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【机械类文献翻译】模具的寿命与失效

【机械类文献翻译】模具的寿命与失效
【机械类文献翻译】模具的寿命与失效

翻译原文:

Die Life and Die Failure

Proper selection of the de material and of the die manufacturing technique determines,to a large extent,the useful life of forming des.Dies may have to be replaced for a number of reasons,such as changes n dimensions due to wear or plastic deformation,deterioration of the surface finish,breakdown of lubrication,and cracking or breakage.In hot impression die forging,the principal modes of die failure are erosion,thermal fatigue,mechanical fatigue and permanent(plastic) deformation.

In erosion,also commonly called die wear,material is actually removed from the die surface by pressure and sliding of the deforming material,wear resistance of the die material,die surface temperature,relative sliding speed at the die/material interface and the nature of the interface layer are the most significant factors influencing abrasive die wear.Thermal fatigue occurs on the surface of the die impression in hot forming and results in“heat checking”.Thermal fatigue results from cyclic yelling of the de surface due to contact with the hot deforming material.This contact causes the surface layers to expend,and,because of the very steep temperature gradients,the surface layers are subject to compressive stresses. At sufficiently high temperatures,these compressive stresses may cause the surface layers to deform.When the de surface cools,a stress reversal may occur and the surface layers will then be n tension.After repeated cycling in this manner,fatigue will cause formation of a crack pattern that s recognized as heat checking.Die breakage or cracking is due to mechanical fatigue and occurs in cases where the dies are overloaded and local stresses are high.The dies are subject to alternating stresses due to loading and unloading during the deformation process and this causes crack initiation and eventual failure.

Die life and de failure are greatly affected by the mechanical properties of the die materials under the conditions that exist in a given deformation process.

Generally,the properties that are most significant depend on the process temperature.Thus,die materials used in cold forming processes are quite different from those used in hot forming.

The design and manufacture of dies and the selection of die materials are very important in the production of discrete parts by use of metal forming processes. The dies must be made by modern manufacturing methods from appropriate die materials in order to provide acceptable die life at a reasonable cost.Often the economy success of a forming process depends on die life and de costs per piece produced. For a given application,selection of the appropriate die material depends on three types of variables:

(a)Variables related to the process itself,including factors such as size of the die cavity,type of machine used and deformation speed,initial stock size and temperature,die temperature to be use,lubrication,production rata and number of parts to be produced.

(b)Variables related to the type of die loading,including speed of loading, i.e.impact of gradual contact time between dies and deforming metal(this contact time is especially important in hot forming),maximum load and pressure on the dies, maximum and minimum die temperatures,and number of loading cycles to which the dies will be subjected.

(c)Mechanical properties of the die material,including harden ability,impact strength,hot strength(if hot forming is considered)and resistance to thermal and mechanical fatigue.

关于力的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with

模具的失效分析

模具的失效分析№1 一, 目的 1, 模具设计人员必须熟知如何保证模具设计正确,合理,提高模具寿命,降低成本. 2, 生产中模具失效时,能分析原因,提出改进措施,也是工艺员应掌握的技能. 二, 模具的工作条件 1, 工装模具组成 凹模- 冷镦, 正挤, 反挤, 冲孔, 锥形凸模, 切边凹模, 切边凸模, 孔类` 螺母用凹模等. 套- 推出销套, 衬套 垫- 带孔垫块 轴类冲头–正挤, 反挤, 六方冲头, (螺母冲头), 推出销, 凸模销, 光凸模(无孔) 销, 轴, 杆. 板,块类型- 垫块,切断刀,送料滚,刀体,钳片,夹子,弹簧板,弹簧片 螺旋弹簧–拉,压 弹簧碟簧 板簧 2, 易损件(服役期短,经常更换的件) 冲头, 凹模 重点分析易损件–冲头, 凹模. 3, 模具工作条件 ①挤压冲头工作条件–以活塞销为例 上冲头 上冲头–向下运动, 下冲头–固定不动. 挤压中,上冲头受力大于下冲头. 上冲头受力情况如下: A) 向下运动–反挤坯料,冲头受压应力. B)向上运动–脱离坯料,因摩擦力冲头受拉应力. C)可能因冲头偏心,产生弯曲应力. 结论: 上冲头受力复杂,易导致失效. 上冲头最大名义压力可达2500 MPa. 在尺寸过渡处,由于应力集中, 有时应力更大于此值.

② 冷挤压凹模的工作条件 № 2 冷挤压过程中,凹模型腔表面受很大的压力,该压力使凹模产生巨大的切向拉应力. (以下插图) p 0 材料力学厚壁筒受力分析理论公式 拉应力压应力 P 1R 21 - P 0 R 20 R 20 -R 2 1P 1 -P 0R 21 R 2 0σt σr = ()+ R 2R 20 -R 21()=R 20 -R 2 1 P 1 R 21 - P 0 R 20 -)(R 20 -R 2 1R 2)(R 21 R 20P 1 -P 0① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ 当采用整体模时,如下图 P 0 =0 代入①,②式 )(R 20 -R 21R 2 + = σt R 21 R 20P 1R 20 -R 21P 1R 21= P 1R 2 1R 20 -R 21(1+ R 20R 2 ) P 1 R 21 R 2 0R 2 R 20 -R 21()-P 1R 21 R 20 -R 21 =σr =R 20 -R 21 P 1R 21 )R 2 R 2 01-(当R=R 1 时,分别代入公式③,④得 σtR1σrR1= )R 21 R 20 1+(R 20 -R 21P 1R 21)R 21 R 2 1- (R 20 -R 21 P 1R 21=P 1 R 20 -R 21R 20 +R 21= =-P 1

机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)

外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed,belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost.Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so.Nowadays,bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine).The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance.An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth,soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits.For load sharing on multiple drives.torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology,at present many more reliable.Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1.1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters.With a full-voltage starter design,the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive.Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors.With direct fu11-voltage starters.no control is provided for various conveyor loads and.depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements,empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load.The maintenance-free starting system is simple,low-cost and very reliable.However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque;therefore.they are

平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

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模具寿命与失效

模具寿命与失效作业 ⒈模具成型工艺有哪些? 答:(一)根据不同的工作条件可以分为以下几种: ⑴普通模锻 普通模锻是将加热后或不加热的金属坯料放在模具型腔内,在冲击力或压力作用下,使金属的几何形状发生变化而获得与型腔一致的锻件。 普通模锻包括镦锻和热锻。镦锻又分为冷镦、温镦和热镦。 ⑵挤压成型 挤压是将金属材料放在挤压型腔内,一端施加强大压力,材料在三向受力状态下变形,从而一端的模孔中流出,获得不同零件。 挤压按凸模与材料相对运动方向分类,可分为正挤压、反挤压、复合挤压和径向挤压。按坯料温度可分为冷挤压、温挤压和热挤压。 ⑶拉拔成型 在拉拔时,材料两向受力,一向受压,通过模具的模孔而成型,获得所需形状尺寸的型材、毛坯或零件。拉拔可分为拉丝、拔管。 拉拔所获得的产品具有较高的精度和较低的表面粗糙度,常用于对轧制的棒料、管料的再加工,以提高质量。 ⑷冲压成型 冲压是利用冲模使材料发生分离或变形,从而获得零件的加工方法。冲压可获得形状复杂、精度高和表面质量好的零件,同时生产率很高、成本低。 冲压主要可分为分离工序和成型工序。分离工序包括冲孔、落料、切边、修整等方法。成型工序包括拉深、弯曲、胀形、翻边和校平等。 ⑸压铸成型 压铸是以一定的压力将熔融金属高速压射充填到压铸模型腔内,在压力下凝固而成形铸件的工艺方法。 ⑹塑料成型 塑料成型是在压力的作用下,将粉末状或黏流状的塑料在模具中成型,获得所需形状尺寸的塑料制品。 塑料成型种类﹕模压成型、射出成型﹑注射成型、压铸成型﹑吸塑成型﹑吹塑成型﹑发泡成型﹑中空成型、挤压成型等工艺方法。 (7)其他特殊成型 ①玻璃钢船模具制作工艺 ②全新的模具成型方法(新型模具材料(陶瓷粉)取代石墨材料制造无压浸渍法制造金刚石钻头工艺)是针对无压浸渍法制造金刚石钻头存在模具费用高、模具加工周期长等缺点,研究了一种新型模具材料(陶瓷粉)取代石墨材料,并研究了一种全新的模具成型方法,简化了模具制造工序,降低了成本。 ③烧结式PDC钻头模具成型工艺是针对烧结式PDC钻头底模手工成型困难、生产效率低的问题,采用冷压成型法制作底模,并在实验的基础上,确定了底模的原材料配比和成型压力,为底模加工提供了一种可行的新工艺。 ④注吹塑料中空容器的模具成型工艺方法其具体步骤包括:注塑机的注塑过程及吹塑机的吹塑过程;所述注塑过程包括:a注塑机中的定模具和动模具闭合

Manufacturing Engineering and Technology(机械类英文文献+翻译)

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英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院:专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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机械专业中英文对照翻译大全.

机械专业英语词汇中英文对照翻译一览表 陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing

尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker

中英文翻译与文献

Monolithic integrated circuit history The monolithic integrated circuit was born in the late-1970s, has experienced SCM, MCU, the SOC three big stages. SCM namely monolithic microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) the stage, mainly seeks the best monolithic shape embedded system's best architecture. “the innovation pattern” obtains successfully, has established SCM and the general-purpose calculator completely different development path. In founds on the embedded system independent development path, Intel Corporation has lasting achievements. MCU namely micro controller (Micro Controller Unit) the stage, the main technological development direction is: Expands unceasingly when satisfies the embedded application, the object system request's each kind of peripheral circuit and the interface circuit, underline its object intellectualization control. It involves the domain is related with the object system, therefore, develops the MCU heavy responsibility to fall inevitably on electrical, the electronic technology factory. Looking from this angle, Intel fades out the MCU development also to have its objective factor gradually. Is developing the MCU aspect, the most famous factory family belongings count Philips Corporation. Philips Corporation by it in embedded application aspect huge superiority, MCS-51 from monolithic microcomputer rapidly expand to micro controller. Therefore, when we review the embedded system development path, do not forget Intel and the Philips historical merit. Monolithic integrated circuit is the embedded system's road of independent development, to the MCU stage development's important attribute, seeks application system's on chip maximized solution;

机械类英文文献+翻译)

机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels. Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing

英文文献及中文翻译撰写格式

关于毕业设计说明书(论文)英文文献及中文翻译撰写格式 为提高我校毕业生毕业设计说明书(毕业论文)的撰写质量,做到毕业设计说明书(毕业论文)在内容和格式上的统一和规范,特规定如下: 一、装订顺序 论文(设计说明书)英文文献及中文翻译内容一般应由3个部分组成,严格按以下顺序装订。 1、封面 2、中文翻译 3、英文文献(原文) 二、书写格式要求 1、毕业设计(论文)英文文献及中文翻译分毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译和毕业论文英文文献及中文翻译两种,所有出现相关字样之处请根据具体情况选择“毕业设计说明书” 或“毕业论文”字样。 2、毕业设计说明书(毕业论文)英文文献及中文翻译中的中文翻译用Word 软件编辑,英文文献用原文,一律打印在A4幅面白纸上,单面打印。 3、毕业设计说明书(毕业论文)英文文献及中文翻译的上边距:30mm;下边距:25mm;左边距:3Omm;右边距:2Omm;行间距1.5倍行距。 4、中文翻译页眉的文字为“中北大学2019届毕业设计说明书” 或“中北大学××××届毕业论文”,用小四号黑体字,页眉线的上边距为25mm;页脚的下边距为18mm。 5、中文翻译正文用小四号宋体,每章的大标题用小三号黑体,加粗,留出上下间距为:段前0.5行,段后0.5行;二级标题用小四号黑体,加粗;其余小标题用小四号黑体,不加粗。 6、文中的图、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字分章编号。如图1.2,表2.3,附注3.2或式4.3。 7、图表应认真设计和绘制,不得徒手勾画。表格与插图中的文字一律用5号宋体。

每一插图和表格应有明确简短的图表名,图名置于图之下,表名置于表之上,图表号与图表名之间空一格。插图和表格应安排在正文中第一次提及该图表的文字的下方。当插图或表格不能安排在该页时,应安排在该页的下一页。 图表居中放置,表尽量采用三线表。每个表应尽量放在一页内,如有困难,要加“续表X.X”字样,并有标题栏。 图、表中若有附注时,附注各项的序号一律用阿拉伯数字加圆括号顺序排,如:注①。附注写在图、表的下方。 文中公式的编号用圆括号括起写在右边行末顶格,其间不加虚线。 8、文中所用的物理量和单位及符号一律采用国家标准,可参见国家标准《量和单位》(GB3100~3102-93)。 9、文中章节编号可参照《中华人民共和国国家标准文献著录总则》。

机械专业外文文献翻译

翻译部分 英文原文 High-speed machining and demand for the development of High-speed machining is contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component of the high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality, and other features. This article presents the technical definition of the current state of development of China's application fields and the demand situation. High-speed machining is oriented to the 21st century a new high-tech, high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality as a basic feature, in the automobile industry, aerospace, Die Manufacturing and instrumentation industries gained increasingly widespread application, and has made significant technical and economic benefits. contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component part. HSC is to achieve high efficiency of the core technology manufacturers, intensive processes and equipment packaged so that it has a high production efficiency. It can be said that the high-speed machining is an increase in the quantity of equipment significantly improve processing efficiency essential to the technology. High-speed machining is the major advantages : improve production efficiency, improve accuracy and reduce the processing of cutting resistance. The high-speed machining of meaning, at present there is no uniform understanding, there are generally several points as follows : high cutting speed. usually faster than that of their normal cutting 5 -10 times; machine tool spindle speed high, generally spindle speed in -20000r/min above 10,000 for high-speed cutting; Feed at high velocity, usually 15 -50m/min up to 90m/min; For different cutting materials and the wiring used the tool material, high-speed cutting the meaning is not necessarily the same; Cutting process, bladed through frequency (Tooth Passing Frequency) closer to the "machine-tool - Workpiece "system the dominant natural frequency (Dominant Natural Frequency), can be considered to be high-speed cutting. Visibility high-speed machining is a comprehensive concept. 1992. Germany, the Darmstadt University of Technology, Professor H. Schulz in the 52th on the increase of high-speed cutting for the concept and the scope, as shown in Figure 1. Think different cutting targets, shown in the figure of the transition area (Transition), to be what is commonly called the high-speed cutting, This is also the time of metal cutting process related to the technical staff are looking forward to, or is expected to achieve the cutting speed. High-speed machining of machine tools, knives and cutting process, and other aspects specific requirements. Several were from the following aspects : high-speed machining technology development status and trends.

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