Directorate-General for Translation European Commission
HOW TO WRITE CLEARLY
This booklet is intended for all writers of English at the European Commission. Whether your job is drafting or translating, here are some hints – not rules – that will help you to write clearly and make sure your message ends up in your readers’ brains, not in their bins.
Put the reader first page 2
Use verbs, not nouns page 3
page
4
abstract
not
Concrete,
passive
5
page
not
Active,
Whodunnit? Name the agent page 6
Making sense – managing stress page 7
KISS: Keep It Short…. page 8
page
Simple
9 …
and
False friends … page 10
pitfalls
page
11
other
and
…
References page 12
Put the reader first
There are three groups of people likely to read Commission documents:
1. EU insiders (colleagues in the Commission or other institutions)
2. outside specialists
3. the general public.
The third group is by far the largest and most important. As more Commission documents are made accessible to the general public, criticism of FOG will increase.
Always bear in mind the people you're writing for: not your committee, your boss, or the reviser of your translations, but the end users. They are in a hurry. Don't overestimate their knowledge, interest or patience.
Whatever the type of document - legislation, a technical report, minutes, a press release or speech - you can enhance its impact by writing clearly. Try to see your subject matter from your readers' point of view; try to involve them ("you" is an under-used word in Commission documents); and try not to bore them.
You can avoid irritating half your readers by replacing gender-specific words (replace "layman" by "lay person"; "salesgirl" by "sales assistant"; "workman" by "worker").
Avoid "he, she/ his, her" by using "they/ their" instead.
Use verbs, not nouns
One simple step to clearer English is to change ...
this... ... to this :
by the introduction of by introducing
for the allocation of for allocating
of the provision of of providing
What are we doing here? Turning a noun back into a verb. English prefers verbs to nouns. Many words ending in "-ion" are simply verbs in disguise. They are called "nominalisations" (yes, another word ending in "-ion"). Look at these:
submit an application for apply for
carry out an evaluation of evaluate
implement an investigation of investigate
and there are others which don't end in "-ion":
conduct a review of review
perform an assessment of assess
effect a renewal of renew
So we can improve an unclear text by turning some nouns back into verbs: The committee came to an agreement to the effect that
a study should be carried out by the consultants into the
feasibility of the provision of national funding.
The committee agreed that the consultants should study
the feasibility of providing national funding.
Sabotage! You can take advantage of this if you want.
If the consultants' report is too candid about the non-feasibility of providing national funding, just effect the nominalisation of all their hard-hitting verbs and the result will be sufficiently soporific to send your readers to sleep.
Concrete, not abstract
English is a notoriously blunt language. Too much abstract language (FOG) may make your reader suspect that something real and unpalatable is being wrapped up in verbiage.
In general, if you have a choice between an abstract word and a more concrete one that means the same, choose concrete. It will make your message more direct.
Sometimes, instead of this ... : ... you could try this:
establish fix
emphasise highlight
orient steer
out
eliminate cut
determine set
target
objective goal,
initiating impulse trigger
employment opportunities jobs
negative evolution downward spiral
decisive innovation breakthrough
Sabotage! You can take advantage of this if you want.
"These countries are asking for dates and facts, but all we can give them is prevarication and obfuscation."
Active verbs, not passive...
Another easy step to clearer English is to use verbs in the active voice ("the car hit the tree") rather than the passive ("the tree was hit by the car"). Compare these:
New guidelines have been laid down by the President in the hope that
the length of documents submitted by DGs will be restricted to 20 pages.
The President has laid down new guidelines in the hope that DGs will restrict the length of documents to 20 pages.
Look how we can improve a text by cutting out passives ... :
bad: A recommendation was made by the European Parliament that consideration be given by the Member States to a simplification of the award procedure.
a bit better:The European Parliament made a recommendation that the Member States give consideration to a simplification of the award procedure.
and then by cutting out abstract nominalisations:
much better: The European Parliament recommended that the Member States consider simplifying the award procedure.
...except where passives are useful You don't have to avoid passive verbs at all costs. They can be useful:
1.If there's no need to say who was responsible for the action because it's
obvious. ("All Commission staff are encouraged to write clearly.")
2.If you want to focus attention on the receiver of the action by putting that
first. ("One of the most controversial members of the European Parliament has been interviewed by the press about the proposal.")
3.If you want to position old or known information at the start of the
sentence, so you can put new or surprising information at the end. ("After the Summit the President was interviewed by a ten-year-old pupil from the European School.")
And of course:
4.Sabotage! If you want to evade responsibility.
"In my department the advice on clear English has been disregarded."
Whodunnit? Name the agent
If you follow the advice to use active verbs instead of passive ones, your writing will become clearer because you will be forced to name the agent - that is, the person or organisation or thing that carries out the action.
It's easy to identify the agent here ... :
This proposal was approved at Commission level.
The Commission approved this proposal.
... but not so easy here:
It is considered that tobacco advertising should be banned in the EU.
Who considers? The writer, the Commission, the public, the medical profession?
Why not name the agent?
Remember that EU texts have to be translated into several other languages - not all of which can be quite as foggy and impersonal as English. By writing vague English you are asking for non-matching translations, as each translator tries to guess what you might have meant and comes up with a different solution.
Don't be afraid to make "I" or "we" the agent.
This is perfectly acceptable, even in technical documents, and will make your meaning much clearer:
You have been informed of our acceptance of your project application.
We have informed you that we have accepted your project application. Don't be afraid to make an inanimate object the agent
(e.g. "The Directive calls upon employers to cut working hours.") This is taboo
in some other languages, but correct in English.
Making sense - managing stress
Sometimes you have to write (or improve) a text containing a mass of facts and ideas. Here are some ways of untangling the information so that readers will understand each sentence the first time they read it.
Name the agents of each action and put the actions in the order in which they occur.
Its decision on allocation of ESF assistance will be taken subsequent to receipt of all project applications at the Committee's meeting.
When all applicants have submitted their project applications, the
Committee will meet to decide how much ESF aid it will grant to each one. Put old or known information at the beginning of the sentence and
new or complex information at the end.
This makes sentence linking easier, and helps the reader to follow the thread of your argument:
THE COURT OF AUDITORS' REPORT criticises agricultural spending and proposes some new measures to prevent fraud.
THEIR PROPOSALS include setting up a special task force with powers to search farms.
SUCH POWERS are not normally granted to Commission officials, but fraud prevention is now one of the EU's main priorities.
(Note that the passive verb is OK in the last sentence because it fits in with the flow of information).
Make sure your sentences have strong endings - that's the bit readers will remember.
If necessary, move less important information to the left. Try to avoid feeble endings.
Complete institutional reform is advocated by the report in most cases.
What the report advocates, in most cases, is complete institutional reform. Some more ways of putting important information in the best position - at the end of the sentence:
For EU enlargement several alternative scenarios could be considered.
There are several scenarios that we could consider for EU enlargement.
The accession of new Member States in several stages now seems likely.
It now seems likely that new Member States will join in several stages. KISS: Keep It Short and Simple
Short ...
The value of a document is not proportional to its weight. Your readers will not respect you more because you have written 100 pages instead of 20. In fact they are more likely to resent you for making such demands on their time. The Members of the Commission have repeatedly asked for documents to be more succinct, and the Secretariat General has even been known to reject over-long documents.
Some ways to cut out FOG:
1.Don't state the obvious. Trust your readers' common sense.
2.Don't clutter your text with redundant expressions like "as is well
known", "it is generally accepted that", "in my personal opinion',
"and so on and so forth", "both from the point of view of A and from
the point of view of B".
3.Don't waste words telling readers what the text is going to say, or
reminding them what it said earlier. Just say it. Once.
Shorter documents tend to have more impact, and so do shorter sentences. As
a guide:
1 document = 20 pages at the most
1 sentence = 20 words
But varying sentence length makes for more interesting reading.
... and Simple:
English is a very rich language with a wide choice of different expressions meaning the same thing. Use simple words where possible. Simple language will not make you seem less learned or elegant: it will make you seem more credible. Foggy phrasing often reflects foggy thinking.
in view of the fact that as
with respect to on
a certain number of some
the majority of most
pursuant to under
within the framework of under
accordingly, consequently so
for the purpose of, in order to to
in the event of if
if this is not the case if not
if this is the case if so
concerning, regarding about
with reference to, with regard to about
Simple, uncluttered style calls for the positive form, not the negative It is not uncommon for applications to be rejected, so do not
complain unless you are sure you have not completed yours
in correctly.
It is quite common for applications to be rejected, so
complain only if you are sure you have completed yours
correctly.
False friends and other pitfalls
False friends
It is understandable that we get our languages mixed up in a multilingual environment like the European Commission. Interference between French and English is particularly common. But "Frenglish" expressions which might be permissible in-house are meaningless to outside readers. They are alienating and they create FOG.
Here are some of the more common "faux amis" in Commission use:
French
acquis
communautaire
acquis body of EU law
actuel actual current,
topical adéquat adequate suitable
assister àassist at attend, participate
capacité capacity ability,
capability compléter complete supplement
contr?ler control supervise,
check disposer de dispose of have, keep
éventuel eventual any
important important large
matériel material supplies,
equipment opportunité opportunity advisability
pays candidats candidates applicant
countries
pays tiers third countries non-member countries perspectives perspectives prospects,
outlook
prévu foreseen provided for, planned
stagiaire stagiaire trainee
Statut (des fonctionnaires)Statute Staff
Regulations
Eurojargon and Eurospeak
Jargon is a language used by any group of insiders or specialists to communicate with each other in a way that cannot always be understood by outsiders. If you want outsiders to understand, don't use Eurojargon (comitology, habilitation, European construction, etc.).
Euro speak, on the other hand, is a potentially useful language coined to describe European Union inventions and concepts which have no exact parallel at national level. There are only a few of these (e.g. subsidiarity, codecision, convergence, economic and social cohesion) and correspondingly few real excuses for using Eurospeak.
Spell it out
Keep a tight rein on abbreviations and acronyms.
(ERDF + EAGGF + CAP = ZZZ). Write them out in full wherever possible.
References
Much of the advice given in this booklet is adapted from: "The Plain English Guide" by Martin Cutts, Oxford University Press, 1996 and
"Style: Toward Clarity and Grace" by Joseph M. Williams, The University of Chicago Press, 1995 which are highly recommended.
Readers wanting more detailed information on in-house conventions for http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/index_en.htm spelling, punctuation and usage should consult the English Style Guide produced by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Translation (DGT) and available at
http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/index_en.htm.
Important:
All the examples of FOG in this guide are fictional. Any resemblance to any
past, present or future EU document is coincidental.
Directorate-General for Translation
European Commission
ec.europa.eu/dgs/translation/index_en.htm ec.europa.eu/translation/index_en.htm
必修三古文翻译一、指南录后序 必修三古文翻译一、指南录后序原文： 德佑二年二月十九日，予除右丞相兼枢密使，都督诸路军马。时北兵已迫修门外，战、守、迁皆不及施。缙绅、大夫、士萃于左丞相府，莫知计所出。会使辙交驰，北邀当国者相见，众谓予一行为可以纾祸。国事至此，予不得爱身;意北亦尚可以口舌动也。初，奉使往来，无留北者，予更欲一觇北，归而求救国之策。于是，辞相印不拜，翌日，以资政殿学士行。 初至北营，抗辞慷慨，上下颇惊动，北亦未敢遽轻吾国。不幸吕师孟构恶于前，贾余庆献谄于后，予羁縻不得还，国事遂不可收拾。予自度不得脱，则直前诟虏帅失信，数吕师孟叔侄为逆，但欲求死，不复顾利害。北虽貌敬，实则愤怒，二贵酋名曰“馆伴”，夜则以兵围所寓舍，而予不得归矣。 未几，贾余庆等以祈请使诣北。北驱予并往，而不在使者之目。予分当引决，然而隐忍以行。昔人云：“将以有为也”。至京口，得间奔真州，即具以北虚实告东西二阃，约以连兵大举。中兴机会，庶几在此。留二日，维扬帅下逐客之令。不得已，变姓名，诡踪迹，草行露宿，日与北骑相出没于长淮间。穷饿无聊，追购又急，天高地迥，号呼靡及。已而得舟，避渚洲，出北海，然后渡扬子江，入苏州洋，展转四明、天台，以至于永嘉。 呜呼!予之及于死者不知其几矣!诋大酋当死;骂逆贼当死;与
贵酋处二十日，争曲直，屡当死;去京口，挟匕首以备不测，几自刭死;经北舰十余里，为巡船所物色，几从鱼腹死;真州逐之城门外，几旁徨死;如扬州，过瓜洲扬子桥，竟使遇哨，无不死;扬州城下，进退不由，殆例送死;坐桂公塘土围中，骑数千过其门，几落贼手死;贾家庄几为巡徼所陵迫死;夜趋高邮，迷失道，几陷死;质明，避哨竹林中，逻者数十骑，几无所救死;至高邮，制府檄下，几以捕系死;行城子河，出入乱尸中，舟与哨相后先，几邂逅死;至海陵，如高沙，常恐无辜死;道海安、如皋，凡三百里，北与寇往来其间，无日而非可死;至通州，几以不纳死;以小舟涉鲸波出，无可奈何，而死固付之度外矣!呜呼!死生，昼夜事也，死而死矣，而境界危恶，层见错出，非人世所堪。痛定思痛，痛何如哉! 予在患难中，间以诗记所遭，今存其本，不忍废，道中手自抄录。使北营，留北关外，为一卷;发北关外，历吴门、毗陵，渡瓜洲，复还京口，为一卷;脱京口，趋真州、扬州、高邮、泰州、通州，为一卷;自海道至永嘉、来三山，为一卷。将藏之于家，使来者读之，悲予志焉。 呜呼!予之生也幸，而幸生也何所为?求乎为臣，主辱，臣死有馀僇;所求乎为子，以父母之遗体行殆，而死有余责。将请罪于君，君不许;请罪于母，母不许;请罪于先人之墓。生无以救国，死犹为厉鬼以击贼，义也;赖天之灵、宗庙之福，修我戈矛，从王于师，以为前驱，雪九庙之耻，复高祖之业，所谓“誓不与贼俱生”，所谓“鞠躬尽力，死而后已”，亦义也。嗟夫!若予者，将无往而不得死所矣。向也，使予委骨于草莽，予虽浩然无所愧怍，然微以自文于君亲，君亲其谓予何?诚不自意返吾衣冠，重见日月，
Unit1 Section A 公交司机和乘客一起救护老人 昨天上午9点钟，当26路公交车在中华路行驶的途中，司机看到一位老人正躺在路中，一位妇女正在老人身边大声呼救。 这位24岁的公交司机王平，没有丝毫的犹豫就停下了车。他从车上下来，询问那位妇女发生了什么事。她说这位老人有心脏病，需要送往医院。王先生知道他必须马上行动起来。他告诉（车上的）乘客他必须送老人去医院。他希望大多数或者全部乘客下车等下一班车。但令他惊讶的是，所有的乘客都同意和他一起去（医院）。部分乘客帮助王先生把老人搬到车上。 多亏了王先生和乘客们，医生们及时挽救了那位老人。一位乘客说：“许多人不想帮助别人是令人痛心的，因为他们不想惹上麻烦。但是这位公交车司机没有考虑自己，他只考虑去救人。” SectionB 他失去了胳膊但是仍然登山 阿伦罗尔斯顿是一位对登山感兴趣的美国人。作为一名登山者，阿伦习惯于冒险。这是他做的刺激的危险运动之一。有好多次因为事故，阿伦险些丢掉性命。在2003年的4月26日，当他在尤他州登山的时候，他发现自己陷入了非常危险的境地。 在那一天，当阿伦独自在山里登山时，他的胳膊被一块2000千克的石头压在了下面。因为他的胳膊拿不出来，所以他在那里困了五天，希望有人能够发现他。但是当他的水喝光以后，他知道他将不得不做点事情来挽救自己的生命。那时他还不准备死。所以他用刀子切除了自己一半的右臂。然后，用左胳膊对自己进行了包扎，以至于不会失血过多。完成这些以后，他爬下山，寻求帮助。 失去胳膊以后，他写了一本书《在顽石与绝境之间》。这就意味着你在一个艰难的似乎无法走出的境地中。在这本书中，阿伦讲述了做正确决定的重要性，以及掌握命运的重要性。他对登山的挚爱如此的强烈以至于经过这次经历后，他仍然继续登山。 我们有和阿伦一样的勇气吗？让我们在发现自己处在一个“顽石与绝地间”的境地前考虑一下，在我们不得不做出生与死的选择前考虑一下。 Unit2 SectionA 学生志愿者 来自河畔高中的马里奥格林和玛丽布朗每周拿出几小时去帮忙朋友。 马里奥喜欢动物，想成为一名兽医。每周六的上午，他在一家动物医院做义工。马里奥相信通过做义工能够帮助他得到将来梦想的工作。他说：“做义工是一项艰苦的工作，但是我想了解更多关于如何照顾动物的知识。当我看到动物们变得健康以及它们的主人脸上的快乐表情时，我就有一种强烈的满足感。” 玛丽是一位读书爱好者。在她四岁的时候，就能够自己读书。去年，她决定尝试做一个课后读书活动的志愿者。她仍然在那里一周一次帮助儿童们学习读书。“儿童们坐在图书馆里，但是你能在他们眼睛里看到，通过每一本新书，他们正在踏上不同的旅途。在这里做义工，对我来说实现了梦想。我能做我喜欢做的事情并且同时可以帮助比尔呢。”
指南录后序文言文翻译及注释 《指南录后序》是南宋文天祥为《指南录》所作的一篇序文。该文简略概括地叙述了作者出使元营、面斥敌酋汉奸、被扣押冒死逃脱、颠沛流离、万死南归的冒险经历，反映了民族英雄文天祥坚定不移的战斗意志、忠贞不屈的民族气节和生死不渝的爱国激情。其文被收录在苏教版语文必修三专题三。指南录后序文言文翻译及注释是如何呢?本文是整理的指南录后序文言文翻译及注释资料，仅供参考。 指南录后序文言文原文指南录后序 作者：文天祥 德祐二年二月十九日，予除右丞相兼枢密使，都督诸路军马。时北兵已迫修门外，战、守、迁皆不及施。缙绅、大夫、士萃于左丞相府，莫知计所出。会使辙交驰，北邀当国者相见，众谓予一行为可以纾祸。国事至此，予不得爱身;意北亦尚可以口舌动也。初，奉使往来，无留北者，予更欲一觇北，归而求救国之策。于是，辞相印不拜，翌日，以资政殿学士行。 初至北营，抗辞慷慨，上下颇惊动，北亦未敢遽轻吾国。不幸吕师孟构恶于前，贾余庆献谄于后，予羁縻不得还，国事遂不可收拾。予自度不得脱，则直前诟虏帅失信，数吕师孟叔侄为逆，但欲求死，不复顾利害。北虽貌敬，实则愤怒，二贵酋名曰“馆伴”，夜则以兵围所寓舍，而予不得归矣。 未几，贾余庆等以祈请使诣北。北驱予并往，而不在使者之目。
予分当引决，然而隐忍以行。昔人云：“将以有为也”。至京口，得间奔真州，即具以北虚实告东西二阃，约以连兵大举。中兴机会，庶几在此。留二日，维扬帅下逐客之令。不得已，变姓名，诡踪迹，草行露宿，日与北骑相出没于长淮间。穷饿无聊，追购又急，天高地迥，号呼靡及。已而得舟，避渚洲，出，然后渡扬子江，入洋，展转四明、天台，以至于永嘉。 呜呼!予之及于死者不知其几矣!诋大酋当死;骂逆贼当死;与贵酋处二十日，争曲直，屡当死;去京口，挟匕首以备不测，几自刭死;经北舰十余里，为巡船所物色，几从鱼腹死;真州逐之城门外，几徬徨死;如，过瓜洲扬子桥，竟使遇哨，无不死;城下，进退不由，殆例送死;坐桂公塘土围中，骑数千过其门，几落贼手死;贾家庄几为巡徼所陵迫死;夜趋高邮，迷失道，几陷死;质明，避哨竹林中，逻者数十骑，几无所救死;至高邮，制府檄下，几以捕系死;行城子河，出入乱尸中，舟与哨相后先，几邂逅死;至海陵，如高沙，常恐无辜死;道海安、如皋，凡三百里，北与寇往来其间，无日而非可死;至通州，几以不纳死;以小舟涉鲸波出，无可奈何，而死固付之度外矣!呜呼!死生，昼夜事也，死而死矣，而境界危恶，层见错出，非人世所堪。痛定思痛，痛何如哉! 予在患难中，间以诗记所遭，今存其本，不忍废，道中手自抄录。使北营，留北关外，为一卷;发北关外，历吴门、毗陵，渡瓜洲，复还京口，为一卷;脱京口，趋真州、、高邮、、通州，为一卷;自海道至永嘉、来三山，为一卷。将藏之于家，使来者读之，悲予志焉。
M1U2Home alone Act One Mom and Dad arrive back from vacation a day earlier than expected. The curtains are closed and the living room is dark when Mom and Dad enter. Dad: It’s so nice to be home! Mom: Yes, I can’t wait to surprise the boys! Suddenly the door opens and a soccer ball flies through the room. Eric runs in after it, followed by a big dog, walking very slowly. Eric: Mom! Dad! You’re back early! (looking around room, sounding frightened) But, but … you weren’t supposed to come home until tomorrow! The dog slowly walks to Mom and Dad. Mom: (bending to touch dog) Eric, he’s so tired and hungry! (looking at table) The money for dog food is gone, but Spot looks like he is starving! What did you do with the cash we left? Dad: And look at this room—garbage all over the place! Where is your brother? (shouting angrily) Daniel! Daniel: (running into room) Mom, Dad, I can explain … Dad opens the curtains and light comes into the room. The room is in a mess, with pizza boxes on the floor and dirty dishes in the sink. In the corner, there is a garbage can around which are pieces of garbage and waste paper. Mom and Dad both turn towards Daniel. Dad: (sounding very angry) Listen to me, young man—we left you in charge! We thought you could act like an adult, but look at the mess! I don’t know why the house is so dirty ... Mom: Daniel, we thought you were an adult, a person who would make good decisions ... Dad: How can we trust you any mo re? We won’t tolerate such behavior in our house! Daniel: (shouting) Stop shouting at me. I’m still a teenager! Why is everything always my fault? Daniel runs into his bedroom and shuts the door angrily. Mom and Dad look at each other as lights go out. End of Act One Act Two, Scene One Daniel and Eric’s bedroom. Eric sits on his bed. Daniel has his arms crossed and looks upset. Daniel: They never even gave me a chance to defend myself. I hate them! Eric: You don’t h ate them. I can tell them we had an emergency. Then they won’t be mad any more. Daniel: No, don’t tell them anything. Anyhow, they didn’t trust me. They don’t deserve an explanation. Let them think what they want. Eric: But Daniel, if they knew that Spot was sick and we used the money to take him to the clinic ... Daniel: And that we spent all of yesterday waiting there for him, and that is why we had no time to clean the house ... but no, Eric, why didn’t they ask me what happened instead of shouting at me? Act Two, Scene Two
四年级下学期英语课文中文翻译 Lesson 1: Sara：你喜欢音乐吗，阳阳？ 阳阳：是的，我喜欢。我非常喜欢音乐。我听各种各样的音乐。但我最喜欢流行歌曲。 Sara：我也喜欢流行歌曲。但我最喜欢高雅音乐。我会钢琴。 阳阳：我会小提琴。有时间我们一起玩。 Lesson 2： 果果：你养宠物吗，玲玲？ 玲玲：不，我不养。但我喜欢猫。猫都很安静。猫也很可爱。 果果：我喜欢狗。狗是我们的好朋友。狗对我们帮助很大。 玲玲：是的。但狗太吵了。狗见了陌生人会叫。 Lesson 3： 爸爸：放学后你喜欢做什么，麦克？ 麦克：我喜欢做飞机模型。 爸爸：将来你想做什么? 麦克：我长大后想开真飞机。有朝一日我想飞到月球和火星。 爸爸：那也就是说你想当宇航员。你真棒！ Lesson 5： 妈妈：你怎么了，宝宝？ 宝宝：我觉得不舒服。我头很疼，妈妈。 妈妈：恐怕你是病了。你需要去看病。 宝宝：今天我不能上学了，太糟糕了。 Lesson 6： 宝宝：医生，我觉得不舒服。我头疼得厉害。 医生：唉！你发高烧了。张开嘴说“啊---”。 宝宝：你需要给我验血吗？ 医生：恐怕需要。你得了流感。这种药每天吃三次。你很快就会康复的。Lesson 7： 医生：你怎么了？ 麦克：我的右腿伤得很严重，医生。 医生：我来看看。哪疼啊？ 麦克：膝盖附近疼。 医生：恐怕我们需要拍一个X光片。
Lesson 9： 麦克：对不起，你能告诉我去图书馆的路吗？ 男人：哦，好的。就在那栋棕色楼的五层。 麦克：是在楼梯的右边还是左边呢？ 男人：在右边的第三个房间。 麦克：太谢谢你了。 男人；我很乐意。 Lesson 10： 女人：对不起。我正在找医院。我怎么才能到那呢？ 毛毛：就在附近。你看到那座有一个白色十字的灰色大楼了吗？ 女人：看到了。在那座红色大楼的右边。 毛毛：我正好顺路。我带你去吧。 女人：你太好了。真谢谢你。 毛毛：不客气。 Lesson 11： 女人：对不起，请问车站在哪啊？远吗？ 果果：不远。继续往前开车然后左转。你会在你的右边看见一个标志。 女人：我看到了。我应该先往前开然后左转。我会在我的右边看见一个标志。果果：是的。那个标志是红色和黄色的。你一定能看见。 女人：多谢。祝你一天过得愉快。 果果：你也是。 Lesson 15： 果果：五一就要到了。我们也叫它劳动节。在五月一日。 Sara：但是在美国劳动节是在九月的第一个星期一。 果果：在中国，劳动节是一个劳动人民的节日。那天你要干什么？ Sara：我们要去参观长城。 Lesson 16： 玲玲：儿童节就要到了。在六月一号。 麦克：儿童节你干什么？ 玲玲：全国的孩子们都庆祝这个节日。在那一天我们去电影院，公园，和博物馆。我们也会收到父母送的礼物。 麦克：我们学校每年都举办聚会吗？ 玲玲：是的。你们肯定会过得很愉快的。 Lesson 17：
Directorate-General for Translation European Commission
HOW TO WRITE CLEARLY This booklet is intended for all writers of English at the European Commission. Whether your job is drafting or translating, here are some hints – not rules – that will help you to write clearly and make sure your message ends up in your readers’ brains, not in their bins. Put the reader first page 2 Use verbs, not nouns page 3 page 4 abstract not Concrete, passive 5 page not Active, Whodunnit? Name the agent page 6 Making sense – managing stress page 7 KISS: Keep It Short…. page 8 page Simple 9 … and False friends … page 10 pitfalls page 11 other and … References page 12
Put the reader first There are three groups of people likely to read Commission documents: 1. EU insiders (colleagues in the Commission or other institutions) 2. outside specialists 3. the general public. The third group is by far the largest and most important. As more Commission documents are made accessible to the general public, criticism of FOG will increase. Always bear in mind the people you're writing for: not your committee, your boss, or the reviser of your translations, but the end users. They are in a hurry. Don't overestimate their knowledge, interest or patience. Whatever the type of document - legislation, a technical report, minutes, a press release or speech - you can enhance its impact by writing clearly. Try to see your subject matter from your readers' point of view; try to involve them ("you" is an under-used word in Commission documents); and try not to bore them. You can avoid irritating half your readers by replacing gender-specific words (replace "layman" by "lay person"; "salesgirl" by "sales assistant"; "workman" by "worker"). Avoid "he, she/ his, her" by using "they/ their" instead.
人教版七年级上册英语课文翻译 P4 Daming and I’ｍin Class One. I’ｍfrom China and I’ｍChinese. I’ｍfrom Beiji My name’ｓ my friend. ng. Beijing is a big city. Lingling’ｓ in my class. She’ｓ Lingling. I’ｍnot from England and I’ｍnot English. I’ｍChinese. I’ｍin Class O My name’ｓ in my class. W from Beijing and he’ｓ ne. Daming is my friend. We’re twelve years old. He’ｓ e’re good friends. Wang Hui and I’ｍChinese. I’ｍfrom Shanghai. I’ｍthirteen years old. I’ｍin Cl My name’ｓ ass One with Daming and Lingling. They are my friends. 我的名字叫大明，和我在一班。我来自中国，和我是中国人。我来自北京。北京是个大城市。 玲玲在我的班。她是我的朋友。 我的名字叫玲玲。我不是来自英国，和我也不是英国人。我是中国人。我在一班。大明是我 的朋友。我们12岁了。他来自北京，和他在我的班。我们是好朋友。 我的名字叫王辉，和我是中国人。我不是来自北京。我来自上海。我13岁了。我在一班和大明、玲玲。他们是我的朋友。 P8 Miss Li: Please welcome Betty and Tony to our school. They are from Beijing International School. This is Betty. Betty. I’ｍfrom America. I’ｍ13 years old and I’ｍ a student. I ca Betty: Hello. My name’ｓ speak Chinese. Th n play football and I can play basketball. I can speak English but I can’ｔ my friend. is is Tony. He’ｓ Tony. I’ｍ11 years old. I’ｍfrom England and I can speak English Tony: Hello. My name’ｓ . I can play football and table tennis, and I can ride a bike. Lingling: Can you swim? speak Chinese! Tony: No, I can’t. And I can’ｔ 李小姐：请欢迎贝蒂和托尼来我们学校。他们来自北京国际学校。这是贝蒂。 贝蒂：你好。我的名字叫贝蒂。我来自美国。我十三岁，和我是一个学生。我能踢足球，和 我能打篮球。我能说英语但是我不能说汉语。这是托尼。他是我的朋友 托尼：你好。我的名字叫托尼。我十一岁了。我来自英国，和我能说英语。我能踢足球和打 乒乓球，和我能骑一辆车。
人教版七年级上册英语课文中文翻译完整版 预习单元1—3 Starter Unit 1 Section A 1a 早上好，海伦！嗨，鲍勃！早上好，艾丽斯！喂，弗兰克！喂，埃里克！早上好，戴尔！ Section B 1 下午好，戴尔！嗨，辛蒂！你好吗？我很好，多谢。你好吗？我很好。 Self Check 1 嗨喂上午下午晚上好的好谢谢好的 4 年龄手他床Just for Fun 晚上好！ Starter Unit 2 Section A 1b 这用英语怎么说？一张地图。一个橙子。 Section B 1a 用英语说这是什么？一把钥匙。请拼一下。 Self Check 3夹克衫艾丽斯地图钥匙橙子戴尔海伦格雷斯辛蒂鲍勃钢笔弗兰克被子埃里克尺子 4 名字能他腿美好的牛奶去狗 Starter Unit 3 Section A 1a 这是什么？它是字母V。它是什么颜色的？它是红色的。这是什么？它是字母Z。它是黑白相间的。 Section B 1b 这把钥匙是黄色的。这把尺子是蓝色的。这支钢笔是红色的。Self Check 它是绿色的。 字母意思（铅笔芯）硬黑激光唱片英国广播公司停车（美国）全国篮球协会千克小号/中号/大号不明飞行物中央电视台联合国
一单元 Section A 1a 我是吉娜。见到你真高兴。 Grammer Foucs 你的名字是什么？我的名字是詹妮。我是詹妮。他的名字是什么？他的名字是托尼。她的名字是什么？她的名字是吉娜。 Section B 1c 你的电话号码是什么，李欣？是281-6926。 3b 她的电话号码是什么？她的姓氏是什么？她的名字是什么？ Self Check 1 我她是身份证什么我的喂你的他的她的名姓电话号码 Just for Fun你的名是什么？ZIG。你的姓是什么？ZAG。 二单元 Section A 1a 那是你的双肩背包吗？不，不是。它是他的双肩背包。这是你的铅笔吗？是的，它是。它是我的铅笔。这是你的尺子吗？不，不是。它是她的尺子。铅笔钢笔书橡皮擦尺子铅笔盒书包卷笔刀词典 2b 请原谅，索尼亚。这是你的铅笔吗？是的，谢谢。那是我的橡皮。简，这是你的尺子吗？不，不是。它是她的尺子。好的，这是我的书。这是你的铅笔盒，简。 Section B 1a 棒球手表电子游戏机身份证钥匙笔记本戒指钢笔 1b 这是什么？一块手表。你怎样拼写它？…… 3a 这是你的手表吗？给艾伦打电话495—3539。艾伦，失物招领箱中的电子游戏是你的吗？尼克招领：笔记本这是你的笔记本吗？请给玛丽打电话。电话#235—0285。寻物：我的学生证。我的名字是托尼。请打电话685
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 中考文言文《后序》全文详细翻译 《指南录》后序 作者：文天祥 德祐二年二月十九日，我被任命为右丞相兼枢密使，统一指挥各路兵马。当时元军已迫近都门外，战、守、迁都来不及安排了。大小官员都聚集在左丞相的府中，都想不出办法来。恰巧(双方)使者车马往来频繁，元军方面邀请我方主持国事的人相见，大家认为我走一趟可以解除(国家)祸患。国事到了这个地步，我顾不得爱惜自己的身躯，(而且)我料想元军方面还是可以用言语说服的。过去，我们的使者往来，也没有被扣留在元军里面的，我更想(借此机会)察看一下元军方面的情况，以便回来制定救国的策略。于是，就辞去丞相职位不就任，第二天，用资政殿学士(的身分)前往。 德祐二年二月十九日，予除右丞相兼枢密使，都督诸路军马。时北兵已迫修门外，战、守、迁皆不及施。缙绅、大夫、士萃于左丞相府，莫知计所出。会使辙交驰，北邀当国者相见，众谓予一行为可以纾祸。国事至此，予不得爱身;意北亦尚可以口舌动也。初，奉使往来，无留北者，予更欲一觇北，归而求救国之策。于是辞相印不拜，翌日，以资政殿学士行。 刚到元军军营的时候，我激昂慷慨地说着抗争的话，(元军)上上下下的人都很震惊，元人也不敢一下子轻视我国。不幸的是先有叛将吕师孟与我结仇，后有贾余庆(向对方)讨好献媚，我被软禁起来不能回国，国事也就不可收拾。我估计脱不了身，就理直气壮地骂元军统帅不守信用，谴责吕师孟叔侄的叛国罪行。(我)只想求死，不再顾念(个人)安危。元军方面虽然表面上尊敬我，实际上(对我)很愤怒。(派来)两个高级头目，名义上是招待使臣的人，夜里却用兵包围我的住所，因此我就不能回国了。过了不久，贾余庆等以祈请使的身份到元朝国都去;元人逼我同他们一起走，但我不在使者之列。我按理应当自杀，但还是暗中忍耐着跟随他们出发。古人说：“(忍辱不死)是准备凭借这个有所作为啊!” 初至北营，抗辞慷慨，上下颇惊动，北亦未敢遽轻吾国。不幸吕师孟构恶于前，贾余庆献谄于后，予羁縻不得还，国事遂不可收拾。予自度不得脱，则直前诟虏帅失信，数吕师孟叔侄为逆。但欲求死，不复顾利害。北虽貌敬，实则愤怒。二贵酋名曰馆伴，夜则以兵围所寓舍，而予不得归矣。未几，贾余庆
搜索代码：短语1分词2 不定式完成时 3 with结构 4 句型 5 M1U1 SCHOOL life in the UK Going to a British high school for one year was a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me. I was very happy with the school hours in Britain because school starts around 9 a.m. and ends about 3.30 p.m. This means I could get up an hour later than usual as schools in China begin before 8 a.m. On the first day, all of the new students attended an assembly in the school hall. I sat next to a girl whose name is Diane. We soon became best friends. During the assembly, the headmaster told us about the rules of the school. He also told us that the best way to earn respect was to devote oneself to study and achieve high grades. This sounded like my school in China. I had many teachers in the past year. Mr. Heywood , my class teacher, was very helpful. My favorite teacher was Miss Burke—I loved the lessons that she gave in English Literature. In our class there were 28 students. This is about the average size for British schools. We had to move to different classrooms for different classes. We also had different students in some classes, so it was a struggle for me to remember all the faces and names. I found the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school, but it was a bit challenging for me at firs t because all the homework was in English. I felt lucky as all my teachers gave me much encouragement and I enjoyed all my subjects: English, History, English Literature, Computer Science, Maths, Science, PE, Art, Cooking and French. My English improved a lot as I used English every day and spent an hour each day reading English books in the library.I usually went to the Computer Club during the lunch break, so I could send e-mails to my family and friends back home for free. I also had an extra French class on Tuesday evenings. Cooking was really fun as I learned how to buy, prepare and cook food. At the end of term we held a class party and we all had to cook something. I was glad that all my classmates were fond of the cake that I made. Students at that school have to study Maths, English and Science, but can stop studying some and French. They can choose other subjects subjects if they don’t like them, for example, History like Art and Computer Science or Languages such as Spanish and German. In the Art class that I very beautiful when it was finished, I still took, I made a small sculpture. Though it didn’t look liked it very much. I missed Chinese food a lot at lunch. British food is very different. British people like eating dessert at the end of their main meal. After lunch, we usually played on the school field. Sometimes I played football with the boys. Sometimes I just relaxed under a tree or sat on the grass. I was very lucky to experience this different way of life. I look back on my time in the UK with satisfaction, and I really hope to go back and study in Manchester again. 在英国的学校生活 在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。我很喜欢英国中学的作息时间，因为学校每天上午大约9点上课，下午大约3点半放学。这意味着我每天可以比以往 晚一个小时起床，因为在中国学校每天上午8点之前就开始上课了。
人教新版英语级上册课 文中文翻译 Document serial number【NL89WT-NY98YT-NC8CB-NNUUT-NUT108】
五年级英语课文 第一单元 第1课 1、刘老师：你们好，孩子们。我们班来了两个新朋友。鲍勃和周培， 到这儿来。到前面来。 2、鲍勃：大家好！我是鲍勃。我11岁。我来自英国。 3、周：上午好！我是周培。我10岁了。我来自北京。 4、同学们：欢迎来到我们班！ 5、两人：谢谢你们！ 6、刘老师：鲍勃和周培，请你们回到座位。现在，让我们开始上课 吧。
第2课 1、我是鲍勃。我11岁。我来自英国。 2、我是本，10岁。来自英国。 3、贝蒂，11岁，来自澳大利亚。 4、比尔，12岁，来自新西兰 5、
1、周：你好，我叫周培。你叫什么名字？ 2、 3、帕特里克：我叫格林。帕特里克。 4、周：你在哪班？ 5、帕特里克：我再五年三班。你呢？ 6、周：我再五年一班。 7、帕特里克：哦，我们在同一年级。让我们成为朋友吧。 8、周：好的！你住哪？ 9、帕特里克：我住在格林路。 10、周：格林路你家门牌号是多少 11、 12、帕特里克：23号。你呢？ 13、周：噢，我们住在紫色大街46号。 14、帕特里克：噢，我们彼此住的很近！让我们一起回家吧。 13、周：好的。我们走吧！
1、你叫什么名字？ 2、我叫周培。 3、你在几班？ 4、我在五年一班。 5、你住哪儿？ 6、我住在格林路。 7、我住在紫色大街46号。 8、我叫鲍勃。 9、我在五年一班。 10、我住格林路34号 11、我叫琳达。 12、我在五年二班。 13、我住苹果大街48号。 14、你呢？
指南录后序原文及翻译 指南录后序 〔宋〕文天祥 原文: 德佑二年二月十九日，予除右丞相兼枢密使，都督诸路军马。时北兵已迫修门外，战、守、迁皆不及施。缙绅、大夫、士萃于左丞相府，莫知计所出。会使辙交驰，北邀当国者相见，众谓予一行为可以纾祸。国事至此，予不得爱身;意北亦尚可以口舌动也。初，奉使往来，无留北者，予更欲一觇北，归而求救国之策。于是，辞相印不拜，翌日，以资政殿学士行。 初至北营，抗辞慷慨，上下颇惊动，北亦未敢遽轻吾国。不幸吕师孟构恶于前，贾余庆献谄于后，予羁縻不得还，国事遂不可收拾。予自度不得脱，则直前诟虏帅失信，数吕师孟叔侄为逆，但欲求死，不复顾利害。北虽貌敬，实则愤怒，二贵酋名曰“馆伴”，夜则以兵围所寓舍，而予不得归矣。 未几，贾余庆等以祈请使诣北。北驱予并往，而不在使者之目。予分当引决，然而隐忍以行。昔人云:“将以有为也”。至京口，得间奔真州，即具以北虚实告东西二阃，约以连兵大举。中兴机会，庶几在此。留二日，维扬帅下逐客之令。不得已，变姓名，诡踪迹，草行露宿，日与北骑相出没于长淮间。穷饿无聊，追购又急，天高地迥，号呼靡及。已而得舟，避渚洲，出北海，然后渡扬子江，入苏州洋，展转四明、天台，以至于永嘉。 呜呼～予之及于死者不知其几矣～诋大酋当死;骂逆贼当死;与贵酋处二十日，争曲直，屡当死;去京口，挟匕首以备不测，几自刭死;经北舰十余里，为巡船所物色，几从鱼腹死;真州逐之城门外，几旁徨死;如扬州，过瓜洲扬子桥，竟使遇哨，无不死;扬州城下，进退不由，殆例送死;坐桂公塘土围中，骑数千过其门，几落贼
手死;贾家庄几为巡徼所陵迫死;夜趋高邮，迷失道，几陷死;质明，避哨竹林中，逻者数十骑，几无所救死;至高邮，制府檄下，几以捕系死;行城子河，出入乱尸中，舟与哨相后先，几邂逅死;至海陵，如高沙，常恐无辜死;道海安、如皋，凡三百里，北与寇往来其间，无日而非可死;至通州，几以不纳死;以小舟涉鲸波出，无可奈何，而死固付之度外矣～呜呼～死生，昼夜事也，死而死矣，而境界危恶，层见错出，非人世所堪。痛定思痛，痛何如哉～ 予在患难中，间以诗记所遭，今存其本，不忍废，道中手自抄录。使北营，留北关外，为一卷;发北关外，历吴门、毗陵，渡瓜洲，复还京口，为一卷;脱京口，趋真州、扬州、高邮、泰州、通州，为一卷;自海道至永嘉、来三山，为一卷。将藏之于家，使来者读之，悲予志焉。 呜呼～予之生也幸，而幸生也何所为,求乎为臣，主辱，臣死有馀僇;所求乎为子，以父母之遗体行殆，而死有余责。将请罪于君，君不许;请罪于母，母不许;请罪于先人之墓。生无以救国，死犹为厉鬼以击贼，义也;赖天之灵、宗庙之福，修我戈矛，从王于师，以为前驱，雪九庙之耻，复高祖之业，所谓“誓不与贼俱生”，所谓“鞠躬尽力，死而后已”，亦义也。嗟夫～若予者，将无往而不得死所矣。向也，使予委骨于草莽，予虽浩然无所愧怍，然微以自文于君亲，君亲其谓予何,诚不自意返吾衣冠，重见日月，使旦夕得正丘首，复何憾哉～复何憾哉～是年夏五，改元景炎，庐陵文天祥自序其诗，名曰《指南录》。 ——选自《四部丛刊》本《文山先生全集》 译文: 德佑二年二月十九日，我受任右丞相兼枢密使，统率全国各路兵马。当时元兵已经逼近都城北门外，交战、防守、转移都来不及做了。满朝大小官员会集在左丞相吴坚家里，都不知道该怎么办。正当双方使者的车辆往来频繁，元军邀约宋朝主持国事的人前去相见，大家认为我去一趟就可以解除祸患。国事到了这种地步，我
必修二Module 1 Zhou Kai (1) 周凯（1） 周凯的妈妈看到他没有穿夹克衫就往前门走去时，她担心地盯着周凯，问道 "周凯，上哪儿去呀" "去公园踢球，"周凯说。 "下着雨呢!会得重感冒的，"妈妈说。 "不会的，没事，"周凯边说边开门。 "周凯，你会生病的，肯定会的。你至少可以去拿上你的夹克衫。 "好吧，好吧，"周凯听话地带了件夹克，走了出去。 Zhou Kai (2) 周凯（2） 我妈妈总是想方设法让我们吃得健康，新鲜水果和蔬菜是我们食谱中很重要的一部分。我们家靠近大海，一周吃四次鱼。脂肪和糖分的摄取不是很多。学校里很多同学每天都吃:甜食，我很幸运我不喜好甜食,我宁愿吃一块 (一片)美味的水果。我不是很胖，所以;我不必节食，也不必做其他类似的事情。 我很健康。很少感冒。不过很少见的是上周得了重感冒还有点发烧。但那是因为我真是够蠢的，居然在雨中踢足球。我也不常染上流感。去年冬天全班同学儿乎都得了流感---我却幸免了。我认为我不会得这些病，因为我经常锻炼，很健康。两年前我在踢球时胳膊骨折了。伤口疼得厉害，胳膊一个月不能动，太讨厌了。 从我上面的话你可以看出，我是个普通的人。不过有一件事我非常喜爱-----我对足球太着迷了。我是班上足球队的队长，也是高中球队的球员。正因为如此，我确保自己的合理膳食，我早就说过，这没问题，妈妈照顾我们吃得真是太好了。
必修二Module 2 Article 1文章一 我叫亚当?鲁斯，19岁。我曾经是个瘾君子， 15岁时我开始尝试毒品。我从街上一个男人手中购买大麻，大约有六个月我一直从这个人手里买大麻。一天他给了我一些纯可卡因。 Article 2文章二 可卡因是一种极容易使人上瘾的毒品。有些毒品使用者注射可卡因，有些则吸人体内。两种途径都很危险。如果那些注射毒品的人和其他吸毒者共用针头的话，他们会面临更多危险。 1. 强效纯可卡因是最能让人上瘾的一种可卡因。毒品使用者如果直接吸入体内的话会更容易上瘾。吸入的方式可以让可卡因很快进入大脑。 2. 当我回到那个男人那儿的时候，我向他要更多的强效纯可卡因。他向我要很多的钱。我的钱不够，所以他就再也不给我毒品了。我痛苦得要命。 3. 第二天我闯进一户人家，偷了一台电视机和一台录像机。我把它们带给那个贩毒的人。他让我把这些东西送到附近一条街的一家商店。店里的人给了我一些钱。我把钱给了贩毒者，他又给了我一些强效纯可卡因。 4.使用可卡因能够加快心脏速率、增高血压。所以可卡因吸毒者常患心脏病。吸食强效纯可卡因也会导致引起反社会的行为。 5. 到此时我己经对强效纯可卡因上了瘾。要是我不使用，就会难受极了。我不得不每天行窃以购买毒品。终于有一天我被带到了警察局。 6. 第二天，一位医生来看我。他告诉我要是不停止吸食强效纯可卡因就有可能会死去的，我听取了医生的劝告，立刻停了。现在我在一所戒毒中心工作，帮助其他人戒毒。