How big a threat?
High oil prices will hurt the British economy, but it will cope better than other major economies.
The Bank of England made no change to interest rates on November 4th. The Bank’s monetary-policy committee has now kept the base rate at 4.75% for three months, confounding expectations in the summer of a hike 5.0% this month.
Lower growth in the third quarter and signs that the housing market has finally run out of steam①are two reasons why the Bank has kept its hand off the interest-rate trigger. But the committee will also have taken into account the oil price, which has leapt by a fifth in the past three months. The price of Brent crude has risen by 60% since the start of the year.
Past oil-price shock s②have tipped the British economy into recession, so there are grounds for concern. The two oil- price shocks of the 1970s generated a noxious mix of rampant inflation and recession. Each time, rising fuel bills not only led to an inflationary price-wage spiral③but also imposed what was in effect a big tax on oil-users, sending the economy into a tailspin.
But history does not necessarily repeat itself.④For one thing, this year’s oil-price shock is less shocking than those of the 1970s, when the oil-price first quadrupled in 1973-74 and then trebled between 1978 and 1980. In real terms, the oil price is currently about half the peak it reached in 1980. For another, the economy is less reliant upon oil. It uses about a third less oil per unit of GDP than 20 years ago, according to the National Institute of Economic and Social Research.
As important, the economy is not better able to cope with oil-price shocks than in the past. Wages and prices are no longer subject to the controls imposed in the 1970s. Labor-market reforms have made wages a lot more flexible. And intensifying competition in product markets means that firms find it much more difficult to pass on higher costs by raising prices. The mark-up mentality has faded.⑤
The economy has also been better managed since the government first switched to targeting inflation in 1992 and then made the Bank of England independent in 1997. The Bank’s success in keeping inflation low in the past few years had entrenched expectations of price stability. Despite the oil-price increases, consumer prices rose by just 1.1%in the year to September. With inflation this low, the danger of another upward price-wage spiral seems remote despite recent hikes in consumer fuel bills.
Last but not least, Britain was a net importer of oil in the 1970s. It took time to ramp up production in the North Se a⑥after oil was first discovered there. The trade balance in oil swung into surplus only in the second half of 1980.
Although the big surpluses of the early 1980s have shrunk, Britain remains a net oil exporter. Despite falling production, the offshore oil industr y⑦expects Britain to remain self- sufficient in oil over the next three years and to meet 80% of Britain’s oil demand in 2010.
Britain’s self-reliance in oil cushions the economy further from the shock of an oil-price rise since there is no longer a transfer of income to overseas oil producers. This means that more of the extra oil revenues can be recycled within Britain rather than through higher demand from oil-exporting countries. The government gets a higher income in taxes on oil production which can finance higher spending. Some of the profits made by the offshore industry will be spent in Britain.
Britain has another bit of luck: it has a relatively big share of oil-producing countries’import business. According to the National Institute, Britain’s share of this market is 6%--twice its share of world GDP. By contrast, America’s share is 11%--half its share world GDP. Allowing for the relative size of their economies, Britain has a bigger share of market than euro area. As a result, the Britain economy should benefit disproportionately when the oil producers spend their extra revenues, which is likely to be more swiftly than in the past.
All this means that Britain will take less of a h i⑧t, in lower GDP growth from the oil-price shock than other major economies. According to Ray Barrell, an economist at the National Institute, a rise in oil prices cuts Britain’s GDP growth about half as much as it cuts the euro area’s and about a third as much as it cuts America’s.
However, Britain will not escape unscathed, not least since it will feel the effects of slower growth in the euro area and Americ a, its prime export markets. According to Ben Broadbent, and economist at Goldman Sachs⑨, the jump in oil prices since last year will reduce GDP growth in 2004 by 0.2 percentage points and in 2005 by 0.3 percentage points.
Yet even taking this reduction into account, Goldman Sachs is forecasting that national output will expend at a healthy rate, by 3.2% this year and by 2.6% next year. The oil-price rise may be restraining the economy, but unless further increases take place, the damage is likely to be surprisingly limited.
Glossary
confound vt. 使混淆，把……搞混；挫败
hike vi. 远足；步行
noxious adj. 有害的；有毒的
rampant adj. 猖獗的；蔓生的；猛烈的
ramp vi. 猛扑，暴跳
tailspin n. 尾螺旋；恐慌，混乱
quadruple vi. 成为四倍①
treble vi. 成为三倍
entrench vt. 掘壕沟；保护；牢固树立
unscathed adj. （身、心）没有受损伤的
Notes
①run out of steam: 原意是变得精疲力竭，这里可引申为难以维持原来的状态。
②past oil-prices shocks: 前三次危机发生在70年代初、70年代末和1990年，主要是因为
原油供应出现不稳，OPEC国家联手控制产量、限产而造成的。第四次发生在21世纪初，
主要是由全球经济增长引起石油需求上升（尤其是是中国、印度），加上基金炒作和中东地区的政治前途等问题引发的。
③an inflationary price-wage spiral: 意为“恶性通货膨胀”、“螺旋性膨胀”，主要是因为工资
和资本交互持续性提高而导致的通货膨胀不断加剧的趋势。
④But history does not necessarily repeat itself: 历史并不一定重演。这里意指英国将比过去
能更好地应对优价高涨对国内经济带来的负面影响。
⑤The mark-up mentality has faded: 调控油价的措施不再奏效。Mark-up原意为标高油价、
涨价幅度、（加在商品成本上的）毛利.
⑥North Sea: 大西洋的边缘海，位于大不列颠与欧洲西北之间，通过多佛海峡与英吉利海
峡相连。20世纪60年代后期，在它水下发现了大量石油和天然气。
⑦offshore oil industry: 海上石油开采业。
⑧take less of a hit: 受到更小的负面影响。
⑨Goldman Sachs: 高盛公司。
Exercise
Ⅰ. For each statement listed below, please write T if the statement is true according to the passage,
F if it’s false, and N
G if the information is not given in the passage.
1. The base rate is kept at 4.75% for three years, which is expected to rise to 5% this month. ( )
2. The oil price in the 1970s first tripled in the early parts of the decade and then quadrupled in the late parts. ( )
3. The Bank of England was made independent in 1992.( )
4. The danger of another upward price-wage spiral is unlikely to arise before 2002. ( )
5. There came the surplus of oil in the North Sea in the first half of the year 1980. ( )
6. Part of the profits generated from the offshore industry will be spent in Britain. ( )
7. According to Ray Barrell, a rise in oil prices cuts Japan’s GDP growth about half as much as it cuts America’a. ( ) 8. As is forecasted, even if the oil prices further increases, the damage will be very limited. ( )
Ⅱ. Short Answer Questions:
1.Why does the Bank of England keep its hand off the interest-rate trigger?
2. According to the text, what was the consequence of the oil-price shocks of the 1970s?
3. What did the British government do in the 1990s to better cope with the economy?
4. Why is Britain’s self-reliance in oil a further protection of its economy from the shock of an oil-price rise?
5. What factor is the last mentioned in the text that helps Britain better be able to cope with high oil prices?
6. What are the chief export markets of Britain’s oil industry?
Ⅲ. Please translate the following summary of the passage into English.
过去的三个月以来，油价上涨了五分之一。但英格兰银行并未对利率作任何的调整。
以往每次油价暴涨，英国的经济就会陷入大幅倒退，但这次情况会有所改变。英国比以往任何时候都能更好地处理应付油价上涨。在很多因素的作用下，这次英国因为油价变动而造成的GDP增长的下降会比其他国家小得多，尤其是自从英国政府在1992年开始侧重解决通货膨胀问题并在1997年允许美国银行独立经营以来，通货膨胀现象已大为缓和，
进而不断上扬的薪酬和油价间的恶性循环问题也不在严重。然而英国也不会毫发无损。至少，它的主要出口国欧洲地区和美国的GDP增长的下降会对它造成负面影响。但是在油价不进一步爬升的情况下，英国遭受的损失不会很严重。
The Hand that Rocks the Cradl e①
Why women are still earning less than men?
Whatever the truth of the aphorism that a mother’s place is in the wrong , it seems that working mothers, at least, are in the wrong place. Or so concludes the Women and Work Commission (WWC), whose long –awaited report on the causes of the ―gender pay gap‖ the difference between men’s and women’s hourly earnings, was published on February 27th. The commission found that the pay gap (British women in full-time work currently earn 17% less per hour than men) was due not so much to a pattern of paying women less than men for doing the same job as to something far harder to root out. Women are making the wrong choices early in their careers and sliding into dead-end part-time jobs after they have children, with serious consequences for their lifetime earnings.
A few days earlier, the European Commission brought out its own report on the pay gap across the whole European Union. Its findings were similar: per hour, European women earn 15% less than men. In America, the difference in median weekly pay is around 20%.
According to the WWC, the gender pay gap opens early. Boys and girls study different subjects in school, and boys’ subjects lead to more lucrative careers. They then can take different degrees and work in different sort of jobs. As a result, average hourly pay for a woman at the start of her working life is only 91% of men’s, even though nowadays she is probably better qualified.
The gap widens to a chasm during women’s working lives, for a fundamental biological reason: motherhood. According to the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), a research outfit, the hourly pay of women with children relative to that of men with children falls to 67%. And the Institute for Public Policy Research, another think-tank, recently calculated that a women with middling skills who has a baby at age 24 loses ￡564,000(＄981,000) in lifetime earnings compared with one who remains childless. (The figure is lower, although still substantial, if she waits a while.)
The labour government sees affordable child care as crucial to narrowing the pay gap. The Conservatives are following suit, trying to re- position themselves as modern and woman-friendly. In a speech on February 27th, George Osborne, the shadow chancellor②, hinted that his party would subsidise a wider range of childcare options than the government does currently . He went to say that it should not be the business of the state whether women choose to work or stay at home with her children.
He is right. But most British women do not want to work full-time and park their babies in nursery care all day, as mothers in some countries do. They would prefer to work part-time while their children are young, and perhaps have their partners do likewise. (Around two-thirds of British women with children under 11 work part-time.) Often, though, they cannot do this in their current jobs, but must move to a lower-paid, lower-skilled, or leave the workforce altogether.
Too often this move to the ―mummy track‖③is irreversible. According to the IFS, women’s hourly pay recovers only slightly by the time their children leave home, when it is 72% of men’s
pay, and although their employment rate increases steadily as their children grow up, it never return to the same level as men’s.
One could argue that people should not be protected from the consequences of their own choices. But female workers are needed to pick up the demographic slack④as society ages, and low pay will make work seem less appealing to them. Rising divorce rates mean that women--and their children—are having to rely more on women’s earnings, or on the state. Low pay for women increases poverty among children and costs taxpayers money. Families where both partners work are less vulnerable to sudden shocks. Ceri Peach, a professor of social geography at Oxford University, has examined employment and other characteristics of British Muslims and come to the conclusion that their socioeconomic marginalization is largely down to low rates of female employment.
There is also good evidence that not all the errors women make are unforced. The Women and Work Commissioners declared themselves shocked by the careers advice and work experience on offer in British schools. Girls were often allowed to give up math and science without any warning about the consequences for their future earnings. They were offered work experience in nurseries and hairdressers—even when they had expressed no interest in working in these fields. And careers advisers often didn’t even mention pay levels in different jobs. So the proposals to improve subject choices, careers advice and work experience make a lot of sense.
Other suggestions are rather less to the point. Some are mere exhortations(―Employers should ensure that their managers, at all levels, are regularly and continually trained on diversity and flexibility issues‖) , and some are comical (―The Department for Culture, media and Sport should set up two high –level groups, of advertisers and key players in television drama, to encourage non-stereotypical portrayals of women and men a work‖) . They do, however, make the crucial point that the pay gap will never close unless it becomes easier for women to go part-time while staying in the same job.
Since 2003, companies have had to give serious consideration to employees (female and male) with children under six who request flexible working hours. Many employees have taken up this ―right to request‖: nearly one in five working women and one in ten men. It is still too early to tell whether the law is making a difference to working patterns, but there is clearly the potential for a change. Without it,Stendhal’s⑤lament will continue to have resonance: that geniuses born as women are lost to the public good.
Glossary
aphorism n. 格言，谚语
median adj. 中央的，中值的
lucrative adj. 有利的
chasm n. 深坑，裂口
irreversible adj. 不能撤回的，不能取消的
demographic adj. 人口统计学的
marginalization n. 边缘化
exhortation n. 劝告
lament n. 悲伤，哀悼
Notes
①the hand that rocks the cradle: 出自美国诗人William Ross Wallace（1819-1881）歌颂母性
的名句For the hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world. (摇动摇篮的手，亦是统治世界的手。)
②shadow chancellor: 影子内阁大臣，又称在野内阁或预备内阁，1907年英国保守党领袖
张伯伦首次创立。在英国一般由在下院获得次多席位的政党组成。一旦该党获得多数席位变成执政党时，影子内阁随之便为正式内阁。
③mummy track: 这里表示女性生育之后，普遍面临照顾孩子与自身就业的两难境地，从
而导致收入下降等一系列问题的共同处境。
④demographic slack: 这里表示由于人口老龄化及生育率普遍低下造成的就业人口不足。
⑤Stendhal: 司汤达，19世纪法国杰出的小说家、批判现实主义文学的奠基者，代表作有
《红与黑》等。司汤达认为女性中很难出现天才，因为社会没有为女性天才的诞生创造任何条件。
Exercise
Ⅰ.For each statement listed below, please write T if the statement is true according to the passage, F, if it’s false, and NG if the information is not given in the passage.
1. Women earn less pay than men because that is a tradition. ( )
2. European Commission made a similar conclusion with WWC that the pay gap was due to
something far harder to root out. ( )
3. Men earn more because they are taught to learn more. ( )
4. Men earn more because they do not have to raise a child. ( )
5. Most women can not afford the expensive child care charge. ( )
6. Most women do not want to work full-time and park their babies in nursery care all day. ( )
7. According to the author, people should not be protected from the consequences of their own choices. ( ) 8. Careers advisers often make it quite clear to boys about the different pay levels in different jobs. ( )
Ⅱ.Short Answer Questions:
1.According to WWC, what is the real reason leading to the pay gap between women and men?
2.How do you understand the sentence“Too often this move to the ―mummy track‖is
irreversible‖ in paragraph 7?
3.Please summarize the main points of IFS.
4.According to the whole passage, what are the possible reasons for the pay gap?
5.Please list the solutions offered in the passage to the pay gap between men and women.
Ⅲ.Please translate the following summary of the passage into English.
女性工作委员会发现了“两性工资差异”的原因；提出男女工资的差异与其说是源自男女同工不同酬的传统，不如说是其它未为可知原因的影响。他们认为女性一开始工作就选错了，所以有了孩子之后更是陷入永无休止的兼职工作中。这就大大影响了女性一生的收入。
女性工作委员会认为，男女收入差异开始于人们的童年时期。在学校里，男女学生学习不同的科目，而男学生选择的课目往往日后收入丰厚。男女学生还会取得不同的学位，最终就会选择不同职业。工党政府认为，为女性提供价格合理的托儿服务是解决问题的关键。
A city in the dark
Hong Kong must start asking tough questions about the true state of our air
pollution, writes Edith Terry
Every community has them –the questions that you just don’t ask. In Hong Kong, lots of people want to know：“Why is the sky black?‖ But they avoid the related question:“Who dunnit?‖The reason is easy to understand, because nearly every one of us bears part of the responsibility. If the novelist Michael Crichton①were to write a thriller about Hong Kong’s air quality, titled perhaps Dark City, its characters would include tycoons, their Shenzhen mistresses, earnest bureaucrats, corrupt officials, limousines with dual licence plates zooming across the border, lots of unwitting bystanders and an inconvenient legislator with a big mouth.
The legislator might be someone like Choy So-yuk, Hong Kong’s Bella Abzug②lookalike. On Wednesday, she asked Environment Secretary Edward Yau Tangwah a few sharp questions, in the course of a Legislative Council session. How many factories does Hong Kong have in the Pearl River Delta③? How much damage are they doing to the air? And what are they doing about it? The context was a mid-term review of air-quality targets by the Hong Kong and Guangdong governments, released to the public on January 8. The study found that, due to undercounting of emissions in 1997—the base year—emissions would exceed the 2010 targets by 89 per cent for respirable suspended particulates, 40 per cent for nitrogen oxides and 38 per cent for sulphur dioxide.
―It’s absurd,‖ said the redoubtable Ms Choy, a long-standing member and former chairperson of Legco’s④environment panel. ―How could you only tell the public 10 years later? Now the government is saying it can make it up in terns of the percentage but not in terms of the absolute amount. And why are we not scolding our own people over there?
Mr.Yau’s answer, delivered in session, repeated information that had already been made public with the release of the mid-term review. The original data from Guangdong left out such polluting industries as cement, ceramics and mining, accounting for the miscalculation.
The lack of such data is a bit like leaving the cheese out of a cheese sandwich. But the more profound omission is one of spirit. The absence of factory-based waste and air-pollutant inventories that would enable regulators and the public to clearly identify offenders suggests that nobody, on other side of the border, really wants to know. For 30 years, as Hong Kong and Guangdong developed a nimble economic compact that left both much richer, that has probably been true.
The history is, by now, familiar and in the process of repeating itself. Although the official statistics are fuzzy, roughly one-third of Guangdong’s factories are funded or run by Hong Kong owners, who jumped at the chance provided by China’s economic reforms in 1978, when rising costs and new environmental rules put an end to Hong Kong’s own manufacturing economy based
on light industry.
Now the era of carpetbagger⑤capitalism is ending in Guangdong, as the province moves up-scale into hi-tech, heavy manufacturing logistics,stranding many of the estimated 57,000 Hong-Kong owned or operated factories in Guangdong. Instead of regulating by emission caps and standards, the mainland government is simply eliminating tax and import duty relief for industries that pollute or consume too much energy. Such favours were key to the industrial policy that created the first phase of the Delta miracle. The combination of a new, uniform corporate tax, labour law and public auctions for industrial land will force tens of thousands of small-processing industries out of the high-cost urban centres of the Delta. And thus a new exodus of Hong Kong’s textile, toy, plastics and other light industrial products will begin.
Where does it end? If Hong Kong companies were kept to a stricter environmental standard in the first place, or invested in research and development, they would not now be in the position of second-class industrial citizens, forced to migrate if, they cannot change their line of business from plastic to plasma.
In his response to Ms. Choy, the environment secretary said that the government’s HK＄93 million grant to the Hong Kong Productivity Council would address the problems of Hong Kong’s energy-intensive cross-border factories. HK＄160,000 each for another 90 pilot projects, on a voluntary basis. There is no naming, shaming or statutory enforcement, or financial support for retrofitting or installing small-scale gas turbines or any of the other technologies that might be required. Simple math indicates less than 2 per cent of Hong Kong factories in Guangdong may benefit.
Hong Kong’s air pollution, bad though it is on these cold winter days, is a symptom of a larger problem. Its economic partnership with Guangdong and the Delta is being replaced by competition across a range of industries. To survive, Hong Kong must start asking tough questions, and the political will and resources to get things done. We could do worse than starting with the air, paying for the cleanup of our own polluters in the Delta—as well as those back home.
Notes
①Michael Crichton: Michael Crichton is a writer and film director. Trained as a
physician-scientist, he paid his way through medical school by writing pseudonymous thrillers.
Among his numerous works of fiction and nonfiction are The Andromeda Strain, Jurassic Park, and Jasper Johns. He has contributed to many movies as writer, director, or producer, including Sphere and Jurassic Park.
②Bella Abzug: Bella Abzug (July24, 1920—March31, 1998) is an attorney, author, lecturer,
news commentator, and U.S. Representative from New York. She has been a lifelong activist in support of civil rights, equal rights for women and disarmament, and in 1970 she became the first woman elected to Congress on a women’s rights/peace platform. As a lawmaker, Ms.
Abzug co-authored the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts. She was the first to call for President Nixon’s impeachment in the 1970s and cast one of the first votes for the Equal Rights Amendment.
③The Pearl River Delta: The Pearl River is located in southeast China, in Guangdong
Province, close to the ports of Canton and Hong Kong. This region was the point origin of the majority of Chinese immigrants.
④Legco: Legco is the abbreviated form of the Legislative Council(立法会). Hong Kong
became a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China on 1 July 1997.
Under the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, which came into effect on the same day, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) is vested with legislative power and the Legislative Council is the legislature of the Region.
⑤Carpetbagger: Carpetbagger was the pejorative term applied to Northerners who moved to
the South after the Civil War, specifically those who joined state Republican parties formed in 1867 and who were elected as Republicans to public office. Southern Democrats alleged that the newcomers were corrupt and dishonest adventurers, whose property consisted only of what they could carry in their carpetbags (suitcases made of carpeting), who seized political power and plundered the helpless people of the South.
Vocabulary
bureaucrat n. 官僚emission n. 排放redoubtable adj. 令人敬畏的；可怕的；勇敢的；著名的nimble adj. 快捷的；灵活的fuzzy adj. 模糊的strand v. 使搁浅；使陷入困境exodus n. 大批的离去plasma n. 等离子体retrofit v. 式样翻新
Translation
1.unwitting bystander
2.an inconvenient legislator
3.respirable suspended particles
4.air-pollutant inventories
5.naming and shaming
6.排放限量和标准
7.试点项目
8.公开拍卖
9.权宜之计
10.轻工业
Questions
1.What prompted Ms. Choy to ask a few sharp questions in the course of a Legislative Council
session?
2.What is worse than the lack of original data from Guangdong, which left out such polluting
industries as cement, ceramics and mining, accounting for the miscalculation?
3.Environmental protection and economic development: which is more important?
Fast Reading Materials for Senior I完形填空（共 20 小题；每小题 1.5，满分 30 分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从 36~55 各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C 和 D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 While I studied at school, I felt a great difficulty in learning my Latin translations. I was always very 36 in using a dictionary, and 37 it most difficult, while to other boys it seemed no 38 . I formed an alliance（盟友）with a boy in the Sixth Grade .He was very clever and 39 read Latin as easily as English .My friend for his part was almost as 40 troubled by the English essays he had to write for the headmaster as I was 41 these Latin words .We agreed together that he would 42 me my Latin translations and that I should do his essays. The arrangement 43 wonderfully. The headmaster seemed quite 44 with my work, and I had more time to myself in the morning. On the other hand, once a week 45 I had to compose the essays of my friend. For several months no difficulty 46 , but once we were nearly caught out. One afternoon, the headmaster 47 my friend to discuss one essay with him in a lively spirit. “I was interested in this48 you make here. I think you might have gone further .Tell me 49 you had in your mind.” The headmaster continued in this50 for some time to the fear of my friend. However the headmaster, not wishing to 51 an occasion of praise into 52 of fault-finding, finally. 53 him go. He came back to me like a man who had had a very narrow 54 and I made up my mind to make every effort to study my 55 . 36．A．quick B．slow C．hard D．good 37．A．made B．got C．found D．left 38．A．trouble B．difference C．labor D．worry 39．A．might B．would C．should D．could 40．A．very B．little C．much D．few 41．A．for B．by C．in D．to 42．A．change B．take C．forgive D．tell 43．A．worked B．tried C．happened D．developed 44．A．angry B．satisfied C．frightened D．sad 45．A．or so B．or else C．as usual D．as far 46．A．became B．seemed C．lay D．appeared 47．A．called B．taught C．arranged D．sent 48．A．aim B．goal C．point D．opinion 49．A．why B．how C．which D．what 50．A．excitement B．way C．meaning D．disappointment 51．A．turn B．leave C．grow D．become 52．A．none B．one C．either D．some 53．A．ordered B．asked C．took D．let 54．A．surprise B．escape C．hope D．chance 55．A．reading B．writing C．translations D．essays II 阅读理解
《分析化学》阅读材料03 摘自Analytical Chemistry (FECS) ●In the Br?sted-Lowry theory, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor. Each acid is related to its conjugate base and vice versa: Acid = base + proton Therefore, the conjugate base of a strong acid must be a weak base and the conjugate base of a weak acid must be a strong base. Together they form a couple, and an acid without its conjugate base is a meaningless concept. In order to release a proton, the acid must find a base to accept it. In an aqueous solution, the proton, H+, having an extremely small ionic radius, cannot exist as such. It is hydrated, forming the hydronium ion H3O+ and higher hydrates. Thus, an acid-base equilibrium is not a simple dissociation equilibrium, but the result of a proton transfer reaction in which there are at least two reagents and two products. Such a process is also called protolysis. The overall reaction is expressed by: HX + H2O = H3O+ + X-. The overall equilibrium constant is K = [H3O+][X-]/[HX][H2O]. The acid dissociation constant Ka is given by: Ka = K[H2O] = [H3O+][X-]/[HX]. Ka reflects not only the acid strength of HX, but also the base strength of water. This why different acid dissociation constants are observed for the same acid in different solvent. ●Similar proton transfer reactions exist in all solvents possessing proton donor and acceptor properties. Proton transfer reactions are extremely fast. This makes them very suitable for analytical applications and acid-base reactions have found wide use in volumetric methods and other analytical techniques. ●The pH value is a measure for the acidity or basicity of a solution, aqueous or nonaqueous. ●Acid-base indicators are chemical substances with acid-base properties, having different colors in their protonated and deprotonated forms. ● A most important application of acid-base systems is related to the property of such a system to act as a buffer. Many chemical reactions produce protons (in aqueous solutions hydroniums) or hydroxide ions. If these products remain in the system, a corresponding pH change is observed. However, if a buffer is present in the solution it reacts with the liberated hydrogen or hydroxide ions so that only a relative small change of pH occurs. Buffer consist of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base. The most efficient buffer for a given pH consists of a 1:1 ratio of the protonated and deprotonated forms of a weak acid (with pKa = pH). This cannot always be achieved, but if we wish to prepare a solution of a certain pH, we select a weak acid with a pKa value close to the desired pH. Buffer solution resists changes in pH upon adding of strong acids or strong bases. Depending on the relative concentrations of the acid and base forms of the buffer, the system can resist small or large additions of strong acid or base. This buffer capacity is defined as the number of moles of strong acid of base required to change the pH of 1 L of buffer solution by one pH unit. Solutions with high or low pH values, formed as a result of dissolution of large quantities of a strong base or acid, are characterized by a large buffer capacity, although the electrolyte practically consists of only one of the conjugate forms (e.g., HCl or NaOH solutions). ● A general requirement for all volumetric methods is that the titration process is fast and that it proceeds in a definite stoichiometric ratio, the endpoint of the reaction must by easy to detect and the reaction should be specific and not influenced by other constituents of the solution, i.e., there should be no interference. Question: 1. A H3PO4 solution is brought to pH = 7.00 by the addition of NaOH. Calculate the concentration of the various forms of orthophosphate if the total phosphate concentration in buffer is 0.200 mol /L. pKa1 = 2.16, pKa2 = 7.21, pKa3 = 12.32. 2. A buffer solution is prepared from acid, HA, Ka = 5 10-5, and its salt. The concentration of HA in the buffer is 0.25 mol / L. To 100 mL of the buffer added 5.0 mmol of NaOH, and the pH of the resulting solution is 5.60. What was the pH of the original buffer? 3.It is desired to change the pH of 100 mL of 0.100 mol / L HCl from 1.00 to 4.40 by the addition of sodium acetate, CH3COONa3H2O. How much solid sodium acetate salt must be added in grams? Assume no volume change for the solution as the result of the addition. 4.What is the buffer capacity of a solution which is 0.100 mol / L of NH3 and 0.200 of NH4Cl? 5.Calculate the pH of each of the following solution: (a) Water in equilibrium with CO2 of the air; pKa1 = 6.38, pKa2 = 10.25. (b) Water as in part (a) brought to pH = 7.00 with NaOH and allowed to regain equilibrium with CO2. 6. Derive the following expression for the pH at the first stoichiometric point in the titration of a mixture of two weak acid: HA, the stronger, Ka1, concentration C1; HB, the weaker, Ka2, concentration C2: pH = 1/2 (pKa1 + pKa2) – 1/2 lg (C1/C2)
曹姗（2012年安徽英语状元） 英语要大声朗读，我基本上每天早起读英语或新概念，朗读是一个培养语感的好办法，有助于在解题没有明确依据的情况下提高答案正确率。 坚持阅读训练，达到英语能力和应试能力的统一需要做一定量的题目，尤其是阅读和完形的成绩的提高需要一个过程，不会立杆见影，一定要有毅力和耐心同时要会总结。我从高二起每天做两篇阅读一篇完形，做完后仔细思考做错的题，思维有什么偏差，出题者到底想考什么，逐渐使自己的思路接近命题者。 高考英语阅读题:阅读新闻报道类短文注意六个个方面 在高考阅读理解中屡屡出现，已经引起了我们师生的注意。我们考生在阅读新闻报道类短文时，应该注意以下几个方面： 一、如果有标题的话，要重视新闻报道文章的标题 标题通常点明短文的主题思想，例如：通过某文的标题Old Computers Make for Unhappy Workers Survey说明本篇报道的主题就是陈旧电脑设备导致工人不满，并告知读者这是一份调查报告。但是高考试卷中的大部分新闻报道都会有意识地删掉标题，以考查考生对主题思想的归纳概括能力。 二、重视对新闻报道文章导语部分 由于高考试卷中的大部分新闻报道短文都会有意识地删掉标题，因此全文的主题和论点这时必须通过理解和分析导语部分来获得。考生可以从导语部分的开头来了解该新闻报道的来源和时间，如通过本文开头Beijing 读者可以了解到该篇报道是由中国国内报道的。如果是New Yoke ，那么考生就会知道这篇报道是来自于美国方面的报道。因此考生要想掌握新闻报道的主题或论点概况，必须仔细阅读导语。导语(1ead)就是指新闻报道的第一段或第一、二段(例如上文的第一段)，它是新闻报道最基本内容的概括和浓缩，它通常反映新闻报道的主题或论点。 三、重视每个段落的链接 新闻报道通常结构看似比较松散，而实际上并非如此。新闻报道的正文主要对导语部分所提供的主题信息的相关细节进行叙述或议论。新闻报道在叙述或议论过程中其正文部分往往由很多短小的段落组成，但是这些短小的段落确是按照一定的时间、逻辑或空间等顺序进行展开，环环相扣，因此结构仍然很紧密。 四、重视新闻报道文章的阅读方法
第六章阅读理解与阅读技能 2009-11-15 23:36:27| 分类：我的世界| 标签：|字号大中小订阅 第六章阅读理解与阅读技能 P249（1）记叙文 Stephen Hawking was born in 1942. He’s a world famous scientist and expert on space and time. Stephen is trying to find the answers to some very big questions, such as: how did the universe being? How will it end? 斯蒂芬在1942年出生。他是研究空间和时间领域的一位举世闻名的科学家和专家。斯蒂芬设法发现一些非常大问题的答案，例如：宇宙未来会怎样？它会怎样结束？ Stephen was a student at Oxford University. He studied math and science. Then, at the age of twenty, he became very ill. He was so young, but the doctor said to his family, “He has only two years to live.” The doctors were wrong-he didn’t die. He can’t walk now but he uses a wheelchair. He talks with the help of a computer. After Oxford, Stephen went to Cambridge University. Three years later, in 1963, he became a doctor of philosophy. 斯蒂芬曾经是牛津大学的学生。他学习数学和科学。然而，在20岁时，他生病了。他是如此年轻，但医生告诉他的家人，“他只活两年。”医生是错误的，他没有死。他现在虽然不能走路，但他可以使用了轮椅。随着计算机的帮助，他可以通过计算机举行会谈。牛津大学毕业后，斯蒂芬前往剑桥大学学习。3 年后，在1963年，他成为哲学博士。 Because of his health problems, it was difficult for him to draw diagrams or to write. So he started to think in pictures. With this new way of thinking, he became one of the most famous scientists in the world. In 1981, he met Pope in Rome. They talked about his ideas. Then, in 1988, he wrote his first important book, A Brief History of Time. It sold more than 5.5 million copies in 33 different countries. 由于他的健康问题，出图或写作对于他是很难的。因此他在图片上开始思考。这种新的思维方式，使他在世界上成为了一位最著名的科学家。在1981年，他在罗马遇见了教皇。他们谈论了他的想法。然后，在1988年他写了他的第一本重要的书，《时间的简史》。它在33个不同国家卖了超过550万本。 （2）说明文 One type of solar collector is not very expensive. It is put on the roof of a building. It is usually put on the sunny side of the roof. The sun is most direct in this side, and the unit will collect more heat. The surface is black because black collects more heat from the sun. Inside, there are pipes with water. The top is a piece of glass. The sun shines through the glass and air inside. It heats the water that is also inside. A pump, a machine to move the water, starts when water is warm enough. Then hot water goes into a storage tank. This tank stores or keeps the hot water. Then there is hot water to use for washing clothes or taking baths and showers.
2020年高三英语材料之阅读理解精品版
高三英语材料之阅读理解 阅读理解1 A Besides entertainment and beautiful lanterns, another important part of the Lantern Festival ,or Yuanxiao Festival is eating small dumpling balls made of glutinous rice flour. We call these balls Yuanxiao or Tangyuan. Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself. It is said that the custom of eating Yuanxiao originated during the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the fourth century, then became popular during the Tang and Song periods. The fillings inside the dumplings or Yuansiao are either sweet or salty. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, Walnuts, sesame（芝麻）, osmanthus flowers(桂花), rose petals, sweetened tangerine（橘子）peel, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣子酱）. A single ingredient or any combination can be used as the filling . The salty variety is filled with minced meat（肉末儿）, vegetables or a mixture. The way to make Yuanxiao also varies between northern and southern China. The usual method followed in southern provinces is to shape the dough of rice flour into balls, make a hole, insert the filling, then close the hole and smooth out the dumpling by rolling it between your hands. In North China, sweet or nutmeat stuffing is the usual ingredient. The fillings are pressed into hardened cores, dipped lightly in water and rolled in a flat basket containing dry glutinous rice flour. A layer of the flour sticks to the filling, which is then again dipped in water and rolled a second time in the rice flour. And so it goes, like rolling a snowball, until the dumpling is the desired size. The custom of eating Yuanxiao dumplings remains. This tradition encourages both old and new stores to promote their Yuanxiao products. They all try their best to improve the taste and quality of the dumplings to attract more customers. 1.Which of the following is NOT true? A．The custom of eating Yuanxiao dates back to the fourth century. B．Sugar, rose petals and minced meat are all fillings of Yuanxiao. C．Sweet Yuanxiao are usually made in southern China. D．People in northern China usually make Yuanxiao by rolling like a snowball. 2.Which country does the Lantern Festival come from? A．China B．South Korea C．Jin Dynasty D．Tang and Song periods. 3.Choose the right order of making Tangyuan in southern provinces. ① make a hole and insert the filling ② roll the dough between your hands ③ shape the dough of rice flour into balls ④ close the hole ⑤ prepare some rice flour A．⑤③②①④ B．③⑤①②④ C．③①④②⑤ D．⑤③①④② 4.What is the best title of this passage? A．The Lantern Festival
计算机专业英语阅读材料 计算机英语（1） Desktop Pattern In the graphical user interface of Microsoft Windows 98,a graphical pattern-called wallpaper-displayed on the desktop (the background "beneath" windows, icons, and dialog boxes). The pattern or picture in the screen background that can be chosen by the user. To change the desktop pattern, choose Display from the Control Panel. 桌面图案 在Microsoft Windows 98的图形用户界面中,一种显示在桌面上称为壁纸(Wallpaper )的图形图案(窗口、图标和对话框后面的背景),屏幕背景可由用户选择图案样式或画面。要改变桌面图案时,从控制面板上选择显示方式。 计算机英语（2） Federated Database In scientific networking ,a collaborative database (part of a collaborator) in which scientists pool their knowledge and discoveries .Federated databases are one proposed solution to the Grand Challenges——problems that are so complex that they far outstrip the capabilities of individual scientists ,or even individual research institutions ,to tackle them independently. 联合式数据库 在科学联网中,科学家们汇集其知识和发现的一种合作数据库(合作的一部分)。联合数据库是对种种重大挑战问题(Grand Challenges)的一种建议性的解决方案——这些问题太复杂,以致于超出单个科学家的能力,甚至单个研究所都无法来单独解决它们。 计算机英语（3） Collapse When creating an outline or viewing a directory tree (such as in the Windows Explorer ),the process of hiding all the outline levels or subdirectories below the selected outline heading or directory. 折叠 当生成一个题纲或观察一个目录树(如在Windows资源管理器中)时,在选定的题纲标题或目录下隐藏所有的题纲层或子目录的过程。 计算机英语（4） Collision In local area networks (LANs) ,a garbled transmission that results when two or more workstations transmit to the same network cable at exactly the same time . Networks have means of preventing collisions. 冲突 在局域网(LANs)中,当两个或多个工作站恰好在同时向同一个网络线路上传送(数据)时产生的错乱传输。网络拥
新闻语篇隐性评价与新闻英语阅读教学 仲晶瑶 （黑龙江大学 西语学院，黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080） [摘要]新闻英语阅读是英语专业教学必不可少的一部分，好的教学成果的取得不仅依赖于讲授语言本身，更 依赖于让学生了解英语新闻语篇独特的、 不同于其他新闻语篇的文体结构和语言特点。要让学生知道，虽然新闻报道理论上要求客观，但是实际上其中或明或暗充斥着记者的主观态度和观点。尤其是对于其中的隐性评价，应以具体语篇为例讲明显性与隐性的特点及表现形式，帮助学生正确理解新闻语篇，使之成为独立的、有批判性思想的学习者，从而达到教学目的。 [关键词]新闻语篇；隐性评价；新闻英语阅读教学[中图分类号]F830 [文献标识码] B 第2012年第9期（总第405期） 商业经济 SHANGYE JINGJI No.9，2012Total No.405 [文章编号]1009-6043 （2012）09-0081-02[收稿日期]2012-08-13 [作者简介]仲晶瑶(1974-)， 女，黑龙江大学西语学院副教授，硕士。研究方向：英语教学法研究。[基金项目]黑龙江省教育厅2011人文社科项目： 新闻语篇中的隐性评价研究的阶段性成果(12512243)。一、引言 根据我国现行的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》，英语专业四级应达到“能读懂难度相当于美国Newsweek 的国际新闻报道，要求在理解的基础上抓住要点，并能运用正确观点评价思想内容”；专业八级应该达到“能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评，能分析上述题材文章的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法”。 据此，我国大部分高等院校的英语专业都开设了新闻英语阅读课程，但是在教学中，学习者普遍觉得这门课程比较难，教师在教学中也觉得这门课难以掌控。我国虽然也有很多关于新闻英语阅读教学的研究，但是大部分都是从新闻语篇的语体特点、阅读策略等方面进行的研究，重点在于解决词句方面的问题。根据《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》，报刊阅读不仅应该达到理解，更应该能够正确分析和评价文章的思想观点。事实上，新闻报道并非对事实的客观报道，而是其中隐含着一定的意识形态，表达着作者的观点。在新闻英语阅读教学中让学生意识到这一点，才能帮助其正确理解和分析新闻语篇。 二、新闻语篇的文体结构及语言特点 要理解新闻语篇，正确分析其中的观点，就必须了解新闻语篇的文体结构和语言特点。 (一)新闻语篇的文体结构 新闻的种类很多，通常提到的“硬新闻”和“软新闻”是按照新闻事件的性质来划分的。“硬新闻”是“‘纯新闻消息报道’，指以重大的政治事件为题材，态度严肃，具有一定时效性的客观事实报道”；“软新闻”是“情感味浓，写作方法诙谐，轻松幽默的社会新闻，不注重实效性”。 无论是“硬新闻”还是“软新闻”，新闻报道通常有三个部分：标题、导语和正文。标题用一些关键词总括全文的主题，让读者一目了然。导语一般是文章的第一段，阐明主要话题和事实。正文中则引入更多的与主题相关的事实，使主体更加详实，并进一步展开讨论，得出结论。新闻报道一般采用 “倒金字塔形式，”即最重要的部分在开头，其他内容按照重要性依次降低的顺序来安排。这种结构有助于读者一目了然，使其很快把握新闻主要内容，节省时间。 (二)新闻语篇的语言特点 新闻语篇在语言上有着不同于其他形式语篇的特点，尤其体现在用词和句法结构上。 1.新闻语篇的用词特点 新闻的目的是以最直接、简练的方式迅速及时报道发生了什么事情，因此新闻具有内容客观真实、报道及时的特点。此外，新闻语篇在用词上也有着自己鲜明的特点。 (1)新闻语篇中专有名词多。这个特点与新闻报道本身的性质有关，新闻报道一定涉及人物、时间和地点等，因此其中的人名、地名、国名、机构名称等专有名词屡见不鲜。 (2)新闻语篇中缩略语多。新闻报道要行文简练，要在有限的篇幅内包容尽可能多的消息，以方便大众获取信息，而缩略语就符合这样的要求，因此缩略语在英语新闻中无处不在，是新闻英语的一个重要标志。通常的做法是缩略语首次出现时使用全称，之后使用缩略语形式。 (3)新闻语篇中数词多。新闻报道要求内容翔实可靠，而数字能给人一种科学、客观公正的印象，因此，为了凸显新闻的客观性和可信度，记者总是运用精确的数字进 81--
小学英语阅读理解的常见题型设置及解题技巧 在小学阶段，阅读理解题型灵活多样，但主要有以下题型： 一、读一读，然后选一选。 这种题型的特点是在短文后给出若十个不完整的句子或若干个根据短文内容提出的问题，针对每一题都提供三到四个备选的答案，要求同学们在正确理解短文内容的基础上，从选项中选出一个正确的答案。这类试题的问题一般是紧扣短文内容编排的，既会涉及文章中的细节内容，如文中出现的人物、时间、地点、事件的前因后果等；也会涉及文章中某个词或某个句子的含义以及文章的主旨、大意和标题等。 The big day comes at last! Mrs Jones' third grade students are waiting quietly for her to come into the classroom. Today Amy brings some cakes, Joy brings some napkins, Carlos brings some soda water and Kate brings some cups. Everyone wants the party to he a surprise. Mrs Jones doesn't know the children have known today is her birthday. When she comes into the classroom, the children shout,“Happy birthday, Mrs Jones!”And then the children get a surprise,too. Mrs Jones brings everyone a party hat and an ice cream! 阅读短文，选择最佳答案。 ( ) 1. Mrs Jones' grade students are waiting for her. A. three B.third C.No.3 D.the third ( )2. Carlos brings some _____ ． A. cola B.napkins C.soda water D.cups ( )3．_____ brings some cakes. A. Amy B.Carlos C.Joey D.Kate 分析 题1短文的第二句话告诉我们是琼斯老师的三年级的学生们正静静地等候她的到来。在年级前面应该用序数词来表示，如果是在年级后面就应该用基数词表示。如：the third grade,=Grade Three.同时因为前面有定语Mrs Jones'，所以这里也应该不要the。 题2.3 短文介绍了几个同学分别带了一些东西。卡洛斯带了soda water （汽水），艾米带了蛋糕。 正确答案：1.B 2.C 3. A 二、读一读，然后判断句子正误。 该题型的特点是在短文后给出若干个句子，要求同学们根据短文内容，判断所给的句子意思是否与原文相符。做这类题应该联系短文内容进行发挥，主要是考查对意思相近或相反的几个句子进行鉴别、判断，或是变换词语、句子结构来测试同种意思的不同表达。 There are some public numbers. Do you know when to use these numbers? 110 is a number for calling policeman when you have meet some illegal things. 119 is a number using for a fire accident.
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】
UNIT 1 一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象，交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐（recreation）和食品生产，事实上（virtually），我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。历史上，社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切（intimately）相关，事实上，早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。 二、早期的人类仅仅使用（access）了非常有限数量的材料，比如自然的石头、木头、粘土（clay）、兽皮等等。随着时间的发展，通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。这些性材料包括了陶瓷（pottery）以及各种各样的金属，而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。此时，材料的应用（utilization）完全就是一个选择的过程，也就是说，在一系列有限的材料中，根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料，直到最近的时间内，科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得，使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。因此，为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会，成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。 三、由于很多新的技术的发展，使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆，例如：如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材，或者没有其他可以替代（substitute）的东西，汽车就不可能被生产，在现代、复杂的（sophisticated）电子设备依赖于半导体（semiconducting）材料四、有时，将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科（subdiscipline）是非常有用的，严格的来说，材料科学是研究材料的性能以及结构的关系，与此相反，材料工程则是基于材料结构和性能的关系，来设计和生产具有预定性