福师《现代语言学》练习题
Part I
I. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer for the following questions. (10%, 1% each item)
1.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by _____.
A. Jacobson
B. Bloomfield
C. Saussure
D. Chomsky
2.That it is wrong to split an infinitive is an example of _____ rules.
A. prescriptive
B. descriptive
C. transformational
D. functional
3.Onecriteria of distinguishing different consonants is ______.
A. the height of tongue raising
B. manner of articulation
C. obstruction of airflow
D. total stopping of air
4.Which of the following sounds is described as “voiced bilabial
stop”?___________.
A. [b]
B. [z]
C. [g]
D. [l]
5.Which of the following words contains NO inflectional suffix?___________.
A. fastest
B. darken
C. easier
D. studies
6.Good: Bad is an example of _____.
A. gradableantonymy
B. relationalantonymy
C. complementary antonymy
D. complete antonymy
7.In the sentence “The hunter killed the lion with a gun” ,the thematic role of “a
gun” is ______.
A. agent
B. patient
C. experiencer
D. instrument
8. In English, the part of speech of a compound word is usually determined by ___________.
A. the rightmost morpheme
B. the leftmost morpheme
C. bound morpheme
D. free morpheme
9. In terms of the place of articulation, the sounds [t], [s] and [n] share the feature of ________.
A. palatal
B. alveolar
C.bilabial
D. dental
10. The absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language is called _______.
A. aphasia
B. lexical gap
C. speech error
D. semantic field
II. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False.(10%, 1% each item)
( ) 1. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language by Quirk et al. is a synchronic study of language.
( ) 2.The word “in” is an open class word.
( ) 3. Chinese is a tone language.
( ) 4.The word “above” includes 2 syllables, in which the sound [b] is the coda of the first syllable.
( ) 5.The semantic relationship between the two sentences “John’s son is an engineer” and “John has a son” is presupposition.
( ) 6. A syllable should contain at least one vowel.
( ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/4e15650657.html,pared with its antonym small, the word big is a marked item.
( ) 8.The sentence“I’ll be back.”i s a directive.
( ) 9.The sentence “Boys are boys” violates the quantity maxim.
( ) 10.Ogden and Richards proposed the semantic triangle, arguing that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, but mediated by concept. III. Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)
1.__________ is the study of meaning in use or in context.
2.The standardized and internationally accepted system for phonetic transcription is
___________.
3.In terms of semantic relationship,flower isa(n)________of lily.
4.In terms of grammatical case, he is a(n) ____________ case in the sentence “He
killed a lion.”
5.The branch of phonetics that studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view is
labeled _______ phonetics.
6.In second language acquisition, ________ refers to errors so internalized that no
amount of correction can undo.
7.The hypothesis that animals, including humans, are genetically programmed to
acquire certain kinds of knowledge and skill at specific times in life is called ________.
8.The area of the brain that is responsible for the comprehension of words and for
selection of words when producing language is ________.
9.The hypothesis that claims that language shapes the way we think and determines
what we can think about is called_______.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4e15650657.html,nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language
at some point of time is called a ________ study of language.
IV. Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)
1.Maximal Onset Principle
2.McGurk effect
3.Input Hypothesis
4. Aphasia
V. Questions. Answer the following questions. (40%, 20% each item)
1.Discuss your understanding about part of speech.
2.Draw tree structures to represent the words “unlockable”, “reusable”and
“unusable”, and explain their meanings.
Part II
I. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer for the following questions. (10%, 1% each item)
1. ______ is formed by a narrowing of the air passage at some point so that the air in escaping makes a kind of hissing sound.
A. A plosive
B. A fricative
C.An affricate
D. glide
2. The vowel [i:] in [fi:d] is a ______ vowel.
A. close front unrounded
B. close back unrounded
C. open front rounded
D. close back rounded
3. ______ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.
A. Sematics
B. Pragmatics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Stylistics
4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by a process of learning, and not genetically is usually referred to as ______.
A. performance
B. language acquisition
C. cultural transmission
D. competence
5. Of all the speech organs, the _____ is / are the most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C. tongue
D. vocal cords
6. ______ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.
A. A speech community
B. A race
C. A society
D. A country
7. ______ made the distinction between langue and parole.
A. Chormsky
B. Saussure
C. Sapir
D. Hall
8. Morphemes such as “-er”, “-en”, “dis-” and so forth are called ______ morphemes.
A. inflectional
B. derivational
C. free
D. bound
9. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.
A. form
B. structure
C. sound pattern
D. meaning
10. ______ are written identically but sound differently.
A. Homographs
B. Homohphones
C. Homonyms
D. Synonyms
II. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False.(10%, 1% each item)
( )1.Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.
( )2.Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.
( )3.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.
( )4.The classification of English consonants involves both manner of articulation and place of articulation.
( )5.Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.
( )https://www.doczj.com/doc/4e15650657.html,nguage is only linearly-structured.
( )7.Meaning is central to the study of communication.
( )8.Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics.
( )9.Sociolinguistics studies language in social contexts.
( )10. A synchronic study of language is a historical study.
III.Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)
1. ______ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.
2. The consonant [f] can be described as ____________. \
3. The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other
morphemes to form words are called _______ morphemes
4. Two words that are “opposite” in meaning are called ______.
5. _________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
6. Modern English has a much weaker case marking system. Its sentences have to follow a basic
order of ______.
7. Application of the transformational rules yields ______ structure.
8. Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. The
word that is more general in meaning is called _______.
9. while the meaning of a sentence is decontextualized, that of an _________ is
context-dependent.
10. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is
called the _______________ principle proposed by Grice.
IV.Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)
1.consonant:
2.lingua franca
3.diachronic linguistics
4.pidgin
V. Questions. Answer the following questions. (40%，20% each question)
1.What is the maxim of quality? Illustrate how speakers may flout this maxim to construct an
implicature.
2. Explain “synonymy”, “antonymy”, “polysemy,” and “hyponymy” with examples.
Part III
I. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer for the following questions. (10%, 1% each item)
1.The statement“Double negation is incorrect.” is an example of _____ rules.
A. prescriptive
B. descriptive
C. transformational
D. functional
2.The distinction between linguistic competence and performance was proposed by
_____.
A. Jacobson
B. Bloomfield
C.
D. H. Hymes D. Chomsky
3.Consonants and vowels are distinguished by ______.
A. place of articulation
B. manner of articulation
C. obstruction of airflow
D. total stopping of air
4.Which of the following sounds is described as “voiced alveolar stop”?
A. [d]
B. [z]
C. [g]
D. [l]
5.Which of the following morphemes IS a bound morpheme?
A. ness
B. kiss
C. loss
D. boss
6.Which of the following words contains NO inflectional suffix?
A. fastest
B. chaos
C. easier
D. studies
7.Dead: alive is a pair of _____.
A. gradableantonymy
B. converse antonymy
C. complementary antonymy
D. complete antonymy
8.The relationship of hyponymy is between the more general term such as color and
the more specific instances of it such as red, blue and white. The general term color is called the ________.
A. hyponym
B. superordinate
C. co-hyponyms
D. synonym
9.In the sentence “The hunter killed the lion.” the semantic role of “the hunter” is
______.
A. agent
B. patient
C. experiencer
D. instrument
10. Halliday distinguished three social variables that determine the register. _________ is not one of them.
A. field of discourse
B. tenor of discourse
C. mode of discourse
D. rule of discourse
II. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False. (10%, 1% each item)
( ) 1.Historical linguistics is a diachronic study of language.
( ) 2.In the antonym pair old :young, old is the marked item.
( ) 3.“A nk”is a morpheme, because it appears in different words, such as tank, bank, rank.
( ) 4.The word “depend” includes 2 syllables, in which the sound [p] is the coda of the first syllable.
( ) 5.The se mantic relationship between the two sentences “The president was assassinated” and “The president is dead” is presupposition.
( ) 6.The sentence“I’ll be back.”i s a commissive.
( ) 7.The word “book” is a closed-class word.
( ) 8.Affixes are always bound.
( ) 9.Thestructure of the word “unhelpfulness”can be analyzed as [un[[[helpful]ness]].
( ) 10.Both English and Chinese are typical tone languages.
III.Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)
11.The description of English vowels needsfour variables, i.e. the height of tongue
raising, the position of the highest part of the tongue, the length or tenseness of the vowel and ________.
12.In IPA, there are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is _______, the other
is narrow transcription.
13.Those morphemes that can appear on their own are called __________.
14._______ intonation signals certainty and completion of the speech.
15.If A is a kind of B, then in terms of semantic relation, B is a(n) _____ of A.
16.The utterance “I order you to leave the room.”performs a ________ speech act.
17.The pronoun “him” performs a _____ reference in sentence “She must be furious
with him when Mike said he was leaving her.”
18.The area of brain that is responsible for organizing articulatory patterns of
language and controlling use of inflectional and functionmorphemes is called _______ area.
19.The hypothesis that claims that language shapes the way we think and determines
what we can think about is called_______.
20.In English, all rounded vowels are _______ vowels.
IV.Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)
1.illocutionary act
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4e15650657.html,ponential analysis
3.Lingua Franca
4.Indirect speech act
V. Questions. Answer the following questions. (40%，20% each question)
1.Are /lb?k/, /kn?st/ and /kr?st/ possible syllables in English? Why?
2.Discuss your understanding about Conversational implicature.
Part IV
I. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer for the following questions. (10%, 1% each item)
1. ______ variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation.
A. Regional
B. Social
C. Stylistic
D. Idiolectal
2. The sound [s] and [z] are the results of air escaping under friction between tongue and ______
before passing through the teeth.
A. hard palate
B. uvula
C. alveolar ridge
D. soft palate
3. ______ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.
A. Phonology
B. Morphology
C. Lexicology
D. Phonetics
4. Modern linguistics, i.e., linguistic study carried out in this century is mostly ______, that is, it
describes and analyses language.
A. descriptive
B. prescriptive
C. synchronic
D. diachronic
5. The study of linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called ______.
A. phonology
B. morphology
C. syntax
D. semantics
6. Pitch variation is known as ______ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
A. intonation
B. tone
C. pronunciation
D. voice
7. ______ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical
rules, used as a medium of communication.
A. Lingua franca
B. Creole
C. Pidgin
D. Standard language
8. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.
A. Linguistic geography
B. Applied linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Comparative linguistics
9. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______
and vocabulary.
A. structure
B. grammar
C. usage
D. pronunciation
10. A sound pronounced with the vocal cord vibrating is said to be a ______ sound.
A. resonant
B. voiceless
C. voiced
D. consonant
II. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False. (10%, 1% each item)
( )1.General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.
( )2.The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.
( )https://www.doczj.com/doc/4e15650657.html,nguage is entirely arbitrary.
( )4.English is a typical tone language.
( )https://www.doczj.com/doc/4e15650657.html,pounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.
( )6.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
( )7.Homophones are words which are identical in sound.
( )8.The notion of context is not important to the pragmatic study of language.
( )9. A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.
( )10.Some languages are superior to other languages.
III.Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)
1. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely. The sounds produced in this way are described as _______________ sounds.
2. English has only _____________ inflectional morphemes.
3. The most important ways of word formation are compounding and ______________.
4. To explain the source of meaning, Ogden and Richard suggested a ___________ model to illustrate the view of meaning as concept.
5. All lexical items can be analyzed into a set of semantic features or semantic components which may be universal. This semantic theory is called ___________ Analysis.
6. Words that sound alike but are spelled differently and often have different meanings are called _____________, such as know and no.
7. _____________ is the study of language in relation to society; it studies how social factors influence the structure and use of language.
8. Putonghua(普通话) is the ___________ language in China; it has the highest status in China although it has no linguistic privilege.
9. When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a(n) _____________.
10. The scientific study of ___________ errors, called slips of the tongue, can provide useful clues to the processes of language production.
IV.Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)
1.Linguistic competence:
2.Psycholinguistics:
3.Polysemy:
4.Pragmatics:
V. Questions. (40%)
1. How does phonetics differ from phonology?
2. What is duality? What is the relationship between two levels of language?
全国 2018 年 1 月自学考试现代语言学试题 课程代码： 00830 I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2%×10=20% ) 1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. () A. system B. structure C. competence D. performance 2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. () A. larynx B. hard palate C. glottis D. vocal cords 3. The word “ manuscript ” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. () A. two roots B. a root and a prefix C. a root and a suffix D. a root and a free morpheme 4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules,which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP→ ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S).) A. phrases B. clauses C. sentences D. constituents 5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the“ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ” was proposed by ______. () A. Plato B. Ogden and Richards C. John Firth D. Bloomfield 6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. () 1
查看文章 【收藏】北京大学中文系推荐免试研究生必读书目读后有感 2009-09-29 11:07 北京大学要求不严，北京大学中文系要求不严，它崇尚的是一种学习的自由。但学习在那种大师和名校的气氛中，学习在那种图书众多和无数讲座的亲切交谈中，你自己就已经沐浴在她的朝霞中，你自己就已经在鞭策自己不要辜负了这个学校的名字和那些已逝的大师。 北京大学中文系接受全国优秀免试生为直升研究生，但要经过严格的面试和笔试进行选拔，在北京大学中文系的校园网上它挂出了这些书目。看着这些书目我觉得自己读书是如此的浅薄和单一。我想，与我有同一感想的朋友颇多，遂把它陈列出来，作为我们的参考。 古语有云：修身齐家治国平天。又云，达则兼济天下，穷则独善其身。诸葛亮说：非淡泊无以名志，非宁静无以致远。然后在浮躁的今天，这已经是我们可望不可及的梦想，或者是想像古代文人读书的一种渴望方式。也许，多读几本书还是可以享受一下自己的乐趣，陶冶自己的情操。所以我们不妨读读北京大学中文系的推荐书目，尤其是致力于考研究生的朋友。 很多书我们无法在短时间里面读完，这不要紧，把书名、作者、出版社能够顺利背出来，这也是一件很好的事情。古代很多士大夫的学习和钻研就是从背篇目开始。 附录： 文艺学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1．《文心雕龙注》上下范文澜注人民文学出版社 2．《文心雕龙研究史》张少康汪春泓等著北京大学出版社 3．《文学理论的未来》（美）拉尔夫﹒科恩主编中国社会科学出版社4．《苏联文学学学派》彭克巽主编北京大学出版社 5．《路德维希﹒费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》恩格斯著 人民出版社 6．《批评理论和叙事阐释》詹姆逊文集2 中国人民大学出版社 2004年 7．《文学理论学导论》董学文著北京大学出版社 8．《中国文艺理论百年教程》毛庆耆等著广东高等教育出版社 9．《叙事学与小说文体学研究》申丹著北京大学出版社 10．中外经典文学名著三部 语言学及应用语言学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1．《语法答问》朱德熙 2．《现代汉语语法研究》朱德熙 3．《中国文法要略》吕叔湘 4．《汉语语法分析问题》吕叔湘 5．《汉语语法论》高名凯 6．《上古音研究》李方桂 7．《汉语语音史》王力 8．《现代语言学教程》霍凯特
现代语言学词汇表 A abbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acoustic phonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻 Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀 Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦音Afroasiatic非亚语系agreement rule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音 alveolus齿龈 angular gyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词 apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症 aphasic失语症患者 applied linguistics应用语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元 articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 articulatory variable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语音学Austronesian…语系 B Babbling咿呀学语 back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元音 Behaviorism行为主义 Behaviorist learning theory 行为主义学习理论 Behaviorist Psychology行为主义 心理学 Bilabial双唇音 Bilingualism双语现象 Black English黑人英语 Blending混合法 Borrowing借用 bound morpheme黏着语素 brain lateralization 大脑左右半球侧化 branching node分叉点 broad transcription宽式音标 Broca’s area布罗卡区 C caretaker speech保姆语 case格 Case Condition格条件 case marking格标志 causative verb使役动词 central vowel中元音 cerebral cortex大脑皮层 cerebral plasticity大脑弹性 channel渠道 classical language古典语言 clipping略写法 closed class word封闭类词 code代码 code-switching代码切换 cognate同源词 co-hyponyms并列下义词 coinage创新词 color word色彩词 combinational rule组合规则 commissives承诺类 communicative competence 交际能力 comparative reconstruction 比较重建法 competence语言能力 complement补语 complement construction补足语 complementarity互补性反义现象 complementary distribution 互补分布 complex sentence复合句 componential analysis 成分分析法 components of meaning 意义成分 compound word复合词 compounding复合法 computational linguistics 计算语言学 concept概念 conceptualist view意念观 consonant辅音 constituent成分 constituent structure成分结构 constraint制约 construction结构 content word实词 context语境;上下文 contextualism语境论 Contrastive Analysis对比分析法 conversational implicature 会话含义 co-operative principle合作原则 coordinate sentence并列句 creativity创造性 critical period关键期;临界期 cultural transmission文化传播 D declaration宣告类 deep structure深层结构 dental齿音 derivation派生法 derivational morpheme派生语素
整个西方语言学史的历史阶段（5个）1语文学：公元前3世纪对古籍做注释和校对，是语言学研究的开端，到公元前16 17世纪出现复兴和繁荣2传统语法阶段：古希腊18世纪依赖逻辑范畴建立语法范围，依照拉丁语法建立起来的3历史比较语言学：运用历史比较法研究语言的亲属关系及其演变的过程的语言学。在19世纪初广泛研究印欧语系的语法上建立起来的，是语言学史上的里程碑，标志着语言学真正成为一门独立的学科4结构语言学：以语言的结构主要的研究对象的语言学，19世纪初洪堡特就开始了语言结构分析，20世纪初语言学的重心转移到结构主义语言学5生成语言学：以语言的生产和转换能力为研究对象的语言学，1957乔姆斯基《句法结构》使欧美语言学发展进入新阶段。 重要语言学家： 瓦罗《论拉丁语》：古罗马著名学者之一，第一个真正的拉丁语法专家，代表作《论拉丁语》。最有价值的部分是关于语法的研究（捍卫“类比”原则）包括1词源学2形态学3句法学《论拉丁语》是研究拉丁语的专著，涉及语言学理论方面及一些残留问题。 洪堡特及其理论 贡献：普通话语言学的奠基人。贡献：语言学理论“把语言看作一种不间断的创造活动”是其核心，认为：1语言中没有静止的东西2语言整体分割的词和语法规则只是一种人为的毫无生气的冷了的溶岩石3在深入研究语言创造活动特征的过程提出“语言四部形式”的概念。 语言的三类型：孤立语粘着语曲折语 特鲁别茨柯伊《音位学原理》20世纪语言学的经典著作。威廉·琼斯：历史比较语言学创始人，1789在亚洲学会宣读了《三周年演说》的论文，确定了梵语和拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语有亲缘关系，琼斯的发现掀起了研究梵语的热潮。 施莱歇尔语言理论：提出了自然主义语言观开创了自然主义学派1语言有机体理论突出了语言的物质性，忽略了语言的本质属性社会性2语言生命的两个时期的假说（荒谬）。语言：成长时期、衰老时期。认为成长期语言由简单的结构形式变为更复杂的结构形式，衰老时期有最高点逐渐衰老，形式也遭到损坏3语言发展阶段4语言谱系树理论：把整个印欧语系比作一颗树的树干，分支是各种印欧语（如斯拉夫语、立陶宛语）分支上有细支，代表印欧各种方言，此理论首次明确提出亲属语言谱系种类的问题，用树形方法形象的表达了对语言相互关系的看法，但从理论上犯了一个根本性的错误。 斯多葛派：公元前4世纪一批逻辑学家和哲学家都是亚里士多德的反对者。对语言学的贡献：1清楚区分了逻辑研究和语法研究2使用的语法术语越来越精细使用至今。此派的语言观属于自然派，认为早期语言的声音和能代表的事物之间有天然的联系，努力研究词源寻找语言的原始形态。提出“变则学说”认为词与事物关系是不对应的，得出语言是无系统不受规则限制的。 格里木定律：1817年格里木发表《德语语法》系统论述了日耳曼语和其他印欧语言之间辅音的一致性，后来被称为。亚历山大学派：亚历山大将军托雷密在埃及建立的，研究希腊的古代文献、注释和考证《荷马史诗》形成亚历山大学派。代表人物：亚里斯塔克提出“类比”说，语言是以相似的形式指明相似的范畴，并受一定规则制约的，对形态学做了详细研究确立八大词类。促进作用1确立了语文学的观念2他们的语文学工作提出了语言研究的新角度和新方向，寻求对语言文字本身的理解促进真正语言学的诞生3保护希腊语 历史比较语言学产生的前提： 118世纪队语言标本的搜集，为历史比较语言学研究准备了具体的材料2把其他科学领域特别是自然科学领域的研究方法引进到语言研究中来，引起语言研究方法的改革3梵语的发现为历史比较语言学的诞生提供了最直接的条件索绪尔：现代语言学之父，以结构研究为主《论印欧系语言元音的原始系统》前无古人的历史比较语言学的最重要的著作《普通语言学教程》1916年出版进一步强调了“系统”概念。贡献：1语言符号的任意性2语言与言语的区分，明确语言学的研究对象3共时和历时的区别4语言系统性与价值的概念5组合关系与聚合关系6内部语言学与外部语言学。 索绪尔理论对代语言学的影响： 1系统性把语言看成一种系统和结构2注重共时研究3优先口语研究4认为语言是描写性的不是规定性的5主张区分语言和言语6强调独立自主性，摆脱哲学家、心理学家的影响，作为一个独立对象做观察。现代语言学的特征都源自索绪尔的理论，索绪尔所建立起的语言学框架对现代语言学有重要的影响。 语言与言语的区分：为了确定语言学研究的对象，于是产生的这样的区分。言语：是个人行为是暂时的现象，不能作为语言研究的对象。语言：是言语的工具，是言语的产物，是一套比较稳定的符号系统，可以将其从言语活动中划分出来作为语言研究的对象。 共时和历时的区分：历时现象：指语言的发展和演变，共时现象：两者是对立的，应分别研究，在共时性基础上才能对不同的语言进行研究。内部语言学与外部语言学：一切与语言系统无关的东西都属于外部语言学，一切与系统有关的属于内部研究。 乔姆斯基：转换生成语言学，20世纪50年代后期在美国形成。理论基础：迪卡尔的理性主义，认为人本身有语言能力，语言知识一部分是人类的属性（人类天生具备的语言能力）另一部分是人类生存经验中后来获得的个别语言知识。乔姆斯基接受洪堡特的观点：语言是有限手段的无限运用，区分语言能力和语言运用，提出“演绎法”从语言能力研究当中揭示人的认知过程。 生成：数学领域的用语，用较少的规则解释较多的事实，生成性说明语言具有创造性，生成语法就是要设计一套产生某语言全部语法的规则，且仅仅是符号语法规则。 历史比较语言学三个第一：拉斯克：西方第一个进行语言比较研究且取得出色成绩的语言学家《古代北方语或冰岛
04年10月自考现代语言学试题(1) 课程代码：00830 ⅰ.directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter a,b,c or d in the brackets.(2%×10=20%) uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication. a. langue b. competence c. parole d. performance terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds share the feature of ( ). a. palatal b. alveolar c. bilabial d. dental generative grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957. a. l. bloomfield b. f. saussure c. n. chomsky a. k. halliday languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on ug principles to particular values. a. adjacent condition b. parameters c. case condition d. case requirement
全国2018年10月自学考试现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% ) 1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. （）A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural 2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.（） A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds 3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. （） A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme 4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. （）A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （） A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: I’m in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（） 1
自学考试《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案2017 2017 年自学备考正在开展中，考生们要扎扎实实地复习，一步一步地前进，以下是搜索整理的一份《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案，供参考练习，希望对大家有所帮助!想 了解更多相关信息请持续关注我们! I .Multiple Choice Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2% x 10=20%) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.( ) A. gradable opposites B.relational opposites C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( ) A. Jacob Grimm B.Rasmus Rask C.Franz Bopp D.Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( ) A.unusual B.something to be feared C.abnormal D.natural 4. __produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( ) A.Broca's aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation C.The damage on the angular gyrus D.Wernicke's aphasic 5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night ” as “light ”.This shows: .( ) A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word.( ) A.a polysemous B.a synonymous C.an abnormal D.a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it? ” is __.( ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/4e15650657.html,rmative B.phatic C.directive D.performative
全国2013年1月自学考试现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1.答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅰ. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%) 1. Which of the following does NOT account for the fact that modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken form of language? A. Speech precedes writing. B. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form. C. People were encouraged to imitate the “best authors” for language usage. D. The spoken is used for a wider range of purposes than the written. 2. In terms of manner of articulation, the English consonants ［s］and ［z］are classified as ______. A. liquids B. affricates C. stops D. fricatives 3. Which of the following words has four morphemes? A. Undoubtedly. B. Instrument. C. Astonishing. D. Thermometer. 4. The word very in the phrase “very curious of the answer” is a ______ in terms of X-bar schema. A. specifier B. head 1 全国2013年1月自学考试现代语言学试题
全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码：0830 Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%) 1．Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of（） A．all consonants B．vowels only C．all consonants and some vowels D．all vowels and some consonants 2．The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actually pronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work. （） A．deletion B．assimilation C．phonetic D．sequential 3．The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.（）A．two roots B．a root and a suffix C．a root and a free morpheme D．a prefix and a root 4．When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study English” to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right.（）A．rewriting B．preposing C．postposing D．maintaining 5．Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms? （） A．complementary B．relational C．superordinate D．gradable 6．In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a______________（） A．one-place predication B．two-place predication C．three-place predication D．no-place predication 7．In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English, word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________.
南开大学中文系阅读书目 一、语言学类 普通语言学教程（瑞士〕索绪尔著高名凯译 语言（法）房德里耶斯著岑麟祥、叶蜚声译 语言论（美〕布龙菲尔德著袁家骅等译 语法哲学（丹麦）叶斯柏森著何勇等译 马克思主义与语言学问题（苏联）斯大林著李立三等译语言分析纲要（美）布洛赫、特雷杰著赵世开译） 句法结构（美）诺姆乔姆斯基著邢公畹等译 现代语言学教程（美）霍凯特著索振羽、叶蜚声译 西方语言学名著选读胡明扬主编 国外语言学概述一流派和代表人物赵世开主编 语言论高名凯著 语言学纲要叶蜚声、徐通锵著语言学概论马学良主编 语言学概论石安石、詹人凤著普通语音学纲要罗常培、王均著 世界字母简史周有光著 历史语言学徐通锵著 语义论石安石著 汉藏语概论马学良主编邢公畹等著 文化语言学邢福义主编 语言学史概要岑麟祥著 中国语言学史王力著 中国理论语言学史邵敬敏、方经民著 二、现代汉语类 现代汉语教程邢公畹主编现代汉语（增订本）胡裕树主 编 现代汉语参考资料胡裕树主编 现代汉语语音概要吴宗济主编 语音常识董少文著 汉语词汇讲话周祖谟著 现代汉语同汇符淮青著 汉语描写词汇学刘叔新著 词语的意义和结构周荐著 同义词语和反义词语刘叔新、 周荐著 同义词语的研究周荐著 胡同及其他张清常著 异文化的使者——外来词史有 为著 中国现代语法王力著 中国语法理论王力著 汉语语法纲要王了一（王力） 著 中国文法要略吕叔湘著 双语语法分析问题吕叔湘著 现代汉语语法讲话丁声树著 汉语口语语法赵元任著吕叔 湘译 语法答问朱德熙著 语法讲义朱德熙著 八十年代中国语法研究陆俭明 著 汉语语法专题研究高更生著 汉语词法论陈光磊著 汉语动同和动词性结构马庆株 著 现代汉语句型李临定著 现代汉语特殊句式宋玉柱著 现代汉语复句新解王维贤等著 现代汉语祈使句研究袁毓林著 现代汉语空语类研究沈阳著 语法修辞讲话吕叔湘、朱德熙 著 实用语法修辞于根元、苏培实、 徐枢、饶长溶著 修辞学发凡陈望道著 现代汉语修辞学张弓著 语篇的衔接与连贯胡壮麟著 汉语方言概要袁家骅著 汉语方言调查基础知识邢公畹 著 现代汉语方言詹伯慧著 汉语方言调查手册李荣编著 方言调查字表（修订本）中国 社会科学院语言研究所编 中国文字学唐兰著 文字学概要裘锡圭著 汉字改革概论周有光著 三、古代汉语类 汉语史稿王力著 古代汉语（修订本）王力主编 古代汉语教程解惠全主编 说文解字（东汉）许慎著 说文解字注（清）段玉裁撰 说文通训定声（清）朱骏声著 文字蒙求（清）王筠著 说文解字通论陆宗达著 广韵（北宋）陈彭年等著 中原音韵（元）周德清著 汉语音韵学导论罗常培著 汉语音韵王力著 汉字古音手册郭锡良著 诗词格律王力著 释名（东汉）刘熙著 尔雅义疏（清）郝懿行著 尔雅今注徐朝华著 广雅疏证（清）王念孙著 经义述闻（清）王引之著 古书疑义举例（清）俞樾著 训诂简论陆宗达著 古汉语词汇纲要蒋绍愚著 经传释词（清）王引之著 助字辨略（清）刘淇著 马氏文通（清）马建忠著 古汉语语法及其发展杨伯峻 何乐士著 社科中文工具书使用邓宗荣著
一、语言和语言学 1.语言学的核心：语音学Phonetics，音位学 Phonology，形态学Morphology，句法学Syntax，语义学Semantics，语用学Pragmatics. 2.瑞士语言学家索绪尔Saussure提出的langue语言 vs parole言语.他是现在语言学之父 3.语言的功能：the instrumental function,the regulatory function,the heuristic function,the interactional function,the personal function,the imaginative function,the imformative function 4.美国生成语法的创始人乔姆斯chomsky提出的 competence语言能力vs performance语言运用 5.语言的普遍特征：arbitrariness任意性,productivity 多产性,duality双层结构,displacement移位性,cultural transmission文化传播性 6.语用学研究的是上下文context中语言运用的情况 7.Crash 拟声词onomatopoeic word 8.现代语言学和传统语言学的不同点是：描写性/规定 性descriptive vs prescriptive，口语/书面，非拉丁语框架/拉丁语框架non-Latin-based framework vs Latin-based framework 9.把语言学原理principle和理论theories应用到语言 教学和学习的语言学是应用语言学applied linguistics 10.语言文体学linguistic stylistics是介于语言学和文学 之间的研究领域 11.数学语言学mathematical linguistics，人类语言学 anthropological linguistics，神经语言学neurolinguisitics 12.孩子先学会说话再学会写字，表明语言是发声的基 础 13.心理语言学研究儿童如何习得母语，运用语言是大 脑如何工作，交流时如何处理接收到的信息 14.语言的随意性说明语言在意义和声音方面没有逻 辑关系 15.语言的双层结构包含两种：声音结构和语法结构 16.形态学和句法学主要研究语法层面上的意义study the units at the grammatical level 17.Johnson 的大辞典为英语的用法和拼写制定了统 一的标准 二、语音学和音位学 语音学三大分支：articulatory phonetics发音语音学,auditory phonetics听觉语音学,acoustic phonetics声学语音学 辅音consonants的分类： 根据发音方式：爆破音stops，摩擦音fricatives，破擦音affricates，鼻音nasals，滑音glides 根据发音部位：bilabials双唇音，labiodentals唇齿音，dentals齿间音，alveolars齿龈音，palatals上颚音，velars 软腭音，glottal声门音 超音段音位suprasegmental phonology：stress重音,tone 音调,intonation语调 三、形态学 形态学主要研究单词的内部构造以及构成规则 封闭性词汇closed class words：连词conjunction，介词preposition，冠词article，代词pronoun 开放性词汇open class words：名词noun，动词verb，形容词adjective，副词adverb 词素morpheme是语言中音义结合的最小单位，也是语法分析的最小单位 自由词素free morphemes，粘着词素bound morphemes，词干stem，词根root，外来词a borrowed one 构词法包括：合成compound和派生derivation，指的是自由词素 屈折变化inflection指的是粘着词素,主要用于语法方面四、句法学 句法学研究句子结构，揭示构成某一语言句子的内在规则 深层结构deep structure：指抽象的句法结构 表层结构surface structure：是深层结构通过一系列转换规则之后得到的最后的结果，就是人实际说出的句子 英国语言学家韩礼德M.A.K.Halliday发展的系统功能语法，主要关注语言和社会之间的关系 简单句a simple sentence，并列句a coordinate sentence，复杂句a complex sentence 一个词组主要包含：head中心语,specifier标志语,compliement补足语 决定词类范畴category的有意义meaning，屈折变化inflection，分布distribution 句法成分syntax component给句子提供了结构 五、语义学 语义学指语言产生意义的方法的系统研究，主要研究对象是词义和句义 同义词synonymy，反义词antonymy，多义词polysemy，（同音异义(一语双关)homophones，同形异义homographs，同音同形异义complete homonyms）都是homonymy，上下义hynonymy， 同义词包括：方言性同义词dialectal synonyms，风格性同义词stylistic synonyms指的是适用场合不同，感情色彩不同的同义词emotive synonyms，搭配不同的同义词collocational synonyms X entailing Y包含关系，X presupposing Y前提关系
全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% ) 1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural 2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______. A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds 3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme 4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （） A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: I’m in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（） A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner 7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker. A. back-formation B. clipping C. blending D. abbreviating 8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. A. important B. unusual C. pejorative D. commendatory 9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （） A. brain B. vocal cords C. tongue D. articulatory organs 10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （） A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% ) 11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study. 12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology. 14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence. 15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites. 16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.