托福独立写作中如何展开例证段落
解释之后，剩下我们要进行的就是例证。怎么去写一个好的例子，我们还是先从失败的案例开始。同学们在写例子的时候，常犯的几个错，就是这三个错。
第一个错叫reason和例子没有关系。比如说我举一个例子，就是刚才的那道题，高薪不稳定的工作，让我们有压力，压力让我们变的更强大，如果我的逻辑链是如此的话，这样写例子，大家觉得和reason 有关系吗?
比如说，我叔和我舅，曾经做了一个如何高薪不稳定的工作，他在一个外企，还有薪水是别人的两倍，但是很可能，因为满足不了公司的要求，随时都有可能被开除，高薪不稳定。但是，在做那个工作的过程中呢，他认识了非常多优秀的同事，从那个同事身上他学会了很多他们的优秀品质，最后变的更强。这个例子跟reason是不是有关系?你会发现好像我也是在讲我叔通过做高薪不稳定工作变更强的例子，但是这个例子跟前面的reason完全无关。因为他根本就没有提到任何跟压力任何相关的内容。
所以很多同学写文章原因和例子没有关系，是因为原因和例子根据就不是一个逻辑链。你的原因中，选择可能是C，而在例子中你可能把它变成DEFG。跟C完全无关的话，这个时候就会让别人觉得，你这一段没有做到统一，例子废话多。
比如还是刚才我叔通过做高薪的工作，变的非常强的例子，如果我已
经写完我叔工作如何高薪，如何压力大，如何变更强以后，我还需要在写他变的更强以后，他就可以拿到更高的薪水;变更强以后他成功的概率就会变的更高;变的更强了以后他就可以娶到一个漂亮的老婆，生一堆可爱的孩子... 这些就完全不需要写了。因为跟我们的逻辑链已经完全无关了，你再去往下扩展，你叔变更强了以后的后续的好处，只会让别人觉得你越写例子越远，它虽然会让你的文章变长，但是长不一定会带来更好的分数，你写的太多跟逻辑链完全无关的内容。
第二个叫例子不具体，很多同学举例子都是这样。为了证明办公室上班会让我压力大，会让我效率变的更高。我的例子就变成，以前我叔在办公室上班的时候，效率真的很高，但是我叔一回到家呢，效率就会变的更低。那再比如，我为了证明做兼职可以帮助大学生找到好工作，我的例子就是我的朋友小明大学的时候真的做了很多的兼职，我的朋友小明最后找了一个非常好的工作。这种例子真的跟论点有关，没有废话，但是这种例子你写到一百个，别人也不会觉得你有细节，也不会给你高分，因为它不具体，它只是把主题句中的人换成了我叔，我哥我舅，其他根本就没有变过。主题句是办公室上班效率高，你举个例子就是我叔在办公室上班效率高，这种例子完全没有任何的意义。所以我们如何去摆脱这三个问题，如何让你的论点和例子有直接的关系，如何避免例子中的废话，如何让你的例子变的非常地具体，大家只要牢记例子的写法是什么就行了。我们刚才说过，reason的本质叫搭桥，找到一个中间点C，而例子本质叫specify,这个单词翻译成中文就叫具体化。要具体化的是什么?就是我们的逻辑链中的A、C
和B。我们在写reason的时候，你会发现A、C和B还都是相对比较宽泛的名词，A是高薪不稳定的工作，C是压力，而B是提高。而我们在写例子的时候，只需要把A变成具体的什么样的A?把C变成具体的什么样的C?把B变成具体什么样的B就可以了。
比如说高薪不稳定的工作在写例子的时候，你就不能只是简单的说高薪不稳定，你要把它薪水如何高，如何不稳定给讲清楚。你在说C 在逻辑链中只是一个简单的压力，而在例子中就不能只说我叔压力大，你要把我叔压力大的具体表现写清楚。比如说他每天都有开不完的会;他每星期都有无数deadline需要他去完成;再或者是他还有一堆的同事，每一天都要跟他竞争着同样的一个薪水更高，然后压力更大的工作…而这些都是在细化我叔的压力如何大。最后我叔变的更强，你也不能只说我叔变的更强，你要把他在什么样的方面变的如何强写清楚，如果你能够这样完成一个例子的话，这个例子就是非常有细节的例子。到这儿为止，我们就已经把段落展开了。基本原理说完了，大家看完这些分享以后，其实只需要记住四个字就可以理解我刚才讲的全部内容：第一个词叫搭桥，reason的本质就是搭桥，找到一个C，第二个词叫细化，例子的本质就是细化，把你刚才搭的桥A、C、B从抽象变的具体。然后你就完成一个非常好的，又统一，又完整，又有细节的段落了。
中国考生最容易忽略的托福写作细节点是什么?
中国考生最容易忽略的托福写作细节点是什么?得到的答案是范文?模板?生词?还有更多.......但其实对于中国考生来说，最容易被忽略的
细节点，却是语法。
大家都知道托福写作的评分标准是从语言形式(linguistic feature)和内容(content)来两方面来衡量的。如果说托福写作比喻为一个人，那么，语言形式就是一个人的仪表着装，内容则是一个人的内涵。想要获取托福写作高分，我们就必须做到“内外兼修”。
优秀的语言形式需要考生注重：字数格式、词句丰富、语法正确。语法正确就是很关键的一点，本文就通过托福写作中的四类语法错误和大家谈谈语言形式中的语法正确性。
语法错误一：单复数不一致
单复数原则涉及可数名词单复数和动词三单(即主语为单数且动词使用现在时，动词需要用单数)。这个道理无人不知，但往往实践和理论是脱节的。那么，学生们会写成什么样子呢?[注：本文所选用错误句子均源于学生作文]
错1：Job-related decision must depend on some specific situation.
析1：situation是可数名词，当被some修饰时，应用复数。
改1：Job-related decision must depend on some specific situations.
错2：There are less support to the literature writers.
析2：There be 句式中的be的单复数由主语决定，此句主语为不可数名词support，应用单数。
改2：There is less support to the literature writers.
错3：Traveling now become a modern way for people to relax 析3：主语traveling是单数，相应的谓语动词也应该用单数。
改3：Traveling now becomes a modern way for people to relax 语法错误二：动词原形做主语
动词原形是不可以做主语的，必须用动名词(doing)或不定式(to do)的形式。
错4：Study hard will increase a person’s competence.
析4：此句使用动词原形做主语，需改成动名词(doing)或不定式(to do)的形式。
改4：Studying hard will increase a person’s competence.
错5：Educate children is a momentous task today.
析5：此句使用动词原形做主语，需改成动名词(doing)或不定式(to do)的形式。
改5：To educate children is a momentous task today.
语法错误三：两个或多个独立的句子用逗号连接
逗号并不具备链接两个独立句子的功能。
两个独立的句子有以下几种写法：
第一，两个句子用句号隔开，句首都需要首字母大写。
第二，用逻辑连接词连接两个句子，写作中常用的逻辑连接词为并列关系(and，分号)、转折(but, yet)、因果(for, so)。
第三，写成复合句的形式，即名词性从句、定语从句或状语从句。例句有以下两种修改形式
错6：People inevitably have access to unhealthy or violent information on the Internet, some people especially teenagers will be easily attracted by those information.
析6：本句中，逗号连接了两个独立而完整的句子，是错误的。
改6-1：People inevitably have access to unhealthy or violent information on the Internet. Some people especially teenagers will be easily attracted by those information.
改6-2：People inevitably have access to unhealthy or violent information on the Internet and some people especially teenagers will be easily attracted by those information.
改6-3：People inevitably have access to unhealthy or violent information on the Internet; some people especially teenagers will be easily attracted by those information.
错7：Today the haze is severely heavy, it is exceedingly harmful to everyone.
析7：逗号连接两个独立的句子。
改7-1：Today the haze is severely heavy. And it is exceedingly harmful to everyone.
改7-2：Today the haze is severely heavy, and it is exceedingly harmful to everyone.
改7-3：Today the haze is severely heavy; it is exceedingly harmful to everyone.
改7-4：Today the haze is severely heavy which is exceedingly harmful to everyone.
语法错误四：从句单独成句
从句的“从”意为“从属”，所以，它是不具备独立的功能的。也就是说，不能把从句连接词首字母大写变成一个独立的句子。从句是复合句的一部分，从句和主句就像台湾和大陆一样是不可分割的。当从句被写成独立的句子，就犹如台湾远离了祖国母亲的怀抱，于心何忍?!所以，从句必须和主句一起构成一个完整的句子。
错8：The professor states that our culture has changed a lot. Which means we do not have to find what we want only from the literature work but also from the Internet.
析8：which引导的定语从句独立成句，是错误的。
改8：The professor states that our culture has changed a lot, which means we do not have to find what we want only from the literature work but also from the Internet.
错9：The only problem of food at the present time is that people have difficulty to decide what to eat. Because people have too many choices of delicious food.
析9：because引导的原因状语从句独立成句，错误。
改9：The only problem of food at the present time is that people have difficulty to decide what to eat, because people have too many choices of delicious food.
总结篇：
语法错误的出现大多是因为在中文表达中缺乏相应英文的规则。在中文表达中，我们无需注重动词的时态语态、动词非谓语形式等，对待单复数的表达以“简”为重(如“一所大学”和“百所中国大学”，“大学”的表达并没有变化，但对应英文需要分别用单数和复数，即a university 和100 Chinese universities)。
我们在汉语的长期熏陶下，便难以完全建立起良好的英文思维。于是，在托福写作中，时而会有捉襟见肘的模样。希望本文的内容你可以让自己的语言形式变得漂亮而生动!
托福写作高分技巧：如何善用倒装句
托福写作需要添加一些新鲜的词汇和句式，才能增加亮点，得到高分。本文中，托福小编为您介绍托福写作高分技巧之一：巧用倒装句，希望对大家有所帮助。
倒装句有两种:
将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。下面本文就拟从其修辞功能谈谈倒装句的用法。
一、表示强调:
倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:
1. only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。
eg.Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。
eg.Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。
2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。
eg. No sooner had I got home than it beg.an to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。
eg. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。
3. so / such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。
eg.So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。
eg.To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。以上各例子都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。
二、承上启下
有时倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。
eg.They broke into her uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。
eg. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。三、制造悬念,渲染气氛
在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。如:
Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂着一幅精美的图画。
再如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节:
Out of the bosom of the Air,
Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,
Over the woodlands brown and bare,
Over the harvest-fields forsaken,
Silent, and soft, and slow,
Descends the snow.
在这一节诗里,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。
四、平衡结构
英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。
1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。
eg.To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners. eg.A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners. 一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。
eg.On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
eg.Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。
从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。
2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。
eg.Such would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。
3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。eg.Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。
五、使描写生动
有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack 等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。eg.Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。eg.Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。
eg.Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了!
eg.Bang came another shot!砰!又是一声枪响!
以上句子简洁明快,生动逼真地描述了有关动作,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。
Stop thief! Stop thief! There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...
Stop thief ! Stop thief ! The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )
作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。
托福写作范文：当今社会为年轻人制定的规则太过严厉
写作题目
The rules that the society today requires young people to follow and obey are too strict. 当今社会为年轻人制定的规则太严厉了。
写作范文
It is not always easy for young people to make a living in society, not only because they are confronted with the mounting pressure brought by an expanding population, but also they are confined to all kinds of written or unwritten social rules. But some people claim that with the rapid progress of society, the rules that the young people have to follow are not
as strict as they were in the past. As for me, I am in agreement with the viewpoint above, and my reasons and examples are given below.
The first example is associated with “puppy love”. It was long believed that puppy love was so harmful to youngsters’academic performance that school authorities as well as parents rigorously forbid them to have romance. But changes have taken place in the public idea of this issue. Young people are no longer required to restrain their desire to find a girlfriend or boyfriend because the public begins to realize that it is not wise to go against the laws of nature. For example, I have two classmates who are in love with each other, and they study together, eat together and hang out together with no one else standing in the way. It seems that their grades are not affected at all.
The second example comes from the aspect of job-hunting. In my country, getting a decent job without using “backdoor policy”was once considered impossible. Whether a young person found a nice job or not depended on his families’social backgrounds, rather than his real capabilities. Gradually, the public found out that the nepotism easily resulted in corruption, which could badly threaten the principle of social
justice and fairness. Today’s young people are not asked to obey those “unwritten rules”behind the job-hunting. They can really enjoy competing with peers in a fair environment. We can see that nowadays young people from poor family stand a fair chance to be top-notch technologists, professors or managers.
Admittedly, strict restraints on young people still exist in terms of laws and morality such as abortion based on sex selection and drug abuse, because those aspects are the bottom lines of the society. It should be every social member’s responsibility to defend those lines from being broken. However, in aspects above bottom lines, the society is becoming more relaxing and tolerant, which enables young people to enjoy more freedom with fewer rules.
From what has been discussed above, we can safely draw a conclusion that young people are in a much more tolerant society with fewer strict rules. Just as a proverb that goes, “where there is oppression, there is opposition”. A dynamic and peaceful society must be a place where every member, especially young people, are given an extraordinary degree of freedom, and it is my luck to live in such a society.
托福独立写作中如何展开例证段落
如何写托福独立写作的主题句 在托福独立写作部分应该包括开头段、中间段、结尾段这三大部分。因此每一段都应该有一个主题句，那么应该如何写托福独立写作的主题句呢?下面前程百利小编就为考生详细分析。 主题句的要求 构建主题句的最基本的要求应该是“不偏离总论点、言简意赅、不相互包含和不互为因果”，细细探究这些写作要求，它们其实是围绕着“论述逻辑性”、“句子单词数”和“说服力强弱”而存在的。换言之，只有做到了这三点，主题句才算比较好的主题句。 严格按照这些要求所写出来的主题句，在逻辑维度绝对是严谨的，能够让考官对考生的理解力给予肯定;在篇幅维度一定是简洁的，能够让考官对考生的概括力给予肯定;最后，在表述维度必须是多元的，能够让考官对考生的思辨力给予肯定。 案例分析 例如，托福写作-学习和教育 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?All students should be required to study art and music in secondary school. 高中学生必须学习音乐和艺术吗? 题目分析： 尽管All是绝对修饰词，不过要注意，是secondary school(中学)。所以，不妨同意。因为仍然处于义务教育(compulsory education)阶段。
范文主题句分析： 在本道题目中是同意学生应该学习艺术和音乐，因此我们应该从学习音乐和艺术的好处着手。所谓的主题段跟作文的大纲极为相似，如果把作文的每一个主题段都确定下来，作文的大纲也就有了。 在本篇独立写作的主体部分有三个段落：每个段落的主题句如下， Studying art and music makes a person more diverse and thoughtful.在这句话中说到学生学习艺术和音乐使人更加多样化并且思考方式更加周全，呼应了主题的应该让学生学习音乐和艺术。 These subjects give the students an outlet for expressing their turbulent emotions during puberty.这些课程让学生释放他们在青春期的骚动。 Viewing art and listening to music are excellent ways to relax.欣赏艺术和听音乐是放松的最好方式。 这三个主题无论从逻辑上还是从结构篇幅上都符合要求。从逻辑方面来看，跟文章主题切合，不偏题，都从学习艺术和音乐的好处出发;从字数上看，句子没有太长都在20单词以内，体现了学生的概括能力。从说服力方面来看，第一个从音乐能提高能力方面，第二个从同学们的需求方面，第三个从学生的生理和心理方面论述了学习音乐和艺术的益处，具有很强的说服力。这样的主题段是符合考官要求的，因此考生在写主题段的时候也要这样写，才有可能取得高分。 以上就是如何写托福独立写作的主题句的相关内容。希望通过以上分析考生可以参考一下，多多进行实践，争取写出符合考官口味的作文!
托福独立写作高分范文4 ● 绝对词型 185题库 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best https://www.doczj.com/doc/b08519790.html,e specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Obviously, in most cases the earliest teachers people have are their parents, and parents are generally most concerned about the development of their children. However, it is not completely true to say that parents are the best teachers. Parents may, nevertheless, help their children much more than do good teachers. Most parts of children education are virtually beyond teachers' reaches. It is parents that supplement. Psychology studies have shown us that parents' love sometimes has astonishingly magic power to their children. Forest Gump's mother is a good example. On the other hand, parents might do their children harm more than do bad teachers as well. The natures of those children whose parents have misbehaviors are often severely distorted. In reality, not all parents are good teachers. As normal individuals, some parents more or less have some bad habits. Even though parents almost instinctively devote themselves to cultivating their offspring, the outcome might turn out to be disappointment, for all children tend to unconsciously or subconsciously copy everything including bad ones from their parents. Another deficiency of parents as teachers is the fact that most parents are lack of common senses of education. All too often we observe some parents tend to pursue their cherished but failed dream by forcing their children to develop in a prearranged direction. Ironically, when their children do not follow the instructions, the children will be regarded as disobedient or allegedly rebellious. In fact, it is parents rather than their children that virtually disobey common senses. Moreover, some parents are qualified as good teachers, but not all of them are the best ones. When children are in the preliminary school, it is not surprising that parents are perhaps capable of teaching their children almost every subject even better than professional teachers in the school. But the situation will not last long. We live in a world where knowledge is accumulated by multiplying and at the same time becomes more and more specialized. Therefore, to be a professional in a certain field today takes much longer time than has ever been before. No parent is able to be professional in all fields, though they might be experts in one or more fields. Wise parents often release rather than charge their children as early as possible. They are aware of the possibility outside the family. In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers.(403)
托福写作段落衔接的方法 导读：托福写作段落衔接的常用方法，如下： 1.引用例子 托福写作辅导提到对于一个观点的提出，往往后面会跟着例子进行进一步的解释说明，那么如何引出接下来的例子或者数据呢?主要的几个短语词组有：regarding / as whether to / as regard / in respect of / with respect to / in terms of等，前三个词组后面是跟句子，而后三个词组后面加的是词组或者名词短语，这点要注意区分。考生们可以用这些词汇来承接观点和例子，使得文章更为连贯和流畅。不过要注意不要使用about，这不是书面用语。 对于举例子一般分为这几类： 例子比较具体，考生可以使用namely，to be more specific/more specifically等，引出一个比较详细的事例。 引用名人的著作或者话的'时候，要注意reference，比如：A number of writers, notably Frank (1974) and Rostow (1967) refer to this issue…格式问题要引起重视。 如果是想要强调某个之前提到过的内容，或者是特定的某个内容的时候，可以用in particular/particularly。 同样的，不建议过多的使用for example / take...for example / such as等，比较口语化，不太formal。 2.前呼后应
如果想要对之前的内容进行总结，呼应全文，那么考生就可以使用这些词汇：accordingly / therefore / consequently / as stated earlier in … / the aforementioned work / as stated above in (paragraph two)等。 3.句子中的承接 往往，托福考试写作中句子与句子之间的衔接是最容易掌握的，可以使用一些表示因果、转折、并列等关系的连词将其连接。常见的就有so，nevertheless，besides this，furthermore等等。不过还是要少用as for/as to/besides这些比较口语化的词汇。再者，such，this也是很好的承接词，比如In such situation，In this cases 等。 4.数字关系 这点在小作文里面使用的比较多，比如描述A和B的数据，可以使用respectively或者separately，描述时间顺序可以用chronologically等等。 【2015年托福写作段落衔接的方法】 1.托福写作中词汇替换的方法 2.托福写作词汇和句型选用的方法 3.在托福写作中选用词汇和句型的方法 4.突破托福写作瓶颈的方法 5.段落过渡的方法小学生写作指导
托福写作段落衔接的五种方法 段落的实现 ⑴例证法每个理由后面必须同时有例子每篇文章至少两个例子 提出论点-列举事例-分析事例-得出结论-(重述论点)我认为-因为我觉得-比如说-你看 举例之后一定要强调这样的例子不胜枚举。。。 Abraham Lincoln ⑵因果法提出论点-原因-分析条件(如果这样会有什么好处/坏处，而这正是我们所需要/担心的)-得出结果 Lead to/result in result from Because of/due to/thanks to/owing to/by reason of/on account of For 表示“因为”时不能放在句首 Because/for/since/as As a result/outcome/consequence of In consequence/in the end/consequently Therefore/thereby/hence/thus(副词) So(连词) ⑶比较对照法(整体、分项比较)
整体比较的好处：写起来容易整体印象完整缺点：两者对比不鲜明 分项比较的好处：两者对比特别鲜明缺点：零碎的印象，大量的重复 Interweave 交织 ⑷分类法/并列法 总论点 分论点一在A方面在B方面在C方面 分论点二 分论点三 ⑸定义法 衔接手段 使用连接词和短语(表示并列、转折、递进、因果、比较、对照、举例) 使用代词 使用语意粘连 举例：同意建工厂 常用词汇和结构 表示第一项 Firstly, to begin/start with, first of all, in the first place, on the one hand, the most important reason is, first and foremost 另一项secondly, in the second place, on the other hand,
托福独立写作高分开头写作方法 好的开端等于成功的一半，所以托福写作如果能写好开头，你的作文也能奠定下高分的基础。今天和大家分享托福独立写作高分开头写作方法,希望能帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福独立写作高分开头写作方法 一.先根据话题铺设背景 在独立写作的背景铺垫中，首先我们需要明晰独立写作常考的15个topic，其中包括education，technology，sports等。在审题、理解题意之后，可以适当定位关键词进行文题分析和头脑风暴，进行社会背景定位。 示范：Increasingly，under the backdrop of the fierce social competition and the need for searching for individual growth，people especially employees show great concern to their career development. 二.确定观点 此步骤一定不要直接抄写原题。结合第一句的背景铺垫，可适当改写题目，引出有争议性的argument。 三.表明自己针对话题的立场
立场是开头段最为重要且核心的句子，其作用是表明了考生对这一论题的态度，且后面内容的陈述也是建立在这一立场基础上进行论证、分析;立场表明时，尽量用自己的语言进行表述最佳。 四.结尾句启下 过渡句的作用是承上启下，承接开头段内容的同时，以一种自然流畅的方式简要引出下文，从而加强*的逻辑关系;也可以适当提及中间段会涉及的论点，进行实际内容的铺垫。建议大家多进行练习和范文积累，一定可以总结出不同的过渡句写作方式。 示范：… with several reasons t o exemplify. 托福独立写作是托福写作的重点，而开头段对于独立作文整体评分影响颇大，所以小站君建议大家认真学习上文中关于开头段的写作方法，并运用起来，写出漂亮的开头。 托福写作解析：take more exercise 托福写作解析： If there’s a way to improve yourself, which one among the three choices you would take? 1. take more exercise 2. eat more healthy food
Five Paragraph Essay Structure The five-paragraph essay is the commonest and most basic form of academic essay used in English and American high schools. Below you will find a map of the essay structure, and we will be using this structure in all of our argumentative and persuasive essays. Introduction (3-4 sentences) 1.Hook – Attracts the readers attention and introduces the main idea 2.Bridge – Develops the topic enough to explain the thesis statement 3.Thesis Statement – Introduces the topic and controlling ideas of the essay Main body Paragraph 1 (5 sentences) 1.Topic sentence – Introduces the topic and controlling idea for this paragraph (this controlling idea should be linked to the thesis statement) 2.Development – The topic should be expanded and more information introduced (5W1H) 3.Evidence – An example/fact should be used to prove your opinion 4.Development – Further develop the fact and show how it proves your point 5.Concluding sentence – Pulls together and summarises main point from topic sentence and paragraph Main body Paragraph 2 (5 sentences) 1.Topic sentence – Introduces the topic and controlling idea for this paragraph (this controlling idea should be linked to the thesis statement) 2.Development – The topic should be expanded and more information introduced (5W1H) 3.Evidence – An example/fact should be used to prove your opinion 4.Development – Further develop the fact and show how it proves your point 5.Concluding sentence – Pulls together and summarises main point from topic sentence and paragraph Counter Argument (4-5 sentences) 1.Counter argument –Introduces opposition’s strongest argument 2.Refutation – Explain why that argument is not valid or appropriate 3.Example – Use an example to support your refutation 4.Development (optional) - Further develop the fact and show how it proves your point 5.Concluding sentence - Pulls together and summarises main point from refutation Conclusion 1.Restate thesis – Restate the main topic and controlling idea from the thesis statement (paraphrased) 2.Summary – Summarise the main points from the article to support your opinion 3.Conclusion – Create a new idea/thinking point based on the points raised in the article
托福写作评分标准公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
托福写作评分标准托福写作评分包括机器评分以及人工评分两部分: 机器评分E-rater- 语法是否正确、用词是否得当、以及单词拼写及大小写是否准确等方面, 一篇考生的文章会经过两台机器评分。 人工评分通过ETS阅卷人评分，综合写作和独立写作分别有两位阅卷人给出分数。 托福写作原始分数为0-5分，考生得分分为三个level GOOD，FAIR，LIMITED 最终成绩通过两个科目的分数取平均分，再换算为30分制的分数。 详解托福综合写作的评分细则
综合写作是托福写作板块中的其中一项。托福考试的写作部分分为综合(Integrated writing)和独立(Independent writing)两块，这两块分别独立评分，取平均值后得到最终的分数。也就是说，这两个部分各占一半权重，因此应给予相同程度的重视。关于这两部分的了解，强烈建议同学们自己去看看ETS出版的托福考试官方指南(OG)，OG里面对于考试形式和评分标准有非常详尽的介绍，有些同学在准备输出端考试(写作或者口语)的时候，居然连评分细则都不看，仅凭自己的主观臆测和对于老师讲解的依稀记忆去打造自己的文章，考不好真的不奇怪。下面，我们就来分析一下托福考试的评分细则。 综合写作的满分要求是： A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lectu 5分：文章切题，阐说充分，文章有说服力;段落组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，有很强的逻辑性;段落内句与句连接顺畅，句式使用恰当，灵活，娴熟;用词确切，得体。文章中有个别语法拼写错误，但不影响内容表达。 4分：文章切题，阐说基本充分，在某些细节上有缺陷。段落层次组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，逻辑性强;句间连接顺畅，句式使用恰当，灵活;用词基本得体。文章中有少量用词不当和语法拼写错误。 3分：文章切题，阐说尚可，展开不够。段落层次组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，有逻辑性;句间连接基本顺畅;有部分句法错误;用词一般，有时不得体。词性区分和拼写等有若干错误
托福独立写作开篇段写法 开头1：现象+题目改写+作者观点 现象：提出一种普遍现象或值得关注的现象(紧扣论题)作为背景 例如：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents should reward their children with money for the high grades. A: To some extent, scoring high at school might indicate a promising future. Thus, grades are commonly accept as a reliable criterion to evaluate the potential in a student. In the unprecedentedly competitive society today, most parents are having high ambitions for their children. In order to realize these glamorous expectations, they would spare no cost. A number of parents choose to reward their children with money if they manage to achieve high marks. As far as I am concerned, there are more defects than merits lying in such a measure. 例如：Some people prefer to work for a large company. Others prefer to work for a small company. Which would you prefer? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice. A: In today’s increasingly vigorous job market, two-way selection has become a most typical mode of employment. Both job hunters and employing units are facing equal chances of mutual-assessment. Such a hiring mode marks the noticeable progress of modern economy. Blessed with a large source of job offers, candidates have the freedom to decide which employer suits them best. Some prefer to work for small companies, while others are in favor of larger ones. If I were a job hunter, I would definitely choose a large enterprise. 开头2：事例+背景+题目改写+作者论点 事例：1. 媒体(电视，电台，报纸，杂志和网络)的报道 2. 自己，朋友，邻居，同事的事例 例如：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the past, people were friendlier than they are today. A: In my childhood, my grandma used to tell me many stories about their “good old days”. They have all been etched deep in my mind. I could never forget them, even down to the smallest details. Those stories illustrated that the relationships between people at that time seemed to be purer and closer. As time goes by, society has undergone dramatic changes and so have people’s feelings towards each other. Realizing this, I have gradually accepted the reality of these changes. Indeed, people in the past were friendlier than people are now. 新通教育
把教授如何反驳文章中三个分论点挺清楚，例子都是阅读文章里的所以不用记，听力里主要是在讲阅读文章中的例子有哪些缺陷或不严谨的地方，从而无法成为有效的论据，甚至成为别的观点的论据。 有自己的写作模式、写作套路。 先不限时写几篇，写完一篇就立刻打印出来逐字逐句修改（电脑上改容易偷懒），把过于简单的词和句子一一替换，注意别用太难的词和没把握的词，能用到6级词汇就差不多了，心情好了再拽两个托福词汇上去也就足够了。我觉得最好用的就是形容词和副词，可以记几个托福水平的精彩形容词和副词，选择自己看着顺眼的，在平凡的名词前加好看的形容词，在平淡的句子里随处放置抢眼的副词，这样文章一下子就丰富起来了。 插入语，句式变换，每段第一句试着倒装、或用被动语态 多用具体的详细的例子，别停留在就事论事上，可以试着延伸到生活的其他方面 注意线性思维，“总分总” 托福作文写五段，第一段是中心思想段，二三四是支持段落，最后是总结段落 无论是综合写作还是独立写作，考生追求的基本目标是把想说的意思用书面英语表达清楚，让阅卷人读懂和明白。从语言角度来说，有两大标准，即准确性和多样化。能够达到词词准确，又使用到不同的词句来表达相同、相似的意思，从语言角度来说已经符合托福考试的高分要求。 仿写。只看不写，永远不能将输入语言化成输出语言。尽量仿写整句，保持原句结构，替换内容！ In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that.........+观点：In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers。用一句话说，简单地认为父母是最好的老师是相当肤浅的。 综合写作部分的评分标准： 1、内容的完整性和准确性。简单地说，就是文章是否有将讲座中的关键信息点完整、准确地提 取出来，并和阅读材料中的相关内容有效地一一对应。如果讲座中的信息点有缺失，那么会有一定程度 的扣分；如果只写了有关阅读材料的观点，得1分。 文章的组织机构，词汇和语法的正确性和准确性。高分的作文需要做到条理清晰，结构连贯，用词 恰当，能够准确地表达讲座中的观点与阅读材料中的观点是如何相互联系的，只要作文中的错误不至于 使内容表述出现误解，一些偶尔出现的语言错误，如单词拼写、单复数问题等，不会对作文成绩产生很 大影响，当然，错误肯定是越少越好的。 独立写作部分的评分标准： 1、有效回应题目，阐明文章主题。一般来说，独立写作完全跑题的情况很少，但是很多考生在 展开讨论时所采用的论据，比较容易出现跟主题关联性不大的情况，即局部答非所问的现象，从而影响 了得分。2、逻辑条理清楚，论证充分展开。这一点的关键在于文章论证的展开，是否提供了大量的细节和例子来支持观点，而非泛泛而谈地说理。3、内容连贯一致，衔接自然流畅。达到内容连贯一致的文章通常全文围绕中心论点展开，而不会论据自相矛盾，也不会重复论证，有时候通过一些表示因果、先后、递进的关系连词可以起到粘合剂的作用。4、遣词造句地道，语言驾驭娴熟。托福考试终究是语言考试，最终还是要考查考生的语言运用能力，但是要注意的是，并不是要求考生通篇都用难词偏语长句，而是要会变化着用一些美国人常用的语句把自己的想法表达清楚，所以建议考生尽量多阅读和模仿英文原版材料，这样写出来的文章才能够原汁原味。
Independent Writing I.A or B 开头 An increasing number of people begin to realize/complain/question that... OR:The majority of people tend to have a favorable/an unfavorable attitude towards something OR:XXX has now caused wide public concern OR:When it comes to...people often consider... The thing is,which XXX,A or B,(is a more efficient mean of learning/what do we mean by)? People may give various answers to this question. OR：Ask people…and they may give a diverse of answers based on their individual value systems Some believe that…while others/some claim… On balance,my favor goes to A. 正文 To begin with,I concede that B serves as an independent factor in(a successful education)/is of great value/B is superior to A since After all, However compelling these cases may sound,B is not without its problems. OR:However compelling these cases may sound,they cannot overshadow the significant role that A plays in XX. For example, In this sense, Therefore,too much emphasis on B is actually dangerous/harmful and may go contrary to our primary purpose of On the other hand,A can address/respond to some people’s needs that B cannot For one thing, For another, 结尾 In the final analysis,it is true that both A and B are part and parcel of X.However,considering the potential problems resulted from B and the great benefits of A,I believe it is sensible to(choose A) II.Agree or Disagree 开头 An increasing number of people begin to realize/complain/question that... OR:The majority of people tend to have a favorable/an unfavorable attitude with something 托福专业1对1在线培训机构【TPO小站】【保100分】
托福独立写作中间段2种常用写法优 劣势对比分析 托福独立写作中间段一般大家都会写3段，也就是围绕主要观点树立三个分论点来分别展开。今天和大家分享托福独立写作中间段2种常用写法优劣势对比分析,希望能帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福独立写作中间段2种常用写法优劣势对比分析 托福独立写作主体段如何丰富结构? 托福考生经常会有疑惑的问题就是：我的三个主体段全部都是讲故事，好像手法太单一了，会不会被扣分?如何丰富?答案是：有可能;以及，偶尔的使用纯解释型段落。众所周知，TOEFL写作中展开手法有两种，exemplification和explanation。例证显然是二者中更简单的一个。因此，大部分同学都更倾向于使用例证。因为它更容易快速上手，并且大家可以通过举例来展开具体化的细节，从而获得高分。但注意，如果三个主体段全部是讲故事展开，未免会有语言太差的嫌疑。因此，除了例证，我们*中最好可以稍微涉及到一些说理部分。 举例和说理写法各自优势讲解
例证的优势即为能够更轻松的展开出有效并具体化的细节，或俗称“好凑字”。解释的好处为语言简练，表达效率高，*的递进性、节奏会更紧凑。这两种论证方式都有各自的明显优势，考生在选择写法时也需要结合自身需求(比如提升*篇幅用举例，增强说服力用说理)。 举例和说理写法弱点对比分析 例证在TOEFL写作中并无太明显的劣势。解释的劣势就比较明显了。同样的一个分论点，有的同学用例证可以很轻松写到200字，而解释只能说到100字。有的同学可能有个刻板印象：讲故事的语言通常比较简单，句式单一，因此不容易得高分。注意，讲故事语言和句式也是可以复杂的;或者大家可以选择简单但地道的表达，可同样可以获得满分。 托福独立写作中如何选择不同写法? 因此我们以后考场上的答题战略很简单。第一段为例证段落。目的为使劲凑字，尽量直接写满200字。第二、三段可以选择简短的小故事或者解释性段落，分别写到60～100字左右。这样主体段已经达到至少320字，再加上开头结尾段，可以轻松满足350字的字数要求。 托福独立写作说理explanation写法怎么练?
托福独立写作如何写好独立写作结 尾段 托福独立写作是托福写作考试中的最后一项，大家需要根据给出题目选择自己的观点并加以论述。独立写作不仅要写好开头和内容，写好结尾也很重要。下面就和大家分享托福独立写作如何写好独立写作结尾段，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福独立写作如何写好独立写作结尾段? 一.托福独立写作之建议性结尾 如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。 Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve theproblem.Toefl 这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢? 更多句型： Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.
Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken. 二.托福独立写作之结论性结尾 说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，你就可以拿高分了，比如下面的例子： Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise frompoliteness and respect for others. 更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型： Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we canfind that… 托福写作模板:结尾段模板 In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is in valid and misleading. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to prove that_____. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation until the
托福独立写作经典开头模板整理 1.标准写法：直接表明立场开门见山 题目： B u s i n e s s e s a r e a s l i k e l y a s a r e g o v e r n m e n t s t o e s t a b l i s h l a r g e b u r e a u c r a c i e s, b u t b u r e a u c r a c y i s f a r m o r e d a m a g i n g t o a b u s i n e s s t h a n i t i s t o a g o v e r n m e n t. 模板： C o n t r a r y t o t h e s t a t e m e n t’s p r e m i s e, m y v i e w i s t h a t b u s i n e s s e s a r e l e s s l i k e l y t h a n g o v e r n m e n t t o e s t a b l i s h l a r g e b u r e a u c r a c i e s, b e c a u s e b u s i n e s s e s k n o w t h a t t h e y a r e m o r e v u l n e r a b l e t h a n g o v e r n m e n t t o d a m a g e r e s u l t i n g f r o m b u r e a u c r a t i c i n e f f i c i e n c i e s.M y p o s i t i o n i s w e l l s u p p o r t e d b y c o m m o n s e n s e a n d b y o b s e r v a t i o n. 2.创意写法：引用谚语名言联系现实 题目： A s t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d t h e d e m a n d f o r c e r t a i n s e r v i c e s c h a n g e, m a n y w o r k e r s w i l l l o s e t h e i r j o b s. T h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h o s e p e o p l e t o a d j u s t t o