：希腊城邦文化
习题要点：希腊城邦的发展演变, 希腊城邦的崛起与殖民，早期希腊城邦的政治变革，斯巴达的政治与文化，雅典的政治与文化，从分离主义到帝国主义等的具体内容。 本单元重点、难点：1．希腊宗教的文化特点。2．希腊悲剧与喜剧的文化学意义。 本单元教学要求：了解希腊宗教的文化特点。理解希腊悲剧与喜剧的文化学意义。掌握希腊哲学发展的基本梗概。第三章古希腊罗马文化：城邦文化的衰落与希腊化时代 习题要点：希腊城邦文化的衰落，雅典民主制的蜕变，亚历山大帝国与希腊化时代，希腊文化精神的凋敝等的具体内容。 本单元重点、难点：1．希腊分离主义向帝国主义转化的历史契机。2．希腊化时代的文化特点。 本单元教学要求：了解希腊城邦文化的衰落的过程，理解与掌握希腊文化精神的凋敝与希腊化时代的文化特点。第四章古希腊罗马文化：罗马帝国的兴衰 习题要点：罗马政治制度演化与罗马帝国的扩张过程等的具体内容。 本单元重点、难点：1．罗马政治制度演化的基本情况。2．罗马帝国的扩张过程。 本单元教学要求：了解罗马帝国的兴衰、罗马的起源、罗马帝国的扩张、罗马政治体制的演变、恺撒与奥古斯都，理解罗马帝国的衰亡过程与原因。 第五章古希腊罗马文化：罗马文化的特征 习题要点：希腊人与罗马人，罗马英雄主义，罗马的宗教，罗马法，罗马的哲学、文学艺术和科学，罗马世风的腐化等的具体内容。 本单元重点、难点：1．罗马文化与希腊文化的联系与差异。2．罗马帝国衰落的原因。 本单元教学要求：了解罗马文化与希腊文化的联系与差异，理解与掌握罗马帝国衰落的原因。 第六章中世纪基督教文化：基督教的早期发展 习题要点：基督教的“两希”传统，基督教与希腊哲学，基督教与罗马帝国，苦难的历程，基督教的合法化与国教化，基督教与异教文化，修道运动，基督教与日耳曼族，罗马帝国时期的日耳曼人，蛮族 大入侵，蛮族的皈依等的具体内容。 本单元重点、难点：1．基督教的“两希”文化渊源。2．基督教对日耳曼蛮族的教化。 本单元教学要求：了解基督教的“两希”传统，理解与掌握基督教对日耳曼蛮族的教化（基督教与日耳曼族）等要点。 第七章中世纪基督教文化：基督教与西欧封建社会 习题要点：封建制与庄园经济，修道院经济，西欧封建社会的生活状况，西欧封建社会的政治格局，“神圣” 与“世俗”，十字军东征，“阿维农之囚”与罗马教会的衰落等的具体内容。 本单元重点、难点：1．中世纪西欧封建社会的基本特点。2．中世纪教俗之争的发展历程。 本单元教学要求：了解与理解中世纪西欧封建社会的基本特点与中世纪教俗之争的发展历程。 第八章中世纪基督教文化：中世纪西欧社会的文化概况 习题要点：中世纪西欧社会的精神生活,教会与大学，中世纪的哲学，骑士精神与骑士文学，基督教唯灵主义与哥特式建筑等的具体内容。 本单元重点、难点：1．基督教信仰对于中世纪西欧精神生活的重要影响。2．中世纪基督教文化的精神特征。本单元教学要求：了解中世纪西欧社会的精神生活，基督教信仰对于中世纪西欧精神生活的重要影响。掌握中世纪基督教文化的精神特征。 第九章中世纪基督教文化：中世纪基督教文化的衰落 习题要点：信仰的衰落与道德的沦丧，教会的堕落，宗教裁判所，基督教文化的内在矛盾等的具体内容。本单元重点、难点：1．中世纪赎罪方式的形式化和虚假化。2．基督教的本质精神与罗马天主教会的实践活动之间的尖锐矛盾。 本单元教学要求：了解中世纪信仰的衰落与道德的沦丧，中世纪赎罪方式的形式化和虚假化，基督教文化的内在矛盾，基督教的本质精神与罗马天主教会的实践活动之间的尖锐矛盾。 第十章西方近现代文化：文艺复兴与宗教改革 习题要点：文艺复兴,人文主义,宗教改革等的具体内容。 本单元重点、难点：1．文艺复兴运动与宗教改革运动的不同背景和目标。2．宗教改革运动对于西方现代化历程的客观影响。 本单元教学要求：了解、理解与掌握文艺复兴运动与宗教改革运动的不同背景和目标，宗教改革运动对于西方现代化历程的客观影响，新教三大主流教派的基本情况。
Part I Directions: Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. ****** 1 ****** 1. _________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. Cynics C. Skeptics D. Epicureans 2. _________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world." A. Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid 3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northem tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in _________ A. 395 B. 27 C. 1453 D. 476 4. The City of God was written by ________, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought. A. Jesus B. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. Martin Luther 5. _________ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist----- a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. A. Michelangelo B. Raphael C. Shakespeare D. Leonardo Da Vinci 6. In _______, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. A. Don Quixote B. Hamlet C. Leviathan D. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 7. The best- known book written by Thomas More is ________ , which describes an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief. A. The Praise of the Folly B. As You Like It C. Divine Comedy D. Utopia 8. ________, author of Prince, is regarded as "father of political science" in the West. A. Machiavelli B. Dante C. Bacon D. Locke
欧洲文化入门Exercise3 1．第1题 Mary's pregnancy to Joseph, her husband, was ___. A.a scandal B.a luck C.incredible D.unfortunate 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 It was ____who unified England for the first time. A.King Edward and his successors B.King Arthur and his successors C. King William and his successors D.King Alfred and his successors 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 According to the New Testament, the central message of Jesus was__. A.the kingdom of God B.the human persons C.the Holy Spirit D.God 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0
4．第4题 The religious ministry of Jesus was followed by his 12 apostles for ___. A.12 is a lucky number B.they were the only apostles Jesus had C.they were the only apostles Jesus could select D.Israel was made up of 12 tribes 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 5．第5题 Greek mythology relates the development of the order of the universe to_____ . A.Pandora B.Zeus C.Chaos D.Cronus 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 6．第6题 Which is not true about the heroes in Greek mythology? A.They represented a kind of bridge between gods and mortals B.They never die C.They got gods' favor D.They had some defect to balance out their power 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 7．第7题
作业 1．第1题 Which one of the following statements about the Great Famine is NOT true? A.It was the worst famine in European history. B.It lasted for seven hard years. C.In cities alone, there was shortage of food supplies. D.By the time it ended, the Great Famine had wiped out 10 percent to 15 percent of the entire European population. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 Which of the following statements about Joan of Arc is NOT true? A.She was born in a well-to-do peasant family. B.She grew up with a strong religious belief. C.Charles refused her to accompany the army. D.She was burned at stake. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 For some Muslims, Qur’an should not be translated because_____. A.it is impious to translate the very words of Allah. B.it is too difficult to translate the rhymed prose of Qur’an. C.the original meaning of Qur’an would be distorted. D.the beauty of Arabic language would be violated. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 Which one is not the factor that led to the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne’s death? A.the regional and ethnic diversity B.the conflicts between different successors to the throne
文学概论教学大纲 An Introduction to Literary Theory 课程编号:011501-2 课程性质：学科基础课 适用专业：汉语言文学专业 先修课程：中国古代文学、中国现当代文学 后续课程：美学概论、20世纪西方文学理论流派、文艺心理学、文艺学研究方法论、中国文学批评史 总学分：4 总学时：72学时(其中64课时为理论讲授，8学时为实践环节) 总体目标：本课程旨在通过教学，使学生系统掌握文学的基础知识和基本原理，使学生了解和掌握文学的本质、特征、功能、发展、创作、风格、作品、语言、鉴赏、批评等基础理论。具体包括： 1、树立马克思主义文艺观，使学生能够正确分析、研究与评价文学作品、文学思潮和文学现象； 2、培养学生健康、高尚的审美情趣，提高学生的文学鉴赏水平，增强学生的文学批评能力； 3、培养与训练学生的理论思维能力，为学习其它专业课程与成为中文专业的卓越人才奠定基础。 教学内容与学时安排 教学方法： （1）教师应按本教学大纲认真施教，精心设计教学方式和准备教学内容，着重讲清楚基本概念、基本观点和基本原理，同时注意追踪文学理论的前沿动态，满足学生的求知需要。（2）结合教学内容，进行研究性教学改革与实践，充分调动学生学习的主动性、积极性，引导学生积极参与；采取以讲授为主，辅之于课堂讨论、情境模拟、互动交流、自学辅导、课题研究等方法；着重培养学生运用文学理论知识分析问题、解决问题的能力。（3）学生应将文学概论课程与其它专业课程的学习结合进行，努力扩大知识视野，“行千里路，读万卷书”，做到“博学之，审问之，慎思之，明辨之，笃行之”，不断提高自己的理论思维能力与实践能力。
1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” 4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue. 5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the
欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案 第一章 填空题： 1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian 2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey 3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides 4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus 5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides 6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C. 7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar 8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly. 判断题 1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes 2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians 名词解释： 1. Pax Romana 答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana 2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece 答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks mea nt only the adult male citizens. 2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题： 1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop? 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B. The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.