定语从句
美女还是老虎The Beauty or the Tiger
350 关系词与先行词
Once upon a time, there was a king who had a small kingdom.
351 关系代词作主语时who, which,和that的选用
He ruled his kingdom in a strange way which surprised people. For one thing, the tigers that were kept in the zoo were frequently used in the court.
352 定语从句也可以修饰一个代词
In this kingdom, anyone who was accused of some crime would be taken to an arena.
353 定语从句的整合与分解规则（本节无相关故事情节句）
354 关系代词作宾语
The man was ordered to open either of the two stone doors. Behind one door was a hungry tiger that the guards had put there. The tiger would immediately jump upon the poor man whom the guards had brought to the arena.
355 关系代词whose的用法
If, however, the man was lucky enough to open the other door, then there came out a young lady whose hair was golden. It was the king’s decision that the prisoner marry the lady. The couple would be given a certificate whose cover was red.
356 关系副词的用法
Now it so happened that the king’s youngest daughter fell in love with a poor young man. The two began to meet in a garden where no gardeners lived. They would meet on the night when there was a full moon in the sky. No one knew the reason why they each other so deeply.
357 the place, the time 和the reason后的关系代词
Now the king knew about the love affair. He ordered his daughter to come to his court and answer each question he asked. And the princess did as he asked —
“We always meet in a place which no other people have visited. We meet at the time that neither of us forget. We love each other for the reason no one knows clearly.”The king was greatly surprised by the words.
358 特殊复合句先行词的判定
He then got very angry. “Are those answers the ones that you should give to your dear father?”
359 “介词+关系代词”与关系副词的异同
The princess trembled at her father’s words. The king saw this and asked again, “Now, my child, tell me the place in which you meet. Tell me the day on which you meet. And above all, tell me the reason for which you love the young man.”
360 介词与关系代词组成的不同形式的定语从句
The princess opened her mouth a bit as if she wanted to say something. The king then pointed to an officer standing nearby. “He is a fine man on whom you can rely. In fact, he is the very person whom I an satisfied with.”
361 用whose或of which构成的定语从句的异同
The princess turned and looked at the officer. He worse an officer’s uniform of which the jacket was colourful.
362 everything等作先行词时其后所跟的关系代词
She thought of the humble clothing of her own beloved as the king talked and talked. But he got no other answers. Thus the angry king imprisoned the man the princess loved.
In the prison, all the guards measured everything that they did by the amount of the money they got. They would do anything that would make them rich overnight. To make things worse, more and more officials were doing the same. It was true that a few officials were trying to do something that could improve the reputation on the king’s guards, yet nothing that they did improved matters.
363 nobody及其变体与everything等后面所跟关系词的不同
There was nobody that had not heard of the problems of this kingdom. “Is there anyone who can save our country?” people asked one another.
“None that I know of” was always the reply.
“Do we still have to rely on our king? There is no person that is always right,” said someone who was brave enough to speak his views. Yet no one dared to say “no” to the king directly.
364 先行词前面有only, very修饰时，关系词用that
According to the law, a prisoner could see no one before the trial. But the young man’s father, an architect, managed to enter the place.
It was the very prison that he had designed several years ago. No one knew the building better than he, for he was the only architect that was present while the prison was being built.
365 先行词前面有最高据和序数词时，关系词用that
He was also the first person that came to the building site and the last one that left it. The prison made him famous because it was regarded as the best cage that could found be found for imprisoning people.
366 先行词前面有few, much修饰时，关系词用that
He had been very proud of his works because the few columns that he designed had saved much money that would have been wasted.
367 先行词有两个，并且分别指人和物时，关系词用that
The poor architect stared sadly at his son and the prison that were breaking his heart.
368 先行词前面有表示特征的形容词时，关系词用that
The young man looked pale. He was no longer the cheerful man that he once had been.
369 为避免重复而使用的关系词that
“Why does God punish me this way?”the architect murmured to himself. He left the prison with tears in his eyes. Who that has had such an experience could remain indifferent?
370 all与关系词that的使用
All tha t knew the architect had every sympathy for him. But all that they could do was to wait for the trial. It seemed that all the courage that people once had many years ago had done with the wind.
371 way 后的省略规则
That was the way the time went!
372 表示时间的先行词后面关系副词的省略
The day the young man was brought to trial finally came.
373 含有“there be”结构的复合句中关系词的省略
People from different parts of the world came to the arena. There wasn’t one of them really knew what would happen.
373 含有“there be”结构的复合句中关系词的省略
People from different parts of world came to the arena. There wasn’t one of them really knew what would happen.
374 关系代词作表语或谓语动词的宾语时的省略
The young man appeared. However, he was not the man he once had been. He had been kept for months in the prison his father had designed.
375 关系代词作介词宾语时的省略与否
And, all the things he was fond of in his life was about to be over if he opened the wrong door.
376 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的基本概念
The king came and took his seat. He looked calm. He really had nothing to worry about. A special squad, which was the king’s key ruling machine, was always employed whenever there was such a trial.
377 定语从句中谓语动词的数与先行词的关系
And the squad, who were in plain clothes, were lurking in the crowd.
378 在非限制性定语从句中关系代词可指代整个主句
Just as the King was about to speak, a prince from another kingdom passed him a note, which surprised him a bit.
379 关系词在非限定性定语从句中的用法
It read, “My son, who has never done such a thing before, should be pardoned.”
The king looked at the letters, which were written in blood. “How did you get this?” he asked the prince.
“I got this from my father, whom you trust so much.”
The king looked at the rostrum, where the honoured guests were seated. It was really a special day. When people at home and abroad came to the arena to see the exciting moment.
The seats, on which the red velvet was covered, were specially made for the trial. Present at the rostrum were many VIPs, among whom was the prince’s father.
380 同位语从句的用法
Over and over again, the king looked at the honoured guests and at the note. He shook his head at last.
“Young man”, the king said, “is there any reason that you would make the life-and-death choice than give up your so-called love?”
“God will help those who help themselves,” the young man answered calmly.
“How do you explain the fact that you are still being tried in my arena, then?”
“God is testing how much I love your daughter.”
The people were all shocked.
381 as与which作关系代词时的异同
There was something unique in his character, as anybody could see.
382 such与the same修饰先行词时，关系代词as与that的选用
People loved such a hero as was so brave. He was really the same hero as they had read in a legend, though he was not the same hero that people had read in the legend.
There was a dead silence. Then the king broke the ice, “Okay. Go and make your choice!”
The young man took a glance at the rostrum. There he saw his love, whose right hand was touching her earrings.
He turned, and walked across the open space. Every heart in the arena stopped beating. Every breath was held. But without hesitation, the young man went to the door on the right and opened it!
And so I leave it with all of you: which came out of the open door, the beauty or the tiger?
定语从句 一、that引导的定语从句 1. that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。 在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 He is the man that/who lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。 Where is the man(that/whom) I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？The person (that/whom) you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that/which comes after spring is summer.春天之后的季节是夏季。 I don’t like stories that/which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。 The dress(that/which) Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well.安买的衣服不太合身。 2.限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况 （1）当先行词为all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, some, the one等词时。 Everything that he said was true. 他所说的一切都是真的。 There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。 Is there anything that I can do for you? 有我能为你效劳的事吗？ That’s all that I know. 我知道的就这么多。 （2）当先行词被the very（恰恰,正好）the only, any, few, little, no, all修饰时。 This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy. 这正是我要买的语法书。 The only thing that is constant is change. 唯一不变的是变化。 There was little that we could do to help her. 我们没有什么能帮助她的。 （3）当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the best that has been used against pollution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。This is the most interesting film that I've ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。 （4）当先行词是first，last，next等序数词或被序数词修饰时。 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。 What is the first American film that you have seen? 你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？（5）当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。 Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense? 有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的
Book1 Unit 8 The Kindness of Strangers I. 动词-ing 形式语法成分分析练习( 句子全部选自：精读Book1 Unit 8 ) 1.In the middle of the desert, I came upon a young man standing by the roadside. ( Unit 4: You were told I was a secret agent, a spy, dealing in espionage and danger.”) 2.With gangs, drug addicts, murderers, rapists, thieves lurking everywhere, “I don’t want get involved. ”has become a national motto. 3.Leaving him stranded in the desert did not bother me so much. 4.One way to test this would be for a person to journey from coast to coast without any money, relying solely on the goodwill of his fellow Americans. 5.I rose early on September 6,1994,and headed for the Golden Gate Bridge with a 50-pound pack on my back and a sign displaying my destination to passing vehicles: “America.” 6.“I know you’re not supposed to pick up hitchhikers, but…, you feel bad passing a person,” said the driver, who introduced herself as Vi. 7.This woman was telling me she’s rather risk her life than feel bad about passing a stranger on the side of the road. 8.Once when I was hitchhiker unsuccessfully in the rain, a trucker pulled over, locking his brakes so hard he skidded on the grass shoulder. 9.Hearing I had no money and would take none, people bought me food or shared whatever they happened to have with them. 10.I refused, knowing it was probably one of the family’s most valuable possessions. 11.Seeing that it cost $12，replied, “No, that’s all right. I’ll try something else.” 12.The kids were attentive and kept asking all kinds of questions … Others: 1. A lumber-millworker named Tim invited me to a simple dinner with his family in their shabby house. 2. But what I found most touching was the fact that they all did it as a matter of course. 3. “Most people around here will let you pitch a tent on their land, if that’s what you want.” he said. 4. Although I hadn’t planned it this way ,I discovered that a patriotic tone ran through the talks I gave that afternoon. 5. I told them how proud I was to live in a country where people were still willing to help.
高中英语定语从句详解 Ⅰ、概念: (１) 定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语得从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词（antｅcedｅｎt)后面。 (2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰得成份。先行词可以为一个词,短语，或整个主句。 (3)引导定语从句得词叫关系词,分为关系代词与关系副词。 关系词得作用: 1) 引导定语从句，连接主句与从句,相当于一个连词; ２) 必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语，状语) 常用得关系代词: ｔhat、wｈｉcｈ、wｈo、whom、wｈosｅ,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，关系代词可以省略。 常用得关系副词(在从句中只作状语): when(时间状语）、why(原因状语)、wｈe ｒｅ（地点状语） 可以修饰人得关系代词:thａt, ｗho，wｈｏｍ,whosｅ 可以修饰事得关系代词:tｈat, whｉcｈ, as，whose, The studeｎt who answerｅd ｔhe ｑuestion was John、 Ｉkｎow thｅｒeasoｎwhy he wａｓso angｒy、 The bｏy （wｈom) ｙou are taｌkｉnｇｔo is myｂrotｈｅｒ、 Ｉ'd likｅ a ｒoｏｍwhose window fａｃesｔｈe sea、 定语从句三步： 第一找出先行词; 第二瞧先行词在定语从句中得语法功能（做主语、宾语、表语或状语); 第三选择合适得关系词。 Ⅱ、几个关系代词得基本用法: ●tｈat:可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。(指人时,相当于whｏ或wｈｏｍ;指物时,相当于whiｃh)（一般不用于非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语) 如: 1、A lｅtteｒthaｔ／which is wrｉtｔen in peｎcｉl is diffiｃult ｔo ｒead、（主语) 2、Do yｏu kｎｏw tｈe gentleman ｔhａｔ/ｗｈｏspoke just ｎｏw? 3、Ｙou can takｅａnything ( ｔhat)you like、(宾语) 4、Whaｔｉs thｅquestiｏｎ(ｔhat/whｉｃh) they aｒｅｔalｋing about? 5、Hｅreｉs theｍan （wｈo／whom/ｔhat) yｏu want tｏsee、 6、Ｓhe＇s no longeｒthe girl( that) sｈeｕsｅd to ｂe befｏre、（表语） 7、Ｏuｒhometｏwn iｓno ｌonger ｔhｅoｎe (thａt)it usｅｄto ｂe、(=Ｏｕr homeｔｏｗn iｓｎot tｈe sａｍe as it uｓed tｏｂe、 = Our hｏmｅtｏwn is diffeｒenｔfrom what iｔｕｓｅｄtｏｂe。 =Ouｒhometｏｗn ｉs notｗhａt it uｓed to ｂe、) ●which：指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语。如： 1、Thｅboｏk which/thａｔwas ｏn the ｄeｓkｗａsｂought bｙｍy fatｈer、(主语) 2、Tｈｅboｏk(whiｃh/tｈaｔ) Ｉｂｏught yesteｒdaｙｉs very
where在定语从句中引导的先行词 一、where定语从句修饰抽象名词point You reach a point where medicine can’t help. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。The crisis has reached a point where the receiver will have to be called in. 危机已达到非把破产管理人叫来不可的地步。 We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。 注：有时point也可以是具体的地点： Let the point where AB cuts CD be called E. 设AB线与CD线的相交点为E。The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口。 二、where定语从句修饰抽象名词case There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an a dverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。 Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。 三、where定语从句修饰抽象名词activity Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing. 那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。 四、where定语从句修饰抽象名词situation He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。 If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it. 你如果拿重要的东西去冒险，那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。 五、where定语从句修饰抽象名词position
2013年考研全程规划 此资料是2011年09月04日的去听了海文考研的一个考研全程规划班【梁伟伟老师主讲】，现将其整理，希望能对2013年考研学子有一定帮助。 一、精神层面 1、坚持走到最后，每天坚持进自习室学习四个小时。 2、放弃。放弃与考研无关的事情，放弃你可能就业的机会。 3、忍受孤独、寂寞及别人对你的不理解甚至讥笑。你要坚持你的理想与信仰。 4、能承担第一年失败的结果，从今天起不要再思考“我考不上怎么办”相信自己告诉自己：“我一定能考上”，勤奋，执著，一根筋。 二、全程规划 （一）从现在——明年3.1考研预备期 1、英语学习2.5小时（1.5单词、0.5语法、0.5精读） 2、专业课1小时专业课指定教材 3、院校专业的选择，早选择早准备 4、全年规划——安排好细节，有所取舍。做精神食粮的准备 原因:考研分四个时间段：现在——四月亢奋期；5——8月量变，9、10迷茫期，11、12平静质变。很多人在9/10月放弃，做精神食粮的准备就是为了突破迷茫期。 方法：一般是考研之初准备励志书、励志音乐电影；或者储备现在的激情，（盲目乐观型幻想症）如写考研日记，录音日记，把自己对自己的承诺记录下来，还有每次的收获对自己的鼓励，记录生命的精彩，享受考研，快乐考研。 （二）3．1——5.1基础学习期 1、英语2小时（1小时单词，1小时阅读专项训练） 2、专业课（1.5小时）这个其实是他们考数学的复习数学 3、专业课（1.5小时） 4、亲临师哥师姐的复试现场（认识师哥师姐，收集复习资料，收集复试题） (三)5.1——5.7阶段调整期 做一套模拟试题，针对性调整计划 (四)5．8——6、20基础学习期 1、政治的预习开始40分钟/天哲、历、法三部分内容考研政治红宝书和大纲解析 2、1.5小时（0.5单词。1小时阅读） 3、专业课（一）1.5小时 4、专业课（二）1.5小时 (五)6.20——7.7期末考试周 期末考试期间仍要坚持看考研内容，持之以恒，时间可以稍短2小时/天 (六)7.8——9.1暑期，得暑期者得天下 建议：1在校学习不回家，或者回家几天再返校，选择一个学习氛围好的学校。 2组建健康的考研团队 3利用暑期上好辅导班，整理笔记，注意老师讲的补充知识点/不上辅导班，政治，英语，数，专各2小时 (七)9.1——10.1迷茫期 1政治0.5小时（背笔记，做习题） 2英语1小时（作文，翻译） 3专业一1.5专二2小时，看导师的论文，专著、课题
定语从句译法 定语从句是历次试题翻译部分必涉及到的。而且，还经常出现多重定语从句，一层修饰一层。 例如： Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" of "fair" comparison. 【结构分析】句中with which we are comparing our subjects 是定语从句，修饰限定the scale。可译为："在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的…" 【参考译文】既然对智力的评估是比较而言的事，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供"有效的"或"公平的"比较。 It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 【结构分析】从机构上看，这是一个主句带两个由who引导的定语从句。尽管结构复杂、信息量大，但还是条理清晰的，因为句子结构环环相扣：前面who从句限定social science historians。这个句子可以改写成：It applies equally to traditional historians and to social science historians. Traditional historians (or the former) view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. Social science historians (or the latter) equate their activity with specific techniques. 这样表达的意思完全一样，但表达方式却很平淡、罗索。而从汉语的表达习惯来说，句子的修饰成分过多或过长往往会造成喧宾夺主、语言含混。如本句可照字面直译。 【参考直译】它同样适用将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评的传统历史学家，和把历史研究活动等同于具体研究方法的社会科学历史学家。 这样的译文较忠实于原文，但读者看起来却很费劲。我们可以按汉语的习惯表达调整为：
一、选择题 1．The foreigner teaches English in our school is from England. A．what B．which C．who 2．Do you know the girl_______ is drawing a picture? A．when B．whose C．which D．who 3．-- Class, you should be thankful to those people _______ helped and supported you. -- We will. Miss Chen. A．which B．whom C．who D．whose 4．The TV play is about a true story_______ happened in a small village a few years ago. A．what B．when C．where D．that 5．After retiring, my teacher Mr. Dai moved to the village he was born sixty years ago. A．when B．which C．where D．what 6．Mrs. Green is proud of her daughter, a nurse ______________is hard-working and looks after patients well. A．who B．whose C．whom 7．The film _____________ I like best is Frozen. A．who B．where C．which 8．Yuan Longping is a Chinese scientist __________ is leading a research to develop sea rice. A．whose B．which C．who 9．— Have you heard of the famous Huawei company? —Sure. It’s one of the greatest companies ________ make us Chinese proud. A．which B．that C．what D．who 10．A detective is someone ____________looks for clues to something important. A．whom B．who C．what D．which 11．Yang Liwei is the first Chinese astronaut ___________went into space. A．which B．who C．whose D．whom 12．—Yesterday was my birthday. My father sent me a CD _____was made by TF Boys. —You must be very happy to receive it. A．who B．whom C．which D．what 13．-Linda, can you tell me something about Mo Yan? -Sure. He is the writer _____________won the Nobel Literature Prize. A．which B．whose C．who D．whom 14．That ________ does not kill us makes us stronger. A．that B．what C．who D．which 15．Please remember to bring the clothes_________you bought yesterday.
第一部分企业文化 1、汇文书业集团公司五年规划是指在2011年6月－2016年5月，用（5年）的时间开拓（25 家）分公司、（750家)直营门店、分销机构25家，人员达4500人，最终成为中国图书行业的第一品牌。 2、汇文书业集团公司共（五）大领域：(哈汇文书店)、(汇文配送)、(汇文商学院)、(汇文教 育研究院)、(哈汇文在线)。（简答） 3、汇文三个统一（简答） 统一思想：一百年只为做好一件事，把汇文书店连锁店开遍全中国，创造最好的工作环境、学习环境、福利待遇，成为中国民营书店第一品牌。 统一价值观：成就大我，实现小我，为国家、为社会，为自己身边的人（亲人）做贡献。 天道酬勤，做好今天的事比做好明天的100件事更重要。 统一标准化：统一店容店貌，统一服装，统一工作流程，统一管理制度，统一礼貌用语，统一销售模式，统一工作时间，统一配送。 4、企业愿景：把汇文书店连锁店开遍全中国，成为中国民营书店第一品牌。 5、企业使命：为读者找好书，为好书找读者，引领民营书汪发展，为客户、员工、股东负 责。 6、企业宗旨：让我们一起富起来 7、企业精神：全力以赴、不留后路 8、汇文店训：一荣俱荣、一耻俱耻 9、汇文行动口号：马上行动、没有借口、追求完美 10、汇文人的做事态度：做好今天的事比做好明天的100件事更重要，结果导向。 11、汇文选拔人的标准：人品第一、能力第二、德才兼备、贤者居上、智者居中、能者居下。
12、企业经营理念：专业、积极，一流的人，一流的服务，一流的品牌。想读者之所想，急 读者之所急。 13、POM系统中：P 代表绩效，O代表目标，M代表会议。 14、汇文八大会会议系统是指：晨会、夕会、周例会、月度英雄会、PK会、高管述职讨论 会、员工总结表彰大会、联谊会（简答） 15、公司奖励方式有：英雄播报、即时奖金、奖励性旅游、参加外部培训、晋升、晋级、月 度及年度英雄榜（简答） 16、公司处罚方式：口头警告（10-50元）；书面警告（100-300元）、记过（500元/次）、记大过(1000元/次）降职、降级、辞退（简答） 17、吉林分公司成立于2008年7月1日 18、吉林分公司的队名是超人队；吉林分公司的口号是、超越梦想、成就未来、追求完美、吉林汇才，ye！ 19、集团公司的队名是云鹏队；集团公司的口号是世界之大、尽在脚下。 20、英雄口号是：百年汇文、谁与争锋、金戈铁马、汇文英雄。 21、你所在门店的队名是：光之队；口号是铸就诚信、创造辉煌、汇才体 北、非同寻常，ye! 22、能亲仁，无限好；（德日进），（过日少）；（读书法），有三到；（心眼口），（信皆要）；心有疑，随札记；（就人问），求确义； 23、汇文家训（弟子规） 24、成功四步骤是清晰的目标、强烈的愿望和企图心、自律和坚持、行动 25、每月月报总表上交到公司财务室是在每月的（ 1 ）号之前。
第五章第四节定语从句的译法 英语中的定语从句是比较复杂的语言现象，与汉语的定语相比较，有两点相异之处：（1）汉语的定语比较简单，一般放在所修饰的名词前面，英语的定语从句则放在修饰事物的后面，一般比较长，是个完整的句子。（2）汉语的定语一般是形容词修饰名词，而英语的定语从句分限定性和非限定性的，尤其是非限定性的定语从句，对所修饰的名词限定性并不强，有时兼有状语化的职能，不仅仅起定语作用，译时要根据汉语的表达习惯进行转换。 一、译成定语 若定语从句与主句的关系比较密切，且在译成汉语时完全可以用“……的”结构来直接修饰主句有关的词，那么就没有必要将其与主句拆开，而直接译成定语即成。 1. In this course, the third world, where the largest part of world population live and where abundant natural resources still lie hidden must play its due role. 在这一过程中，拥有世界最多人口、丰富的自然资源沿未开发的第三世界应发挥它应有的作用。 2. The time will surely come when the Chinese people will realize the four modernizations. 中国人民实现四个现代化的日子一定会到来。 3. The (the Grand Canal) met a pressing need by linking the Yangtze Valley, which had become the economic center of the country, with the North, which remained the political center. 这一大运河满足了将已成为全国经济中心的长江流域同仍是政治中心的北方连接起来的迫切需要。 4. And then Gratiano, who loved to copy what his lord did, thought he must make a speech like Bassanio’s. 随后，一举一动都喜欢模仿他主人的葛莱西安诺，觉得他也应该说几句像巴萨尼奥那样的话。 5. Our hope and vision was to forge a Sino-American relationship which would contribute to world peace and the welfare of our two people. 建立一种有利于世界和平和我们两国人民幸福的中美关系是我们当时的希望和憧憬。 二、分句译法 有些定语从句结构较复杂，虽说是语法上的定语从句，但在意义上独立性较强，和主句是两个并列句子。翻译时将此类定语从句单译成一个句子，置于主句之后。 1. He gave me a book which I kept to this day. 他曾送给我一本书，（这本书）我直保存至今。 2. We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged. 在此我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。 3. Relations between China and Denmark which dates back in January 1950 is friendly. 中国和丹麦之间的关系一直是友好的，这种关系可以追溯到1950年1月。（这种
定语从句 一、限制性与非限制性定语从句 （一）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号割开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等。如： I want this man, who (=for he) can speak English. He gave up the plan, which (=though it) was a very good one. I met John, who (=and he) told me the news. I will take this one, which (=for it) seems to be the best one. He has two sons, who work in the same pany. (He has only two sons.) He has two sons who work in the same pany. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.) (二)非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法 1、关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略； 2、Who（主语），whom（宾语），which（主语、宾语）不能用that代替，也不能互相替 换； 3、介词+which/whom+从句结构中，介词不能移到从句的后面； 4、when, where可用于非限制性定语从句。 二、关系代词的用法 （一）关系代词的作用和分类 1、关系代词的作用有三个： （1）连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把它和主句连接起来； （2）替代作用：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词； （3）成分作用：关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。 2、关系代词的用法分类 关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据： （1）根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性； （2）根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物； （3）根据它在从句中所充当的成分----主语、宾语、表语或者定语。 （二）关系代词that和which的用法 1、限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况： （1）当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, the one时。如：
一、英语中的句子成分分析 I met my best friend Tom at the ststion yesterday. 主语谓语定语宾语同位语状语 1、主语：是一句的主体，是全句诉说的对象，常用名词、数词或代词担任（是全句谈论的中心话题）。例： (1) Students syudy.（名词） (2)We are fridends.（代词） (3)To go to good university is his first goal.（不定式） (4)Doing morning exercise is good for your health.（动名词） (5)Jane is good at playing the piano. (6)She went out in a hurry. (7)Four plus four is eight. (8)To see is to believe. (9)Smoking is bad for health. (10)The young should respect the old. (11)What he has said is true. 2、谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或动词词组担任，放在主语的后面（主语做什么了、怎么了）。例： (1)Students study.（实意动词） (2)We are friends.（be动词） (3)We love China. (4)We have finished reading this book. (5)He can speak English.（复合谓语） (6)She seems tired. (7)I saw the flag on the top of the hill. (8)He looked after two orphans. 3、宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或代词担任，放在及物动词或代词之后（动作的对象，目标；位于及物动词之后）。宾语分为间接宾语和直接宾语。直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人。例： (a)He gave me some books. 间接宾语直接宾语 (b)Please pass me the book. (c)He bought me some flowers. (1)They are teachers.
定语从句确定先行词 最简单的方法：看从句缺什么成分。 比如： 1.He is the policeman who caught the thief the other day. 去掉who后，从句缺主语：caught the thief the other day.所以who充当主语。 2.He is the policeman that I met yesterday. 去掉that后，从句缺宾语：I met yesterday.所以that充当宾语。 3.I like the book whose cover is dark green. 去掉whose后，从句缺定语：(Its) cover is dark green.故whose充当定语。 4.The temple where he used to live has been destroyed. 去掉where后，从句缺状语：He used to live (in the temple).故where充当状语。 如果仅仅是想区分主语或宾语，还有一种简便的方法，就是看关系词后是什么词性的词，后面是名词（主语）的话先行词就是宾语，是动词（谓语）的话先行词就是主语。 如： 1.Father is talking to the man that has stayed here for a long time. 句中that后是谓语动词，所以that就充当主语，可以用who来代替。
2.Father is talking to the man that we are afraid of. 句中that后是名词（主语），所以that就充当宾语，可以用whom来代替。
托福四个月备考意见与计划 学员：王英祯 目前情况: 总体情况雅思5分水平，有一定简单单词积累，语法知识不牢靠，基本对托福考试不熟悉 目标分数：90 分值设计：听24（保证对29个）说20 读26（保证对39个）写20 总体计划 1，时间周期 4个月 2，计划安排 A，第一阶段（持续1个月到1个半月） 目标：熟悉考试，夯实基础 重点：基础词汇与语法，熟悉OG 选用教材：内部四级词汇讲义+无敌英语语法+新概念第二，三册+OG（托福官方指南） 词汇 大学4级词汇+OG题干与选项高频单词，重点在于记忆单词快速记忆方法与一词多义和运 用。 语法： 无敌英语语法+OG与TPO长难句分析，重点在于掌握基本语法知识与长难句快速分解，语义把握能力；辅助新概念第二，三册熟悉与练习 听，说，读，写专项：VOA慢速练习材料，辅助每周一到两篇作文练习，听说练习穿插在新概念讲解中 B，第二阶段（持续1个半月到2个月时间） 目标：熟悉应试，强化分块练习 重点：突击高频词汇，掌握各项题型规律与应试方法 教材：kaplan蓝皮+镇魂高频词汇6000+内部分专项讲义+科学美国人练习资料 词汇：镇魂高频词汇6000，结合课后完形填空，要求掌握
听：引入内部听力讲义，熟悉听力题目设计规律与场景词汇，明白三大场景四大话题典型应答套路 读：十大题型分类与应对办法，掌握快速定位关键词与把控文章主旨能力 说：六个题目的常考题型与task典型应答套路，重点解决中国学生的口音，语法与逻辑问 题 写：写作评分标准与常考题型，独立写作的一般套路与句型，综合写作的一般思路与句型。 C，第三阶段（持续1个月） 目标：磨练技巧，查漏补缺 重点：barron+TPO大量强化练习，内部冲刺讲义与每次课后针对点评，查漏补缺 教材：barron与TPO，辅助CNN听力阅读资料与科学美国人资料 词汇：总结前阶段真题词汇，结合核心词汇，不熟悉的加强记忆 阅读与听力：一定要按照考试要求做到精读精听，先barron每周两到三套题，每周一次TPO， 一定要保证4小时之内完成（做好每周摸考都放在10AM-14PM），教师只针对错题针对点 评 说：每天进行一小时与教师互动练习，并每次计时录音，教师给予反馈解决问题 写：每隔一天进行一次写作练习，上机计时完成，教师给予反馈点评修改，熟悉掌握较好句型与表达。 D，第四阶段（最后1个月） 目标：最后突击，准备考试 重点：熟悉近三个月真题，磨练速度与准确度 教材：预测与近期真题 关键点：每隔一天进行上机TPO，计时并计时向教师反馈错误与疑惑；机经与预测只看近三个月，可以拿口语，写作题目练习思路，保证练习强度与时间把控，准备战斗！ 托福只是万里长征第一步，cast a cold eye, on life, on death, horsemen,pass by ! Jason Hsu
定语从句 1.1 定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词： 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。 关系词：重复指代先行词，起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。关系词有两个作用： 1.代词的作用：重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定成分，比如I don’t like people who never keep their word.中的who指代people并且作从句的主语。 2.连接作用：即连接主句和从句，如上句who起着连接主句I don’t like people和从句who never keep their word 的作用 1.2 关系词在定语从句充当的成分 在上一节中，在谈到关系词的“代词作用”时，提到它“重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定的成分”。因此接下来的分析思路是，以关系词为出发点，从两个角度来谈定语从句：一是关系词在从句中所能充当的各种不同成分；二是关系词与先行词的对应关系，即不同的先行词要由不同的关系词来指代。 1.2.1 关系词用作从句的主语 1. I like guys and they have a good sense of humor. ↓ 2. I like guys w h o have a good sense of humor. 点睛：这里的关系词who取代and they，来引导定语从句who have a good sense of humor,修饰名词guys。这个guys就是先行词。 翻译：我喜欢有幽默感的男生。 3. Anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments. 翻译：愤怒就如同一个窃贼，盗取了我们的幸福时光。 4. He who is not handsome at twenty, nor strong at thirty, nor rich at forty, nor wise at fifty, will never be handsome, rich or wise. 翻译：一个人若在20岁时不俊美，30岁不健康，40岁不富有，50岁时不明智，那么他将永远不会拥有这些。 5. There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so ; but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool. 翻译：幸福与智慧区别于此：认为自己是最幸福的，他真的就是最幸福的；而认为自己是最有智慧的，他却往往是最大的傻瓜。 6. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I’m talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living. 翻译：当然了，我这里所说的的友谊不是那种“来的快去的也快”的泛泛之交，而是那种彼此之间能真正互相关心的朋友，就能够互相支持的朋友，能够让你的人生更有意义的朋友。 1.2.2 关系词用作从句动词的宾语（relative pronoun as object of verb） 关系词除了像上面讨论的在定语从句中作主语外，还可以在从句中作宾语。