专八人文知识
英国文学
一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066）
1、贝奥武夫
2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父
二、中古英语时期的英国文学
1、allegory体非常盛行
2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度
3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士
4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》
5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）
6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》
三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）
1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》
2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet
3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》
《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱
4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；
5、莎士比亚：
长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》
四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白
7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》
8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人
9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣
10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一
《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑
《学术的推进》和《新工具》
四、启蒙时期（18世纪）
1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》
2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory
3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；
《论戏剧诗》
4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作
5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》
6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；
7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；
8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》
9、Samuel Defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；
10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；
11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；
12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就；
13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》
14、Oliver Goldsmith：《好心人》；《屈伸求爱》；《威客菲尔德牧师传》，感伤主义文学；
诗歌《荒村》从新古典主义向浪漫主义过渡的标志；
散文作品《世界公民》；
15、谢里丹：《造谣学校》，莎士比亚之后最杰出的英国喜剧，是整个英国史上最优秀的作品之一；达到英国“风俗喜剧”之巅；
五、维多利亚时期的英国文学（19世纪）
1、威廉、华兹华斯：桂冠诗人；《独自云游》《孤独的割麦女》
《抒情歌谣集》最杰出的诗篇；
《序曲》；
2、柯勒律治：《古舟子咏》《忽必烈汗》《克里斯贝尔》
3、骚赛：桂冠诗人；《Thalaba the destroyer》是骚赛最重要的长篇史诗之一；另一各是《格拉玛的诅咒》
4、乔治、戈登、拜伦：《唐璜》
5、雪莱：《阿多尼》，悼念济慈，英国史上最杰出的挽歌之一；
《西风颂》、《解放了的普罗米修斯》《致云雀》《诗辩》(A defence of poetry)；
6、约翰、济慈：《圣。阿格尼斯节前夕》是使人最杰出的作品之一；
许多颂歌：《秋颂》《夜莺颂》《希腊古翁颂》
7、阿尔弗雷德、丁尼生：《Break，break，break，》；《公主》；
《悼念In memoriam》英国史上最优秀的挽歌之一;
8、罗伯特、布朗宁：首创dramatic monologue；
《环与树》英国19世纪最杰出的长诗之一；
9、伊丽莎白、布朗宁：《孩子们的哭声》；
10、托马斯、昆西：《一个抽鸦片人的独白》，对詹姆斯、乔伊斯和T.S 艾略特产生一定影响；
11、沃尔特、司各特：历史小说之父；
12、简、奥斯汀
13、勃朗特三姐妹
14、乔治、艾略特：原名玛丽安、伊万斯；19世界现实主义小说的杰出代表，同时是多产且学识渊博的作家；《亚当、比的》、《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》《织工马南》《米德尔马契》
15、盖斯凯尔夫人：《玛丽巴顿》；《夏洛蒂勃朗特传》
16、查尔斯、狄更斯：
乐观时期：《波兹特写》《匹克维克外传》《雾都孤儿》《老古玩店》；
不乐观时期：《美国札记》《董贝父子》《大卫科波菲尔》
后期：《荒凉山庄》《艰难时事》《双城记》《远大前程》
17、萨克雷：《名利场》《亨利埃斯蒙德》《纽克母一家》
18、托马斯、哈代：
《远离尘嚣》《还乡》《喀斯特桥市长》《威塞克斯故事集》
《列王》the dynasts:哈代思想艺术集大成之作
19、约瑟夫、路德亚林、吉普林(Joseph Rudyard Kipling)1907年诺贝尔文学奖；
20：约瑟夫、康拉德：《黑暗的心》
21：奥斯卡、王尔德
六、20世纪的英国文学
1、愤怒的青年：金斯利、埃米斯（幸运儿吉姆）；艾伦、西里脱（星期六晚上和星期天早上）；约翰、奥斯本（愤怒的回顾）；
2、叶芝：爱尔兰使人《芦苇的风》《库尔的野天鹅》《驶向拜占庭》
3、John Galsworthy：《福尔赛世家》三部曲the man of property; in chancery; to let;
4、Herbert George wells：现代科幻小说：modern science fiction的鼻祖；《时间机器》
5、Arnold Bennett: 贝内特是现实主义小说家，《老妇谭》是20世纪英国小说的一部经典作品；
6、毛姆：《人生的枷锁》
7、Henry James，现代主义小说的先行者，承上启下的人物；
小说评论集：《小说的艺术》；
《黛西.米勒》
8、劳伦斯
9、詹姆斯、奥古斯汀、乔伊斯：
《都柏林人》《一个青年艺术家的画像》《芬尼根守灵夜》《尤利西斯》，全世界范围内意识流创作的最高成就和传世之作；
10、弗吉尼亚、伍尔夫：《雅各布的房间》《到灯塔去》《浪》；
11、E.M．Forster: 《通往印度之路》
12、萧伯纳：《易卜生主义的精华》
《鳏夫的房产》《华伦夫人的职业》《英国佬的另一个岛》《圣女贞德》《皮格马利翁》
13、Willian Golding：1983诺贝尔文学奖，《蝇王》；
14、约翰、福尔斯：《法国中尉的女人》；
15、Samuel Beckett塞缪尔贝克特：1969诺贝尔文学奖获得者，《等待戈多》；《残局》；
16、哈罗德品特：萧伯纳之后英国最重要的剧作家，2005年诺贝尔文学奖得住；
《看管人》《送菜升降机》《背叛》
17、ＴＳ艾略特
18、塞、戴、刘易斯：1968获桂冠诗人；
19、飞利浦、拉金：运动派诗人的领袖；
美国文学：
一、殖民地时期的美国文学
1、约翰史密斯：美国文学的第一个作家，《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》；
2、纳撒尼尔沃德：《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》，北美讽刺文学第一笔；
3、威廉布拉德福德：美国历史之父，《普利茅斯种植园史》
4、安妮、布拉德斯特利特《第十个缪斯》
5、迈克尔威格尔斯沃斯
6、爱德华泰勒长诗《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》
7、乔纳森爱德华兹：大觉醒运动中主要的思想家；
二、南北战争时期的美国文学（）
1、富兰克林
2、托马斯、潘恩：《长诗》
3、托马斯、杰弗逊：《独立宣言》
4、约翰、伍尔曼：《日记》
5、飞利浦、弗瑞诺：美国独立革命的诗人
6、飞利浦、惠特利：美国文学史上第一位出版诗集的黑人女诗人，了不起的诗才之称，《胡塞先生和棺木》；
7、威廉、邓拉普：美国戏剧之父
8、华盛顿、欧文：美国文学之父，《见闻札记》《睡古传说》《温克尔》
9、詹姆斯菲尼莫尔库珀：《开拓者》《最后一个莫干希人》《探路人》
10、威廉、布莱恩特：美国的华兹华斯，《诗选》《黄色的紫罗兰》《致水鸟》
11、爱伦、坡：侦探小说的鼻祖，《厄舍古厦的倒塌》《乌鸦》
12、艾默生：超验主义，
13、大卫梭罗
14、亨利、费朗罗：《伊凡吉林》歌颂爱情；《海华沙之歌》第一部描写印第安人的史诗；
15、纳撒尼尔、霍桑：《范肖》《带七个尖角阁的房子》《福谷传奇》以第一人称叙述；
16、麦尔维尔
17、斯托夫人的代表作《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
18、惠特曼：free verse；草叶集；
三、第一次世界大战时期的美国文学
1、豪威尔斯是美国现实主义文学的奠基人，其代表作诗《塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹》；
2、亨利、詹姆斯：《黛西米勒》；《贵妇人的画像》《美国人》
3、马克吐温
4、赫姆林加兰：加兰是“乡土文学作家”的重要代表，《大路》，80年代美国的真实写照；
5、弗兰克诺里斯：开创自然主义的先河，代表作《章鱼》；
6、欧亨利：美国现代短篇小说的创始人；
7、杰克伦敦：自然主义，《马丁伊登》自传体小说
8、西奥多、德莱赛：美国现代小说的先驱，20世纪美国文学中第一位杰出的作家；《嘉莉妹妹》，《欲望三部曲》：《金融家》《巨人》《斯多葛》；
9、艾米丽迪金森：现代英美诗歌的先驱；
四、一战到二战时期的美国文学
1、罗伯特弗罗斯特：四次获得普利策奖
2、庞德：印象派诗歌运动的主要力量；
3、爱德华、肯明斯：视觉诗歌的创始人；
4、尤金、奥尼尔：《天边外》早起作品；《送冰人来了》；《长夜漫漫路迢迢》，1936年获得诺贝尔文学奖；
5、辛克莱、刘易斯：1930年获得诺贝尔文学奖；第一个获得该奖项的美国作家，《大街》《巴比特》
6、海明威：
7、菲茨杰拉德：《人间天堂》《了不起的盖茨比》《夜色温柔》
8、赛珍珠：《大地》1938年美国历史上第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的女性作家；
9、《约翰、斯坦贝克：20世纪美国文坛最重要的作家之一，1962年获得诺贝尔文学奖；《天堂的牧场》《煎饼坪》《愤怒的葡萄》《月落》《烦躁的冬天》
10、福克纳：《喧哗与骚动》《寓言》获得普利策奖；最重要的作品三部曲：《村子》《小镇》《大宅》
11、兰斯顿休斯：哈莱姆的桂冠诗人
五、二战以后的美国文学
1、杰克、开鲁亚克：垮掉的一代，《在路上》
2、塞林格：垮掉的一代的重要作家，《麦田的守望者》
3、纳博科夫：《洛丽塔》
4、约瑟夫、海勒：《第22条军规》
5、库特、冯尼格：黑色幽默手法；
6、威廉、斯泰轮：《苏菲的选择》
7、辛格：美国犹太作家，1978年诺贝尔文学奖《路柏林的魔术师》
8、索尔、贝娄：1976年诺贝尔文学奖；《晃来晃去的人》
9、菲利普、罗斯：《美国牧歌》，获普利策奖；
10、托尼、莫里森：1993年获得诺贝尔，第一位美国黑人作家；《最蓝的眼睛》《所罗门之歌》
11、田纳西、威廉斯：《欲望号街车》《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》
12、阿瑟、米勒：《推销员之死》
语言学
1. The core of linguistics: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics
2. The beginning of Modern linguistics: marked by the publication of F. de Saussure’s book Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century.
3. Prescriptive vs. Descriptive规定性研究与描写性研究
Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.
4. Competence vs. performance 语言能力与语言运用: the distinction was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in 196
5. The two terms are similar with Saussure’s langue and parole. However, Saussure took a sociological view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.
5. Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.（语音学）
6. Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.（音位学）
7. 音位学与语音学的不同：语音学着重于语音的自然属性；音位学强调语音的社会功能。
8. Morphology: refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.（形态学）
9. Morpheme: the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, the minimal unit of meaning.
10. Word-formation: the process of word variation signaling lexical relationships. They are compound and derivation.
11. Transformational-Generative grammar: proposed by Chomsky in 1957(转换生成语法)
12. hyponymy上下义关系，指一种意义包含关系，一个上义词一般会有许多下义词，比如flower与violet的关系即上下义关系。
13. antonym反义关系：(1)Gradable antonyms两者并非绝对对立，而是相对hot-cold；（2）complementary antonyms互补，两者绝对对立，非此即彼，如dead-alive （3）relational antonyms相反的，两个实体之间关系的相互颠倒buy-sell
14. Sociolinguistics: It is the sub-filed of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.社会语言学
15. Sapir-whorf hypothesis萨皮尔伍尔夫假说: according to Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize experiences.此假说认为语言决定或影响人的思维方式和行为。
16. acquisition（习得）:it is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language, and it is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules.
Learning（学习）: it is a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules.
What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。
48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?
**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? Scientific study of language.
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;
②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;
英国文学资料 1.The period of Old English Literature extends from about the year of 450 to the year of 1066. 2.the significant event which the commencement of medieval period in English literature is Norman Conquest in the year of 1066,and the medieval literature in Britain covers about four centuries. 3.Romance is the most popular literature form in the medieval period. 4.Old English poets produced the national epic poem, Beowulf, and a number of more or less lyrical poemsof shorter length, which do not contain specific Christian doctrines but evoke the Anglo Saxon sense of the harshness of circumstance and the sadness of the human lot. 5.Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales. admired as the father of English Poetry. 一、The Renaissance Period (14th--mid-17th century) 1. The cradle of the Renaissance is Italy, and the essential characteristics of it are rising of Humanism and the Reformation of Christianity. 2. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the Engish Renaissane, and it's most important representative is Shakespeare. 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞 the poet's poet
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
北外英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及 03—06真题 准备考研的时间不长，只有三个月，总结起来两大经验吧，细节和节奏。细节是说考研要做个有心人，要勤看别人的经验，即使不是一个方向的。因为虽然准备的内容不同，但过程都是一样的（讲到底也只有专二不同）。学习别人的经验自己才能避免走别人的弯路，犯别人犯过的错误。节奏是说时间的充分利用，时间不在长短而在效率的高低，要根据自己的情况制定合适的复习计划。在这里给大家小小的鼓励一下：永远不要觉得时间不够用，也永远不要觉得这是不可能完成的的任务。当然要基于自身实力和现实的考虑，我相信大家都明白我的意思。等到真正做到了，你就是那个“传说”。 政治：六十多分没什么经验。。。。。。总的感觉是过线不拉分就好因为进入复试政治和二外就不算分了，不要给自己太大的压力，不要浪费过多的时间，节省下来精力好好看专业。 法语：学校用的是很老的橘黄色皮的《法语》，先复习一遍，把忘掉的知识捡回来。然后把历年真题研究一遍，考察的知识点就那么多，有的题基本没变隔年又考一次。从图书馆借来新大学法语1-3，从头到尾梳理知识点整理笔记。因为知道考什么，所以看得有重点。借书的好处之一就是“书非借不能读也”，借来的总要还，有压力就看得快了，而且借的书都少都有点笔记，看看也是很好的。
基英：分阅读，翻译和写作三个部分。像名字一样就是考察英语的基础，所以投机取巧是不可取的，要稳扎稳打地不间断复习。阅读--每天精读一篇1500字左右的新闻，有用的词句整理出来，有兴趣的段落翻一翻，阅读是最好的输入方式，扩大阅读量不言而喻，也对写作和翻译大有益处。翻译--练了叶子南里面几个靠谱的文章，订在一起没事看看，每翻译一篇都会看到自己逐步的进步，翻译得逐渐成熟。写作—写作看的是内容、结构和语法。虽然在考场上不可能三方面都完美，但是写的时候有这样的意识在脑子里，偏也偏不到哪里去。基础自认为还是不错的，所以每天的复习就是一个routine，保持对英语的娴熟度，主要的精力都集中在复习专业上了。 专业：文学选段匹配+小说分析，今年取消了逻辑题。虽然文学的复习范围没边没沿，文学著作浩如烟海；但是恶俗的讲一句，只要是考试，它就有它的侧重点和一定的规律。文学选段匹配--本着上一原则，我把历年真题找来统计了一下每年考得上都是谁的作品，集中在哪几部作品上。统计过后发现大概十人左右而且都是大家Mark Twain, Charles Dicke ns, Wordsworth…然后就拜读他们的大作就好了。小说的话要先看看写作风格，像总考的adventures of huckleberry finn，如果没读过现读是来不及的，但只要了解马克吐温的写作风格，就会在看到南方方言的第一时间想到他老人家。诗歌
1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P292 2.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？ 3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现) 4.三姐妹指的是？ 5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P303 6.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？ 7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？ 8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P116 9.乌托邦is written in form of ?P33 10.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P50 11.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？ 12.最著名作家：乔叟P19 13.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P5 14.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年
1.John Milton He was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. 2.Romance Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature of the upper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. 3.the Enlightenment It is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, social
语言学第七章知识点总结 Language is an essential part of a given culture. It is an indispensable carrier of culture. It is regarded as a mirror of society. In primitive culture, the meaning of a word greatly depended on its occurrence in a given context. Firth-Context of Situation -illustrate the close relationship between language use and its co-occurrence factors. 1.The relevant features of the participants, persons, and personalities The verbal action of the participants; the non-verbal action of the participant 2.The relevant objects 3.The effects of the verbal action Speech Community It refers to a group of people share the same rules of speaking and one linguistic variety as well. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Our language helps mould our way of thinking. Different languages may probably express speakers' unique ways of understanding the world. https://www.doczj.com/doc/b411601117.html,nguage may determine our thinking patterns
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理3 I). Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 11. He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。 12. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年，欧文出版了《见闻札记》，该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲的文学荣誉。 13. A History of New York---He parodies or imitates Homer.《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马。 14. Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所创造的两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样，都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。 15. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose. We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.他的作品行文优美流畅，犹如音乐。他的作品寓教于乐，给人以轻松安逸之感，如入梦境。 16. He is worth the honor of being“the American Goldsmith”for his literary craftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国的近匠”。 17. “rip van winkle”—Here, Irving’s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at on ce made unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西十分依恋，笔触生动，令人难忘。 (II). Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 18. New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.在美国浪漫主义时期的文学中，新英格兰的超验主义是不可或缺的。 19. Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.爱默生的超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想，强调人类具有本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神性而形成的一个哲学流派。 20. In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature.爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然的重要性。 21. Emerson id a ffirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.爱默生相信人的直觉知识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动。 22. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.一个理想的个人应是自助自立的人。 23. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”“回到自然中去吧，沉浸在自然的影响中吧，你将重新获得精神的完整。” 24. In 1845, a great transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年，写成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔登》。
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are