Chapter 1
Introduction
Discussion Questions
1.In the domestic case, accounting is an information service that provides financial
information about a domestic entity to domestic users of that information. International
accounting is distinctive in that the entity being reported on is either a multinational
company with operations and transactions that transcend national boundaries or involves an entiiy with reporting obligations to readers who are located outside the reporting
entity’s country of domicile.
2.Advantage: Some might argue that measurement, disclosure, and external auditing are
three distinct (although related) processes, involving different members of the company.
For example, corporate attorneys often are involved in disclosure issues, but seldom
intervene in measurement issues. The Board of Directors works with the external auditors but not necessarily with the comptroller s office. Thus, discussion of accounting
requirements and voluntary accounting choices in different jurisdictions is simplified by focusing on the three components of accounting. Disadvantage: measurement, disclosure and auditing are interdependent, and should not be viewed in isolation of one another. A company choosing to disclose as little as possible, for example, may use accounting
measurement approaches that reduce the information content of financial statements, and select an external auditor who will be relatively lenient in enforcing accounting
requirements. One alternative classification might include accounting (measurement and disclosure), and auditing. A second classification might include financial reporting
(annual and interim reporting, regulatory filings) and ad hoc disclosure (press releases,
analyst meetings, etc). Any classification is arbitrary, and potentially useful depending on its purpose.
3.Factors contributing to the internationalization of the subject of accounting include: the
growth and spread of multinational operations around the world, the phenomenon of
global competition, the increasing number of cross-border mergers and acquisitions that
occur almost daily, continued advances in information technology, and the
internationalization of the world’s capital markets.
4.International trade involves importing and exporting activities. The major accounting
issue associated with foreign trade involves accounting for foreign currency transactions.
Foreign direct investment, on the other hand, involves conducting operations abroad.
This activity exposes accountants to a new set of issues that run the gamut from having to consolidate foreign currency accounts based on diverse measurement rules to issues of
evaluating the performance of foreign subsidiary managers.
5.Students will overwhelmingly argue in favor of harmonization. This is probably a good
starting point for the course. After they are introduced to the chapters leading up to
Chapter 8, some may no longer feel that harmonization is necessarily the answer to all of their international accounting problems.
6.Recent developments such as the growth and spread of multinational operations,
Internationalization of the world’s capital markets, increased cross border mergers and
acquisitions, the phenomenon of global competition and financial innovation have
increased reader dependence on foreign financial statements. An understanding of
accounting differences and their effect on reported measures of profitability, efficiency, solvency and liquidity are critical if proper decisions are to be made. International
accounting issues have become more complex in recent years for several reasons.
Financial transactions are becoming more complex, affecting both national and
international accounting. For example, the use of complex financial instruments and
developing accounting standards for these exotic instruments has been problematic.
Global financial markets also are becoming more volatile, leading to large changes in asset and balance sheet amounts (such as related to investments) and major sources of income and expense. The related accounting issues are difficult. The growing
internationalization of business also promotes complexity. Foreign currency transactions and translation have been troublesome accounting issues for years, and are becoming more important as cross-border business and finance increase. Also, differences in
national accounting principles potentially are more troublesome as business becomes more international. However, as convergence efforts worldwide accelerate, and more and more companies and countries adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), complexity arising from differences in national accounting principles will decrease.
7.Examples of external reporting issues include:
a. Does translation from one set of measurement rules to another change the
information content of the original message?
b. Should accounts of foreign operations be translated to parent currency when
consolidated statements are prepared?
c. Which exchange rates should be employed when translating from one currency to
another?
Examples of internal reporting issues include:
a. Which exchange rates should be used for budgeting purposes?
b. Should foreign managers be evaluated in terms of parent currency or the local
currency of the country in which the manager operates?
c. Which prices should one use when transferring goods or services between
members of the multinational enterprise- cost, market, cost-plus or some other
metric?
8.Global capital market activities and transactions reach beyond single political or legal
jurisdictions. For example, global capital market transactions include the following: (1) an American tourist buying Australian dollars for travel purposes in the South Pacific; (2)
a Japanese insurance company buying German government bonds as an investment; and
(3) a Nigerian agricultural development project receiving cash subsidies from the
European Union (EU).
The international equities market is one global capital market. A second such market covers foreign exchange transactions, that is, when one national currency is exchanged into, traded forward, hedged, swapped, or otherwise converted to another national
currency. This market is estimated at hundreds of billions of U.S. dollars per day. The total world foreign exchange market is the largest market on earth. The international bond market is still another global capital market. The bonds constituting this market are
underwritten by international syndicates of banks and are marketed and traded all over the world. Global capital markets are a vital part of the world economy.
9.English should be designated as the formal international accounting language. Technical
accounting terms ( terms of art) do not travel well internationally. Since technical
accounting terms often have attributed meanings (for example, generally accepted
accounting principles are neither generally accepted nor principles ), it is difficult or
impossible to translate these terms into other languages and retain their original meanings.
In other disciplines, such considerations have caused the establishment of Latin as the universal language for botanical classifications, Italian as the language for specifying the tempo (and other matters of interpretation) of musical compositions, and English as the language of electronic computing. Since accounting is used worldwide, a single
worldwide language for accounting makes sense.
Why should English be the worldwide language for accounting? English already has
become the language of world commerce and multinational business. Thus, the universal use of English in accounting would parallel a well-established business practice. Also, the accounting discipline was in many respects developed as an offshoot of Anglo-
American economics, which means that the language roots of many accounting terms and concepts are English. Among non-English speaking people, English is the most
common second language. The vast majority of the world’s accounting literature is
written in English, and nearly all international accounting conventions and conferences use English as the official language. Multinational corporations generally use English in their accounting and financial operating manuals, as well as for corporate
communications, without regard to national domiciles. Therefore, the worldwide benefits of adopting English as the universal language of accounting are likely to be greater than for any other language, and the worldwide costs are likely to be less.
10.Emerging markets are those whose financial systems are emerging from state domination
through a process of liberalization. Developed countries are those with liberalized
financial systems. Many people believe that liberalization is highly beneficial to sustained economic growth. Many different classifications of developed versus emerging market countries are used, and often the terms are not defined, although no one correct set of definitions for developed and emerging markets exists.
Students should be encouraged to suggest their own criteria as to what constitutes a
developed as opposed to an emerging market. The emerging market countries are in geographic regions that are generally not highly industrialized. But one cannot generalize here as extensive economic liberalization is taking place in these countries (in some more than in others). For example, entry barriers to foreign businesses, government regulation of banking operations, and credit controls have been eased in many of the countries once classified as “emerging.”
11.Privatizations of state-owned corporations have had dramatic effects on global capital
markets. Often, the privatized entities are large, well-known companies in which the
national government retains a large ownership interest, and retail (individual, non-
institutional) investors often are encouraged to buy shares in newly privatized entities. As
a result, the shareholder base in the market grows dramatically, investors become more
active market participants, and market capitalization increases.
Privatizations also mean that management must now compete in the market place for
market share, external capital and corporate control. In such a world, accounting systems must properly motivate managers to work toward the accomplishment of the
organization’s overall goals in an efficient manner while putting together credible
external financial statements that will enable it to secure the necessary capital to finance
corporate growth. Many of these external and internal reporting issues are covered in the balance of the chapters in this book.
12.Those opposed to outsourcing see it as a threat to domestic jobs and a form of
exploitation by companies engaged in the practice. Some even see it as a moral issue.
However, they miss the point of international trade. While outsourcing may reduce jobs in one sector, they reflect differences in comparative advantage, which ultimately makes possible greater employment in other sectors and or lower consumer prices which
increases real wealth. One need only look at higher education in America. Whereas
stenographers in the U.S. may be losing jobs to stenographers in India, more and more
Indian families are sending their children to the U.S. for their higher education,
increasing the demand for support services in the higher education sector.
A look at Exhibit 1.2 shows that over time, countries with greater exports than imports
eventually become net importers and vice versa. The importance of international
accounting will not diminish. Countries have been trading with each other since antiquity and will continue to do. Even if the volume of trade were to diminish, an unlikely event, the network of trading partners continues to expand globally and with it accounting issues associated with international trade.
Exercises
1.For steps one and two in which the idea for the Proliant ML150 is spawned in Singapore
and approved in Texas, differences in legal practices regarding rights and compensation
schemes for intellectual property development may vary between the U.S. and Singapore as the latter’s legal system has been influenced by the U.K. system. Internat ional tax
issues also surface in terms of royalty payment arrangements and their tax consequences in both Singapore and the U.S.
For step 4, language communications between Singapore and Taiwan could pose some
issues of interpretation. Production in Taiwan raises internal reporting issues such as
should exchange rate fluctuations between the Taiwanese dollar and the U.S. dollar be
incorporated into the cost of production or accounted for separately as a non-operating
foreign exchange gain or loss. In evaluating the creditworthiness of the Taiwanese
manufacturer, should the financial statements of the Taiwanese manufacturer be
translated to U.S. GAAP or not. If a ratio analysis is performed, should Taiwanese
liquidity and solvency ratios be interpreted based on U.S. financial norms or Taiwanese
norms?
For step 5, should clients in Southeast Asian countries be charged identical prices or
should prices be flexed for differences in exchange rates, transportation arrangements and “facilitating” payments. What legal issues are raised in the case of bribes expected on the part of commercial buyers and how would these payments be treated under the U.S.
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act?
2. A suggested index might look like the following. The instructor should focus on the
student’s rationale for his or her rating as some students may have more knowledge of
specific country developments than others and students will naturally exhibit different
degrees of risk-aversion.
Industrialized Countries
United States 1
Canada 1
Japan 1
United Kingdom 1
France 1
Germany 1
Italy 1
Australia 2
New Zealand 2
East Asia
Hong Kong 1
Indonesia 3
South Korea 2
Malaysia 2
Phillipines 1
Singapore 1
Taiwan 3
Thailand 2
Latin America
Argentina 2
Brazil 2
Chile 2
Colombia 2
Mexico 1
Peru 1
Venezuela 2
Middle East and Africa
Egypt 3
Israel 2
Morocco 2
South Africa 1
Turkey 2
South Asia
Bangladesh 2
India 2
Nepal 3
Pakistan 3
Sri Lanka 3
3.The compounded annual growth rate for merchandise exports from 1985 to 2005 was
approximately 8.7%. The growth rate for merchandise imports was also 8.7% . The comparable growth rates for exports of services was 9.6% over the same 20 year period.
It was 9.2% for imports. The outlook for accounting services to travel internationally are very good. Students interested in accounting careers should take note.
4.The purpose of this exercise to get students to check out the wealth of stock related
information available on the web. They will probably choose the five whose countries
are most familiar to them. Their exchanges will probably be located in highly
industrialized economies and which afford access to relatively deep pools of capital. As one example, Luxembourg has long been popular because of its accommodating listing
requirements. However, students should note that the numbers of foreign companies
listed in markets other than the NYSE have been declining. This suggests that many
issuers question the benefits of such listings, and that the benefits of a foreign listing
generally are greater in the United States. In particular, the U.S. represents a well-
established market with strong investor protection. This is especially important in a
down economy, as stringent disclosure requirements help to minimize perceived
information risk which, in turn, reduces price volatility.
5.This exercise will require that students combine certain geographic categories of
merchandise exports to achieve some comparability with Henekin’s disclosures. It would be interesting to poll students’ ex ante predictions of the correlations and have them
ponder reasons for any differences they find.
Geographic Region Merchandise Exports Geographic Sales for Heineken
Africa and Middle East 7.9% 12.6%
Asia 29.2% 9.1%
Europe 41% 65.5%
Americas 17.6% 12.7%
While correlations between percentage geographic distributions of merchandise exports
and beer sales are closer for Africa and the Middle East and for the Americas, there are
big differences in beer sales and merchandise export patterns for Asia and Europe.
Obviously one cannot generalize microeconomic behavior from macroeconomic data.
However, some students will be inclined to hypothesize similar patterns given the
popularity of beer consumption around the world. It will be fun brainstorming reasons
for the observed differences. Might observed differences be due to national differences
in consumer tastes, import restrictions and perhaps the success of national advertising
campaigns? More important, this exercise should reinforce the notion of environmental
differences as explanatory variables.
6.The geographic spread of Heineken’s revenue streams suggest that the co mpany is
exposed to foreign exchange rate risk. This complicates the process of forecasting the
company’s future earnings and resultant cash flows. Moreover, the numbers being
reported are the results of a consolidation process. The cardinal rule to remember here is that when exchange rates change, data in parent currency may change even though local currency amounts may not. For managerial accountants, the conduct of foreign
operations raises numerous issues of financial control. For example, which currency
should be used to evaluate foreign subsidiary performance, the parent currency or the
local currency? In preparing operating budgets, which exchange rate combination should be used to translate original budgets and subsequently track performance? When
planning capital expenditures, how do you factor inflation, foreign exchange rate risk and sovereign risk into measures of future project cash flows, cost of capital estimates and
planned investment outlays? Should capital budgeting decisions be made from the
project’s perspective or a company perspective? Again, this exercise is designed to raise questions that will be addressed in subsequent chapters.
7.Issues triggered by Exhibit 1-5 include :
a. What criteria are used to determine when a foreign affiliate is to be consolidated
with that of the parent company? While majority ownership is one criterion for
consolidation, do other criteria exist internationally and why?
b. When consolidating the accounts of a foreign affiliate with that of the parent
should accountants first restate the accounting measurement rules of the foreign
affiliate to the reporting requirements of the parent company or should the
reporting requirements of the affiliate’s country of domicile prevail? Which
method produces the more meaningful information for statement readers?
c. When consolidating the accounts of a foreign affiliate should the accountant
translate the currency of the affiliate to the reporting currency of the parent
company? If so, which exchange rates should be employed for each balance
sheet account? For each income statement account?
d. If fluctuating exchange rates produce foreign currency gains and losses during
the consolidation process, how should these gains and losses be accounted for?
8.The ROE ratios for Electrolux based on IFRS and U.S. GAAP was derived as follows:
IFRS U.S. GAAP
ROE 1,763/25,888 + 23,636 1,518/25,057 + 23,567
2 2
= 1,763/24,762 =1,518/24,312
9.For this exercise, we consider information provided by three stock exchanges: The
London Stock Exchange, the Deutsche Boerse and the Tokyo Stock Exchange. The
London Stock Exchange Web site (https://www.doczj.com/doc/d41988717.html,) provides highly useful information. However, under the U.K. regulatory structure, the Financial Services Authority, not the LSE, is responsible for the admission of securities to official listing and continuing obligations of listed companies.
The Deutsche Boerse (https://www.doczj.com/doc/d41988717.html,)has a 117-page document covering insider trading and required ad hoc disclosure, but nothing in any detail concerning periodic financial disclosures. There is a bar chart that claimed to show the relative transparency of the various Deutsche Boerse exchanges. Without even the most basic frame of
reference, it s hard to describe such a chart as anything but opaque.
It might be well to advise students not to investigate financial disclosure requirements for the Tokyo Stock Exchange (www.tse.or.jp). The TSE does not have independent
financial disclosure requirements. Rather, companies must conform with the
requirements of Japan’s Securities and Exchange Law and regulations. The TSE provides this brief summary: Under the Securities and Exchange Law, the registrants are required to file annual and semi-annual reports with the Ministry of Finance, with copies to the stock exchanges where the securities are listed. The financial statements to be included in security registration statements and annual reports must comply with a wide range of formats and contents relating to disclosures prescribed in the regulations. The regulations require both the consolidated financial statements and non-consolidated financial
statements of the registrant. The financial statements prepared under the Securities and Exchange Law and relevant regulations are in major areas equivalent to those prevailing internationally.
This summary obviously raises many more questions than it answers. The TSE also
provides a flow chart showing which documents are required to be filed, and their filing deadlines, but nothing concerning the required contents of these documents.
For an illustrative example, consider the Deutsche Boerse and the London Stock
Exchange. Note that Web sites change continuously. Therefore, the responses shown below are indicative only.
Ratings (obviously) will be subjective. Students should be evaluated on the thoroughness and thoughtfulness of their evaluations
10.If we divide the total foreign company listings for each region by the total listings for that
region as one measure of foreign listings, we would obtain the following results: The Americas: 1,174/3,758 = 31.2%
Asia-Pacific: 274/2,375 = 11.53%
Europe-Africa-Middle-East 1,188/10,383 = 11.4%
Student answers to the second part of the question will vary depending on which region of the world they expect to experience the most rapid growth in the years ahead.
11.In addition to eliciting a variety of investment strategies, this question should drive home
the connection between accounting information and international investing. The
accounting issues that will influence country investment allocations will be the extent of
transparency of a company’s accounts, the degree to which its accounting standards are
oriented toward investor decisions and the quality of the audit functions in each country. Case 1-1
E-Centives, Inc.
e-centives, Inc. — Raising Capital in Switzerland
1. Possible factors (from Exhibit 1.7) relevant in e-centives decision to raise capital and list on the Swiss Exchange s New Market:
?Ease of raising capital (point 3). The Swiss Exchange s New Market has simple listing requirements designed to appeal to small companies. The contrast with the complex,
detailed listing and reporting requirements in the United States is striking.
?Availability of capital (point 4). Switzerland has a large, well-developed capital market.
?Reputation of the exchange (point 5). The Swiss Exchange is well known for providing a high quality, efficient trading environment.
?C orporate profile and brand identity (point 6). A listing on the New Market would dovetail with the company s possible expansion into Switzerland by giving it a higher
profile in the Swiss market. While e-centives is interested in expanding into Switzerland, it also is considering Germany and the United Kingdom, which have much larger
consumer markets. Therefore, this is not an overwhelming point in Switzerland s favor.
?Regulatory environment (point 7). It is highly likely that e-centives chose Switzerland because its regulatory environment is unlike that of the United States.
?Availability of investors (point 9). e-centives might be interested in possible investment from large Swiss pension funds, but it s not likely that such funds would invest in a
speculative, start-up enterprise.
2. a. Possible reasons why e-centives chose not to raise public equity in the United States:
?One possible reason would be to avoid the complex and expensive process of registering securities with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and keeping up with the
Commission’s periodic reporting requirements.
?e-centives probably would not satisfy the listing requirements of a U.S. stock exchange (such as Nasdaq or a regional stock exchange).
?Management might think that raising money in Switzerland rather than the U.S. might give them an appearance of quality, cleverness, and exclusivity that would not be
possible with a U.S. listing. (Your authors believe that such reasoning is far-fetched, but it s not unknown.)
b. Possible drawbacks to not raising capital in the U.S. public markets.
?Lack of access to the largest pool of investment capital in the world.
?Lack of following by U.S. investment analysts, and lack of access to individual U.S.
investors.
?Trading volume on the Swiss Exchange New Market is much smaller than on the U.S.
exchanges.
?Listing in Switzerland does little to establish the reputation or raise the profile of e-centives in the United States.
?The degree to which (mostly European) investors in the New Market would be interested in a struggling U.S. start-up certainly can be questioned.
3. Advantages and disadvantages to e-centives of using U.S. GAAP.
Advantages: U.S. accounting standards are highly credible and well known, which is important to a new company seeking investment capital, and would be much more familiar to the company’s management, outside auditors, and investors domiciled in the U.S. than any other set of standards. Use of U.S. GAAP would eliminate some suspicions of the company trying to put something over on investors by using some other set of GAAP, and U.S. GAAP is accepted explicitly by the Swiss Exchange.
Disadvantages: U.S. accounting standards are not particularly well known to investors participating on the Swiss Exchange, who would be expected to know Swiss GAAP, GAAP of other major European markets, and possibly IAS (International Accounting Standards). Compliance with U.S. GAAP is more complex and expensive than compliance with other standards (such as IAS), and the company might see some cost savings by avoiding U.S. GAAP if it isn’t required to use them.
4. Should the Swiss Exchange require e-centives to prepare its financial statements using Swiss accounting standards?
This is a debatable point. One would expect that investors on the Swiss Exchange would be more familiar with Swiss accounting standards than with any other, and that requiring Swiss accounting standards would make financial disclosures more easily understood to
th em than any others. This wouldn’t be true, however, for non-Swiss investors participating on the exchange, and ignores the fact that IAS increasingly are becoming a common language for financial accounting disclosures. Accepting IAS almost certainly would increase the pool of investors that would be able readily to understand disclosures by listed companies, and this would give the exchange a powerful reason to accept IAS in addition to (if not instead of) Swiss accounting standards.
5. What are listing and financial reporting requirements of the Swiss Exchange s New Market? Does e-centives appear to fit the profile of the typical New Market company?
From the case: The New Market is designed to meet the financing needs of rapidly growing companies Listing requirements are simple. For example, companies must have an operating track record of 12 months [note: not necessarily a profitable operating track record], [and] the initial public listing must involve a capital increase. All of these conditions apply well to e-centives, and on that basis the company does appear to fit the profile of the typical New Market company. The uniqueness of e-centives is in its decision to skip the U.S. capital markets.
Case 1-2
Infosys Technologies Limited
This case is designed to get students into reading non-domestic financial statements. Many students will be surprised at the information content of Infosys’ financial statements as the company does not fit the typical stereotype of sub-par financial reporting in emerging markets. Indeed the company illustrates how competitive the world of business has become and the success that accrues to firms that base their futures on innovative thinking and adaptability. Students unused to seeing the report form of balance sheet will find it at odds with the classified balance sheet format that they were taught in class. Other things they will note include but are not limited to: use of a fiscal as opposed to a calendar year, the fact that the financial statements
are signed by every director as opposed to just the CEO and CFO, the use of general reserves, the fact that the financial statements are expressed in Indian rupees and based on Indian GAAP, and the basis for estimating bad debt expense which suggests much longer credit terms in India than many Westerners are accustomed to.
On the positive side students will marvel at the extent of financial disclosures provided. Students should also be asked to view the entire financial statement section of Infosys whose web address is https://www.doczj.com/doc/d41988717.html,. They will marvel at the detail provided on each balance sheet and income statement account. Other disclosures that they will comment positively on include: ?information on transactions with management personnel,
? a comprehensive risk management report
? a detailed corporate governance report
?information on human resource accounting
? a value added statement
?valuation of brands
? a balance sheet including important intangibles
?current cost financial statements
?economic value-added statements
?value reporting
?supplementary financial statements which have been translated to international accounting standards, US GAAP and/or foreign GAAP, as well as language and currency translations.
管理会计课后习题答案 第一章总论 一、单项选择题 1. B 2. C 3. D 二、多项选择题 1. ABCD 2. ABCD 3. ABCD 4. ABC 5. ABCD 三、判断题 1.√ 2. √ 3.× 4.√ 5.× 6.√ 第二章成本性态与变动成本法 一、单选题 1. D 2. C 3. B 5.C 7.B 10. B 二、多项选择题 1. AB 2. ACD 3. AB 4. AB 5. ABC 6.BCD 7. ABD 8.ABCD 9.BC 10.CD 三、判断题 1.× 2.× 3.√ 4.× 5.√ 6.√ 7.× 8.√ 四、实践练习题 实践练习1 某企业生产一种机床，最近五年的产量和历史成本资料如下：
要求: （1）采用高低点法进行成本性态分析； （2）采用回归直线法进行成本性态分析。 解：（1）采用高低点法进行成本性态分析: 460=a+50b 550=a+70b, 故b=(550-460)÷(70-50)=; a=460-50×=235 则Y=235+ （2）采用回归直线法进行成本性态分析: b=（5×150925-300×2495）÷（5×18250-300×300）= a=（×300）÷5=205（万元） 则Y=205+ 实践练习2 已知：某企业本期有关成本资料如下：单位直接材料成本为10元，单位直接人工成本为5元，单位变动性制造费用为7元，固定性制造费用总额为4,000元，单位变动性销售管理费用为4元，固定性销售管理费用为1,000元。期初存货量为零，本期产量为1,000件，销量为600件，单位售价为40元。 要求：分别按变动成本法和完全成本法的有关公式计算下列指标：
一、讨论题 7.1对比本章引述的金融工具的3个定义，说明各自的特点。 经济学家和金融界所举的定义都把金融工具界定为金融领域运用的单证：史密斯的定义把金融工具表述 为“对其他经济单位的债权凭证和所有权凭证”，而《银行与金融百科全书》的定义中列举了金融领域运 用的各种单证。 FASB和IASC所下的定义基础是一致的，都把金融工具界定为现金、合同权利或义务及权益工具。IASC 的定义较清晰，在指明金融工具是“形成个企业的金融资产并形成另一企业的金融负债或权益工具的合同” 后，又分别就金融资产、金融负债和权益工具下了定义。 7.2对比本章引述的衍生金融工具的4个定义，说叫各自的特点。 OECD的定义指叫衍生金融工具是“一份双边合约或支付交换协议”，ISDA定义中的表述是“有关互换现金流量和旨存为交易名转移风险的双边合同”。后名的表述更清晰。 两个定义都着币指明衍生金融工具价值的“衍生性”，并指明可作为衍生价值的基础的标的。两者都列 举了各种不同的标的。 FASB和IASC所下的定义基本上是致的，更便于作为衍生金融工具交易的会计处理所依据的概念。讨论 时可参照教本中归纳的6项最基本的特征展开（本章教学要点（二）第3点中的(2)也有简括的表述）。7.3区分金融资产和负债与非金融资产和负债项日是否等同于区分货币性资产和负债与非货币性资产和负 债项日？请予以说明。 不等同。形成收取或支付现金或另金融资产的合同权利或义务，是金融资产和负债的最摹本的特征， 以此（合同权利或义务）区别于非金融资产和负债（参阅教术7 2 1），而货币性资产和负债与非货币性 资产和负债的区分则是根据这些项目对通货膨胀影响或汇率变动的不同反应而作出的。二者是完全不相下 的两种分类法。 更为币要的是，不要把“货币性金融资产和负债”与“货币性资产和负债”这两个概念相混淆。前名 是指“将按固定或可确定的金额收取或支付的金融资产和金融负债”，只是金融资产和金融负债的特定类 别。 7.4衍生金融工具品目繁多，但其基本形式不外乎：(1)远期合同；(2)期货合同：（3)期权合同：(4)互换（掉期）合同。这是根据什么标准区分的？互换合同（掉期合同）为什么不是独立的形式昵？ 根据的标准是： (l)远期合同和期货合同在到期时，不论对主动签约方有利还是不利，主动签约方必须履约。 (2)期权合同在到期时，主动签约方（持权人、买方）有选择权有利时履约，不利时可以不履约，合同发 行方（立权人）则有义务在持权人要求履约时出售或购入合同约定的该项资产。 互换（掉期）台同实际上是两份远期合同的调换，因而不是独市的形式。 7.5说明远期合同与期权合同的共性和特性。 共性是都涉及购买或售出标的物的双边远期合约：其特性见讨论题7 4的解题指引。 7.6为什么衍生金融工具交易长期作为表外业务处理？这会带来什么样的严重后果？ 因为长期以来都认为金融工具代表的合同权利和义务小符合资产和负债的定义，而符合定义是确认的前提 条件，所以不符合要素定义，其关键在于这些权利和义务不是由于过去的事项形成的。 带来的严重后果是由于衍生金融工具交易形成的收益和损失（报酬和风险）长期游离于表外，使表内信息 足以误导投资人和报表的其他使用者。 7.7衍生金融丁具代表的权利、义务是否符合资产、负债定义？ IASC和FASB存开发金融工具会计准则时，部论证了衍生金融工具代表的权利、义务符合资产、负债定 史。可参考教本小7.4l和7 4 2小的论述展开讨论（本章教学要点（四）也有简括的表述）。 7.8如果认为衍生金融工具代表的权利、义务符合资产、负债的定义，那要解决什么问题，才能在资产负 债表内列报衍生金融工具呢? IASC的见解如何？ 要解决符合确认标准的问题。IASC在制定IAS 39的过程中的见解是有过改变的，从ED 48把第l项确认
Chapter 11 Lecture Notes Chapter theme: Managers in large organizations have to Array delegate some decisions to those who are at lower levels in the organization. This chapter explains how responsibility accounting systems, return on investment (ROI), residual income, operating performance measures, and the balanced scorecard are used to help control decentralized organizations. I.Decentralization in organizations A. A decentralized organization does not confine decision-making authority to a few top executives; rather, decision-making authority is spread throughout the organization. The advantages and disadvantages of decentralization are as follows: i.Advantages of decentralization 1.It enables top management to concentrate on strategy, higher-level decision making, and coordinating activities. 2.It acknowledges that lower-level managers have more detailed information about local conditions that enable them to make better operational decisions. 3.It enables lower-level managers to quickly respond to customers. 4.It provides lower-level managers with the decision-making experience they will need when promoted to higher level positions.
第一章管理会计概述 （一）单项选择题 1．下列各项中，与传统的财务会计概念相对立而存在的是（）。 A. 现代会计 B. 企业会计 C. 管理会计 D. 管理会计学 2．下列会计子系统中，能够履行管理会计“考核评价经营业绩”职能的是（）。 A. 预测决策会计 B. 规划控制会计 C. 对外报告会计 D. 责任会计 3．下列各项中，能够作为管理会计原始雏形的标志之一，并于20世纪初在美国出现的是（）。 A. 责任会计 B. 预测决策会计 C. 科学管理理论 D. 标准成本计算制度 4．下列各项中，属于划分传统管理会计和现代管理会计两个阶段时间标志的是（）。 A. 19世纪90年代 B. 20世纪20年代 C. 20世纪50年代 D. 20世纪70年代 5．管理会计的雏形产生于（）。 A. 19世纪末 B. 20世纪上半叶 C. 第二次世界大战之后 D. 20世纪70年代 6．西方最早的管理会计师职业团体成立于（）。 A. 20世纪50年代 B. 20世纪60年代 C. 20世纪70年代 D. 20世纪80年代 7．在管理会计发展史上，第一个被人们使用的管理会计术语是（）。 A. “管理的会计” B. “管理会计” C. “传统管理会计” D. “现代管理会计” 8．20世纪50年代以来，管理会计进入了“以预测决策会计为主，以规划控制会计和责任会计为辅”的发展阶段，该阶段被称为（）。 A. 管理会计萌芽阶段 B. 管理会计过渡阶段 C. 传统管理会计阶段 D. 现代管理会计阶段 9．在西方，企业内部的管理会计部门属于（）。 A. 服务部门 B. 生产部门 C. 领导部门 D. 非会计部门 10．在管理会计学中，将“为实现管理会计目标，合理界定管理会计工作的时空范围，统一管理会计操作方法和程序，组织管理会计工作不可缺少的前提条件”称为（）。 A. 管理会计假设 B. 管理会计原则 C. 管理会计术语 D. 管理会计概念 11．下列项目中，能够规定管理会计工作对象基本活动空间的假设是（）。 A. 多层主体假设 B. 理性行为假设 C. 合理预期假设 D. 充分占有信息假设 12．下列项目中，属于“为满足管理会计面向未来决策的要求，可以根据需要和可能，灵活地确定其工作的时间范围或进行会计分期，不必严格地受财务会计上的会计年度、季度或月份的约束；在时态上可以跨越过去和现在，一直延伸到未来”的假设是（）。
1.国际会计是如何定义的？ 国际会计是会计的一个分支，它主要研究企业从事国际间的经营活动所涉及的会计问题，同时通过会计模式的分类和比较研究，协调各国会计准则和惯例，以期建立统一的世界会计报告体系 2.会计国际化的原因是什么？ 第一，国际贸易迅速发展的需要 第二，资本输出迅速发展的需要 第三，跨国公司经营和发展的需要 第四，促进本国经济发展、会计发展的需要 第五，会计具有国际化的本性 3. 影响会计模式的环境因素有哪些？ 经济、政治、社会、法律、地理、文化。前几项统称为社会经济环境因素，最后一项是文化因素。社会经济环境因素具体有法律制度、企业资金来源、税制、政治和经济联系、通货膨胀、经济发展水平、教育水平、地理条件等。文化因素包括个人主义、权力距离、不确定性规避、阳刚之气。 4. 缪勒教授对会计模式是如何分类的？ 1)按宏观经济要求发展会计 在这种发展模式中，会计与国民经济政策密切相关，公司的目标要服从国民经济政策。为了提高经济和企业经营的稳定性，一般都鼓励企业将各年利润平滑化，折旧率的调整要适应刺激经济增长的需要，并且为了鼓励投资而允许建立特种储备，为了宏观经济的需要而重视增值表、社会责任会计和税务会计。瑞典是这种模式的例子。 (2)以微观经济学为基础发展会计 会计被视为是企业经济学的分支，强调经济活动的中心是私人和企业。会计在其计量和计价过程中要反映经济现实，这意味着会计规则既要成熟又要有灵活性。基本的会计概念是要保持公司资本的真实价值，因此重置成本会计得到重视。荷兰是这种模式的例子。 (3)作为独立学科发展会计 将会计视为能够自我发展、自成体系的独立学科，因而会计形成了独立的自我发展模式。会计不从属于政府的政策和任何经济理论，而是通过成功企业的实务逐渐形成了自己的概念结构，并且在会计实务中经常使用“公认会计原则”的表述。美国是这种模式的例子。
《国际会计》复习题 一、填空题（1分×10=10分） 1.资本市场发达的国家，公司财务报告的目标主要在于保护（）的利益。 ）。 ）。 C、权益结合法 D、主体理论 2. 下列这些国家中，归属为米勒创建的微观经济模式的国家是（）。 A、瑞典 B、荷兰 C、英国 D、法国 3.目前在美国，制定会计准则的机构是（）。
A、美国证券交易委员会（SEC） B、财务会计准则委员会（FASB） C、会计程序委员会（CAP） D、会计原则委员会（APB） 4.下列这些国家中，财务会计与税务会计相分离的是（）。 A、法国 B、德国 C、瑞典 D、美国 5. A 公司拥有B公司70%的股份，拥有C 公司35%的股份；B公司拥有C 税种，在税收源头代扣代缴的税种为（）。 A、公司所得税 B、周转税 C、扣缴税 D、过境税 10、会计职业界提供国际性服务的最高层次是（）。 A、建立在“联盟”基础上的会计师事务所
B、一体化的国际性会计师事务所 C、国内性质的会计师事务所为从事国际业务而进行的协作 D、国内性质的会计师事务所 三、多项选择题（2分×5=10分） 1、英国的增值表将增值额分配给（）。 A、雇员 B、政府 C、出资者 D、企业 B、将该子公司的输入商品的转移价格压低 C、压低该子公司输出商品的转移价格 D、抬高该子公司输出商品的转移价格 5、国际会计协调化的含义可以理解为（）。 A、协调化是一个过程
B、协调化是限制和缩小会计差异的过程 C、协调化是形成一套可接受的标准（准则）和惯例的过程 D、协调化是能产生共同合作结果的有序结构的过程 E、协调化是促进各国会计实务和财务信息的可比性的过程 四、简答题（8分×5=40分） 1、什么是国际双重征税？
管理会计习题答案 第一章 一、 （略） 二、 1、A； 2、A； 3、D； 4、C； 5、B 三、 1、BCD； 2、ABC 四、 1、是； 2、错； 3、是； 4、错
第2章成本性态分析自测题参考答案 二、多项选择题 三、判断题 四、计算题 1、（1）采用高低点法对电费进行分解。 高点（1800，7250）、低点（900，4250） b=3.33，a=1256 建立成本函数模型：y=1256+3.33x （2）采用回归直线法对进行分解。 b=3.25，a=1310.42 建立成本函数模型：y=1310.42+3.25x （3）依据回归直线法得到的成本函数模型：y=1310.42+3.25x 将产量x=1900代入模型中，求得电费y=7485.42（元） 2、采用回归直线法对进行分解。 r=0.99→+1 所以X与Y基本正相关 b=9.98，a=181.74 建立成本函数模型：y=181.74+9.98x 3、（1）分步分析程序 8月份混合成本=82500-60000-10000=12500（元） 固定成本=60000（元） 单位变动成本b1 =100（元/件） 12月份固定成本=8月份固定成本=60000（元） 12月份变动成本=20000（元） 12月份混合成本=95000-60000-20000=15000（元） 依据高点坐标（200，15000）、低点坐标（100，12500） 确定b2 =25（元/件），a2 =10000（元） 建立成本函数模型： y=（60000+10000）+（25+100）x =70000+125x （2）同步分析程序 高点（200，95000），低点（100，82500） b=125（元/件），a=70000（元） 建立成本函数模型： y =70000+125x
Chapter 8 Global Accounting and Auditing Standards Discussion Questions 1.A rgument for measurement: ?Discrepancies in international measurement may produce accounting amounts that are vastly different (even where financial transactions and position are identical), leading to incorrect comparisons. Here it doesn’t matter what is disclosed; no reliable comparisons are possible anyway. Arguments for disclosure: ?If companies do not disclose complete information, they can hide losses or future problems from financial statement users. For example, losses can be hidden by offsetting them against gains. Expected future problems related to loss contingencies can be hidden simply by not disclosing them. Thus, if disclosure is incomplete, even the application of similar measurement principles will lead to incorrect comparisons. Clearly, international accounting convergence requires that both measurement and disclosure be made comparable. 2. The term convergence is associated with the International Accounting Standards Board. Before the IASB, harmonization was the commonly used term. Harmonization means that standards are compatible; they do not contain conflicts. Harmonization was generally taken to mean the elimination of differences in existing accounting standards, in other words, finding a common ground among existing standards. Convergence means the gradual elimination of differences in national and international accounting standards. Thus, the terms harmonization and convergence are closely aligned. However, convergence might also involve coming up with a new accounting treatment not in any current standards. 3.a. Reciprocity, or mutual recognition, exists when regulators outside of the home country accept a foreign firm’s financial statements based on the home country’s principles, or perhaps IFRS. For example, the London Stock Exchange accepts U.S. GAAP-based financial statements in filings made by non-U.K. foreign companies. Reciprocity does not increase cross-country comparability of financial statements, and it can create an unlevel playing field in that foreign companies may be allowed to apply standards that are less rigorous than those used by domestic companies. b. With reconciliation, foreign firms can prepare financial statements using the accounting standards of their home country or IFRS, but also must provide a reconciliation between accounting measures (such as net income and shareholders’ equity) of the home country and the country where the financial statements are being filed. Reconciliations are less costly than preparing a full set of financial statements under a different set of accounting principles, but provide only a summary, not the full picture of the enterprise. c. International standards are a result of either international or political agreement, or voluntary (or professionally encouraged) compliance. When accounting standards are applied through political, legal, or regulatory procedures, statutory rules typically govern the process. All other international standards efforts in accounting are voluntary in nature.
Chapter 12 Lecture Notes Chapter theme: Making decisions is one of the basic functions of a manager. To be successful in decision making, managers must be able to perform differential analysis, which focuses on identifying the costs and benefits that differ between alternatives. The purpose of this chapter is to develop these skills by illustrating their use in a wide range of decision-making situations. Learning Objective 1: Identify relevant and irrelevant costs and benefits in a decision. I. Decision making: six key concepts A. Key concept #1 i. Every decision involves choosing from among at least two alternatives. Therefore, the first step in decision-making is to define the alternatives being considered . B. Key concept #2 i. Once you have defined the alternatives, you need to identify the criteria for choosing among them. 1. Relevant costs and relevant benefits should be considered when making decisions. 2. Irrelevant costs and irrelevant benefits should be ignored when making decisions.
P15第三章变动成本法 令狐采学 1、某公司只生产销售一种产品，计划年度生产量为4000件，销售量为3500件，期初存货为零。预计发生直接材料20000元，直接人工32000元，单位变动制造费用6元/件。固定制造费用28000元。 要求：根据以上资料，分别采用变动成本法和完全成本法计算计划年度的期末产品存货成本。 解：变动成本法=（20000+32000+6*4000）/4000*（4000-3500）=19*500=9500 完全成本法=（20000+32000+6*4000+28000）/4000*（4000-3500）=26*500=13000 5．P16已知：某企业生产一种产品，第一年、第二年的生产量分别为170000件和140000件，销售量分别为140000件和160000件，存货的计价采用先进先出法。每单位产品的售价为5元，生产成本资料如下：每件变动生产成本3元，其中包括直接材料1.30元，直接人工1.50元，变动性制造费用0.20元；固定性制造费用每年的发生额为150000元。变动性销售与管理费用为销售收入的5％，固定性销售与管理费用发生额为65000元，两年均未发生财务费用。 要求：
(1)分别按变动成本法和完全成本法计算并确定第一年和第二年的税前利润。 (2)具体说明第一年和第二年分别按两种成本计算方法剧以确定的税前利润发生差异的原因 (3)具体说明采用完全成本法计算确定的第一年和第二年税前利润发生差异的原因 (4)设立有关帐户，按变动成本法计算以反映第一年和第二年发生的有关业务并通过“存货中固定制造费用”帐户，在帐户体系中按完全成本法计算确认第一年和第二年对外编制的利润表中的净利润和资产负债表产成品项目列示的 解析： 按完全成本法计算的第一年和第二年的营业利润见表3-6单位：元 注：第一年生产成本=(3+150000/170000)×170000=660000(元) 第二年生产成本=(3+150000/140000)×140000=570000(元) 第一年期末存货成本=(3+150000/170000)×30000=116471(元) 第二年期末存货成本=(3+150000/140000)×10000=40714(元) 按变动成本法计算的第一年和第二年的营业利润见表3--7。
一、讨论题 对比本章引述的金融工具的个定义，说明各自的特点。 经济学家和金融界所举的定义都把金融工具界定为金融领域运用的单证：史密斯的定义把金融工具表述为“对其他经济单位的债权凭证和所有权凭证”，而《银行与金融百科全书》的定义中列举了金融领域运用的各种单证。 和所下的定义基础是一致的，都把金融工具界定为现金、合同权利或义务及权益工具。的定义较清晰，在指明金融工具是“形成个企业的金融资产并形成另一企业的金融负债或权益工具的合同”后，又分别就金融资产、金融负债和权益工具下了定义。 对比本章引述的衍生金融工具的个定义，说叫各自的特点。 的定义指叫衍生金融工具是“一份双边合约或支付交换协议”，定义中的表述是“有关互换现金流量和旨存为交易名转移风险的双边合同”。后名的表述更清晰。 两个定义都着币指明衍生金融工具价值的“衍生性”，并指明可作为衍生价值的基础的标的。两者都列举了各种不同的标的。 和所下的定义基本上是致的，更便于作为衍生金融工具交易的会计处理所依据的概念。讨论时可参照教本中归纳的项最基本的特征展开（本章教学要点（二）第点中的()也有简括的表述）。 区分金融资产和负债与非金融资产和负债项日是否等同于区分货币性资产和负债与非货币性资产和负债项日？请予以说明。 不等同。形成收取或支付现金或另金融资产的合同权利或义务，是金融资产和负债的最摹本的特征，以此（合同权利或义务）区别于非金融资产和负债（参阅教术），而货币性资产和负债与非货币性资产和负债的区分则是根据这些项目对通货膨胀影响或汇率变动的不同反应而作出的。二者是完全不相下的两种分类法。 更为币要的是，不要把“货币性金融资产和负债”与“货币性资产和负债”这两个概念相混淆。前名是指“将按固定或可确定的金额收取或支付的金融资产和金融负债”，只是金融资产和金融负债的特定类别。 衍生金融工具品目繁多，但其基本形式不外乎：()远期合同；()期货合同：（)期权合同：()互换（掉期）合同。这是根据什么标准区分的？互换合同（掉期合同）为什么不是独立的形式昵？ 根据的标准是： ()远期合同和期货合同在到期时，不论对主动签约方有利还是不利，主动签约方必须履约。 ()期权合同在到期时，主动签约方（持权人、买方）有选择权有利时履约，不利时可以不履约，合同发行方（立权人）则有义务在持权人要求履约时出售或购入合同约定的该项资产。 互换（掉期）台同实际上是两份远期合同的调换，因而不是独市的形式。 说明远期合同与期权合同的共性和特性。 共性是都涉及购买或售出标的物的双边远期合约：其特性见讨论题的解题指引。 为什么衍生金融工具交易长期作为表外业务处理？这会带来什么样的严重后果？ 因为长期以来都认为金融工具代表的合同权利和义务小符合资产和负债的定义，而符合定义是确认的前提条件，所以不符合要素定义，其关键在于这些权利和义务不是由于过去的事项形成的。 带来的严重后果是由于衍生金融工具交易形成的收益和损失（报酬和风险）长期游离于表外，使表内信息足以误导投资人和报表的其他使用者。 衍生金融丁具代表的权利、义务是否符合资产、负债定义？ 和存开发金融工具会计准则时，部论证了衍生金融工具代表的权利、义务符合资产、负债定史。可参考教本小和小的论述展开讨论（本章教学要点（四）也有简括的表述）。 如果认为衍生金融工具代表的权利、义务符合资产、负债的定义，那要解决什么问题，才能在资产负债表内列报衍生金融工具呢? 的见解如何？ 要解决符合确认标准的问题。在制定的过程中的见解是有过改变的，从把第项确认标准凸显为“风险与
管理会计朱建红版计算复习题1.某企业对上半年产品产量与某项混合成本的有关资料进行整理计算，发现产量与该项混合成本相关程度较高，且∑x＝48，∑y＝830，∑xy＝6960，∑x2＝448，n＝6。 要求：（1）写出成本性态分析模型； （2）预测产量为18台时的总成本。 答: b=（n∑xy -∑x *∑y ）/（n*∑x2-∑x *∑x）=(6*6960-48*830)/(6*448-48*48)=5 a=(∑y –b*∑x)=(830-5*48)/6=98.33 成本性态分析模型为y=98.33+5*x 18台时的总成本=98.33+5*18=183.33 2.某企业生产销售一种产品，单位售价为10元，单位变动成本为4元，固定制造费用24000元/年，销售和管理费用为5000元/年，且全部为固定的。连续两年的生产量为6000件、4000件，销售量为4000件、6000件。求两种成本法下各年的利润。答: 完全成本法下： 10*4000-（4+24000/6000）*4000-5000=3000 10*6000-（4+24000/6000）*2000-（4+24000/4000）*4000-5000=-1000 变动成本法下：10*4000-4*4000-24000-5000=-5000
10*6000-4*6000-24000-5000=7000 3.D公司2005－2007年三年的有关资料如下表所示：
2005年的期初存货为0，存货按先进先出法计价。 要求：（1）分别采用变动成本法与完全成本法，计算各年的利润。 （2）分析两种方法计算的税前利润发生差异的原因，并用公式验证差异。答:单位产品的变动成本=12+8+20=40元/件 完全成本法下： 100*1000-（40+10000/1200）*1000-10000=3000=41666.67元 100*1000-（40+10000/1200）*200-（40+10000/1000）*800-10000=40333.33元100*1000-（40+10000/1000）*200-（40+10000/800）*800-10000=38000元 三年合计数为：41666.67+40333.33+38000=120000 变动成本法下： 因每年的销售量相同，所以三年中每年的利润均为： 100*1000-40*1000-10000-10000=40000元 三年合计数为：40000*3=120000元 利润发生差异的原因是两种成本法对固定性制造费用的处理不同，完全成本法的固定性制造费用随产品流动而流动，变动成本法则一次性的结转。 第一年，完全成本法下结转的固定性制造费用为1000*10000/1200=8333.33元，变
国际会计随堂练习答案 1.二战后，美国公司大量在欧洲建厂进行直接投资，这一阶段被称为美国浪潮，它出现在（C）。 A、19世界初~第一次世界大战 B、1914年~1945年 C、1945年~20世纪60年代末 D、 20世纪60年代末~至今 2.研究跨国公司发展史，可以总结为“源于（ B ），壮大于（）”。 A、英国，美国 B、欧洲，美国 C、美国，英国 D、美国，欧洲 3.欧盟在（B ）就以观察员的身份加入了国际会计准则委员会（IASC）理事会。 A、1978年 B、1989年 C、1999年 D、1998年 4.国际会计准则委员会于（ A ）进行改组，为确保国际会计准则的高质量提供了组织和人员上的保证。 A、2001年 B、1999年 C、2000年 D、 1998年 5.（ A ）是全球会计面临的一个首要问题。 A、外币报表折算问题 B、物价变动会计问题 C、合并报表问题 D、国际比较会计问题 6.一国资本市场导向能够影响该国财务报告体系，在权益导向的资本市场上，企业为了筹集资金常常竭尽所能包装本企业的财务报表以吸引现有的和潜在的投资者，典型的国家是（ B ）。 A、法国 B、美国 C、日本 D、德国 7.一国资本市场导向能够影响该国财务报告体系，在债务导向的资本市场上，银行为企业主要的资金来源，典型的国家是（ C ）。 A、芬兰 B、美国 C、日本 D、瑞典 8.跨国公司兴起导致的独特的会计问题是（ B ）。 A、国际物价变动影响的调整 B、国际财务报表的合并 C、外币报表的折算 D、国际税务会计 9.信息披露体系主要包括初次披露和年终披露。（×） 10.跨国公司的发展经历了四个阶段，在第二个阶段时（1914奶奶~1045年），美国就一跃成为仅次于英国的第二大资本输出国。（√） 11.当跨国公司发展经历到第三阶段时（1945年~20世纪60年代末），欧洲和日本经济的腾飞，结束了美国公司一枝独秀的局面。（×） 12.跨国公司发展遇到的特殊会计问题主要是会计环境的国际比较问题、会计职业的国际比较问题以及会计准则的国际比较问题。（×） 13.跨国公司在取得国外分支机构的财务报表后，首先面临如何将国外分支机构财务报表纳入合并报表的问题。（√） 14.欧盟在1990年就以观察员的身份加入了国际会计准则委员会（IASC）理
Chapter 5 Reporting and Disclosure Discussion Questions 1. Accounting measurement is the process of assigning numerical symbols to events or objects. Disclosure, on the other hand, is the communication of accounting measurements to intended users. Advances in financial disclosure are likely to outpace those related to accounting measurement for a number of reasons. First, many would argue that financial disclosure is a less controversial area than accounting measurement. Second, changes in disclosure requirements are more rapidly implemented than changes in accounting measurement rules. Finally, whereas a single set of accounting measurement rules may not serve users equally well under different social, economic and legal systems, a company can disclose without necessarily sacrificing its accounting measurement system. 2.Four reasons why multinational corporations are increasingly being held accountable to constituencies other than traditional investor groups: a.The development and growth of the influence of trade unions. b.The growing recognition of the view that those who are significantly affected by decisions made by institutions in general must be given the opportunity to influence those decisions. c.The rejection by many governments of classical economic premises such as the belief that the regulated pursuit of private gain maximizes society’s welfare. d.The increasing concern over the social and economic impact of multinational corporations in host countries. 3.Arguments in favor of equal disclosure include: a.The absence of equal disclosure would create an unfair playing field for U.S. companies. Non-U.S. companies would have a competitive advantage in that they would not have to disclose the same information and so would not incur the costs involved in generating and publishing it. b.Investors in non-U.S. companies have the same information needs as those who invest in U.S. companies. A market concerned with investor protection would make sure that investors have timely and material information on all listed companies, not just those domiciled in the United States. c.Unequal disclosure might impede cross-company comparisons involving U.S. and non- U.S. companies. Possible reasons against equal disclosure include: a.The high cost of meeting equal disclosure requirements may deter foreign issuers from listing in the United States.
管理会计课后习题答案(全) -标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
管理会计课后习题答案 第一章总论 一、单项选择题 1. B 2. C 3. D 4.A 二、多项选择题 1. ABCD 2. ABCD 3. ABCD 4. ABC 5. ABCD 三、判断题 1.√ 2. √ 3.× 4.√ 5.× 6.√ 第二章成本性态与变动成本法 一、单选题 1. D 2. C 3. B 4.A 5. C 6.D 7. B 8.D 9.D 10. B 二、多项选择题 1. AB 2. ACD 3. AB 4. AB 5. ABC 6. BCD 7. ABD 8. ABCD 9. BC 10. CD 三、判断题 1.× 2.× 3.√ 4.× 5.√ 6.√ 7.× 8.√ 四、实践练习题 实践练习1 要求: （1）采用高低点法进行成本性态分析； （2）采用回归直线法进行成本性态分析。 解：（1）采用高低点法进行成本性态分析: 460=a+50b 550=a+70b, 故b=(550-460)÷(70-50)=4.5; a=460-50×4.5=235 则 Y=235+4.5X （2）采用回归直线法进行成本性态分析:
b=（5×150925-300×2495）÷（5× 18250-300×300）=4.9 a=（2495-4.9×300）÷5=205（万元） 则 Y=205+4.9X 实践练习2 已知：某企业本期有关成本资料如下：单位直接材料成本为10元，单位直接人工成本为5元，单位变动性制造费用为7元，固定性制造费用总额为 4,000元，单位变动性销售管理费用为4元，固定性销售管理费用为1,000元。期初存货量为零，本期产量为1,000件，销量为600件，单位售价为40元。 要求：分别按变动成本法和完全成本法的有关公式计算下列指标： （1）单位产品成本；（2）期间成本；（3）销货成本；（4）营业利润。 解：变动成本法： （1）单位产品成本=10+5+7=22元 （2）期间费用=4000 +（4×600+1000）=7400元 （3）销货成本=22×600=13200元 （4）边际贡献=40×600-（22×600+4×600）=8400元 营业利润==8400-（4000+1000）=3400元 完全成本法： （1）单位产品成本=22+4000/1000=26元 （2）期间费用=4×600+1000=3400元 （3）销货成本=26×600=15600元 （4）营业利润=（40×600-15600）- 3400=5000元 实践练习3 已知：某厂只生产一种产品，第一、二年的产量分别为30 000件和24 000件，销售量分别为20 000件和30 000件；存货计价采用先进先出法。产品单价为15元/件，单位变动生产成本为5元/件；每年固定性制造费用的发生额为180 000元。销售及管理费用都是固定性的，每年发生额为25 000元。