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非谓语动词语法讲解

非谓语动词语法讲解

非谓语动词语法讲解

2011-08-31 新东方论坛

一、非谓语动词的概念

动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了,要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。

非谓语形式有三种:

1、动词不定式:to do

2、动词的ing : doing

3、动词的过去分词:done

二、三种形式的含义(基本用法)

不定式:表示目的和将来;动词的ing:表示主动和进行;过去分词:表示被动和完成。

三、非谓语动词的时态和语态

一般式完成式进行式

不定式主动to do to have done to be doing 被动to be done to have been

done

ing 形式主动doing having done

被动being done having been

done

过去分词被动done

四、非谓语动词的否定形式

在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing

五、非谓语动词的复合结构

不定式的复合结构:for / of sb. to do sth.

动词 ing 形式的复合结构:宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主

语时,用的所有格+doing)

六、非谓语动词的做题步骤

1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法:看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了

2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法:非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。

3、判断主被动关系。方法:非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。

4、判断时间关系。方法:分析句子,看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.

学习非谓语形式时,建议把三种形式一起来比较学习,会更加有效一些。

一、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较

1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语

a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如:

________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.

A. The walk

B. Walking

C. To walk

D. Walk

(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为,用动名词作主语,选B

b. 不定式作主语时,常用it 作形式主语,即用句型:It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.

It’s important for us to learn English well.

It’s kind of you to help us.

注意:下面几个句型是用动名词:

It’s no good / use doing sth.

It’s useless doing sth.

There is no need to do sth.

2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较

1、不定式、动名词作表语,.表示主语的内容。如:

My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)

Knowing who we are means knowing what we like to do. (主表语要用同一种形式)

2、分词作表语

记住:一些表示情感、情绪的动词,常用分词形式作表语。现在分词表示主语的性质特征,用过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词:surprise (使某人吃惊), surprising (令人吃惊), surprised (主语)感到吃惊)类似动词有:excite (激动),astonish (惊奇),shock (震惊),scare (惊恐),disappoint (失望),move (感动),

如:The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.

3、在seem / appear (似乎,好像), prove / turn out (被证明是), remain (仍然是,尚待)等连系动词后,可用不定式作表语。如:He seemed (to be ) very happy.

二、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别

1.感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役动词have 后面的宾补有三种形式,即原形动词(不带to 的不定式)、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行,过去分词表被动或完成,动词原形表主动和完成。

如: I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。

I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 昨天经过她房间时,我听见她在唱英文歌。

I heard the English song sung many times. 我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。

注意:不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。

如: I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (状态)

I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (完

成)

2.leave 后接三种形式作宾补时,其中的leave 保留了原来之义“留下”,但表达的确切之义应是“使……处于某种状态)。

leave sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事(宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系,表示动作正在进行。)

leave sth. undone 留下某事未做(宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系,表示被动和完成,一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 为多)

leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事

leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做(不定式表示将来的动作。)如:It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running. 你让机器一直开着是不对的。(主动,正在进行)

The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious. 客人们没有动大部分菜,因为它们尝起来不可口。(被动,完成)

He left, leaving me to do all the rest work. 他走了,留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。(主动,将来)

We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled. 我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议,留下了很多问题等待解决。(被动,将来)

3.have, get 后接三种形式作宾补时,其中have, get 表示“使、让、叫”之意。

①have sth. done = get sth. done “使/让某事由别人去做”(叫/让某人做某事)。如I’ll have /get my bike repaired tomorrow. 此外,have sth. done 还表示“使遭受……”之意。如Tom had his leg broken while playing football. Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.

② have sb. / sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事(现在分词表示主动,正在进行) get sb. / sth. doing 使某人/物开始行动起来如:The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the

harvest time. 农忙时,农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest. 休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。注意:“have sb. doing”若用于否定句中,其中have 有“容忍”之意。如:I won’t have you speaking to your parents like that. 我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。Don’t have the water running all the time. 不要让水流个不停。

③ have sb. do sth. (get sb. to do sth. ) 使/让/叫某人去做某事如:Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. I can’t get him to stop smoking. He won’t listen to me.

4.下列动词后跟带to 的不定式作补语:advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, 等。如:①An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warning before firing any shots. ② The teacher asked us not to make so much noise.

③The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.

5.不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门

下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上to:它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——5看(look at, see, watch, notice, observe);3使(make, let, have);2听(listen to, hear);1感觉(fell)。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,此外find, catch, keep, have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。如:At that time, I found him crying in the street. He was caught stealing. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.

三、不定式、分词作定语用法要点

1、不定式作定语

作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。如:The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with. Here is some paper for you to write on. 但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如:He had no money and no place to live (in). We found a way to solve this problem (in).

当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较: Have you anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”) Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)

用不定式作定语的几种情况:不定式表将来: I borrowed some books to read during my holiday. 用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词。如: He was the best man to do the job. She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats. 用来修饰的词是抽象名词时,常见的有:ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如: Do you have the ability to read and write English ? I have a chance to go sight –seeing.

2、分词作定语

作定语的及物动词分词形式为:doing; being + done;done。当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时,用doing;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being + done;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时,用dine。例如:The houses being built are for the teachers. The broken glass is Tom’s. I have never

seen a more moving movie.

作定语的不及物动词分词形式为:doing 和done。doing 表示正在进行;done表示已经完成。如: falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子 boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水(白开水)

3、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别,主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。如: Have you read the novel written by Dickens ? He is a man loved and respected by all. Don’t use words, expression_r_rs, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge. 现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如:Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the students. 不定式的被动式作定语时,表示一个未来的动作。如:The question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.

四、不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点

1、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢记下列小诗:决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help 此外,afford, strive(斗争)等也要用不定式作宾语。例如:① She pretended not to see me when I passed by. ② We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. ③ In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving to make their products more competitive.

2、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语,请牢记下列小诗:考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练,否认完成停欣赏,不禁介意准逃亡。 consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on,

practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, can’t help, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk 此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。①The squirrels was lucky that they just missed being caught. ② I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. ③ I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.

3、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别,要特别注意。forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事 remember to do sth. 记住去做某事 remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事 regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾去做某事 regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事 stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情 try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事 try doing sth. 尝试着做某事 mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事 go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.) can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事。

动词like, love, prefer 后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为可用动名词,如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意:如果like, love, prefer 前有would /should 后面则应接动词不定式。如:I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon. I’d like to go swimming this weekend. 3.在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟动名词形式作宾语,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即: allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth. allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth. 如:We don’t allow smoking here. We don’t

allow students to smoke.

动词need, require, want 作“需要”解时,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语,表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外,若动词need 表“需要”,require 表“要求”,want 表“想要”这些意义时,其后须接名词或代词作宾语,然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即: need / require / want doing / to be done need / require / want sb. to do sth. be worth + n. (表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词) be worth doing be worthy of being done be worthy of + n. 值得……be worthy to be done 如:The window needs / requires / wants cleaning. The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned. 窗户需要擦一下。 The place is worth visiting. The place is worthy of a visit. The place is worthy of being visited. The place is worthy to be visited. 那个地方值得一去。如:① only one of these books is worth reading. ②— What do you think of the book ? — Oh, excellent, It’s worth reading a second time.

4、动词不定式作动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等词的宾语时,前面常带wh–引导词。即how, what, whether, where, when, who 等 + to do。但why + 不带to 的不定式。注意此用法的不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致,否则用宾语从句。例如:He showed us how to do the work. ( = He showed us how we should do the work.) I don’t know what to do. ( = I don’t know what I’ll do.) Can you tell me why do it ?

5、动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词do 的某种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,否则就要带to。另外在can’t choose but, can’t help but, can’t but 后面的不定式也要省略to。如:We could do nothing but / other than wait. We had nothing to do but / other than wait. We have no choice but to wait. I can’t choose but laugh.

四、不定式、分词作状语用法要点

1、不定式作状语

He sat down to have a rest. (表目的) They went there to visit their teacher. 他们去那里拜访老师。(表目的) He woke up only / just to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。(表示结果)My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China. 我祖母活到亲眼见到中国解放。(表示结果)在某些形容词作表语,表示喜、怒、衷、乐后跟不定式表示原因。如: I am very glad to see you. 我非常高兴地见到你。 I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. 听到你母亲生病真遗憾。在带有enough 或too的句子里,也常用不定式作状语,表示程度。如: He was too excited not to say a few words. 他太激动了,不会不讲几句话的。 He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。 She is too tired to do the job. 她太累而不能做那件工作了。

注意:强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用in order to (为了) 或so as to (以便) + 动词原形。so as to 不用于句首。He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。 The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 汽车停下来以便接纳乘客。 To look at him, you would like him. (表条件) To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me. To be honest, I know nothing about it. (修饰全句,独立成分)

2、分词作状语

分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否则不能使用分词作状语。

分词短语作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。如: Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间) Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间) Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因) Given a chance, I can

surprise the world. (条件) The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果) Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步) The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)

有些分词短语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常见的有: Generally speaking …一般说来 Frankly speaking …坦白地说Judging from …根据……来判断Considering …考虑到……To tell you the truth …说实话。

五、非谓语动词其它用法

1、疑问词 + 不定式结构:疑问词(who, which, when, where, how, what等)+ 不定式,这个结构在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语。如: I didn’t know what to do. (宾语) When to hold the meeting is not known yet. (主语) My question was how to get so many books. (表语) 注意句型:Why not do sth. ? Why do sth.

2、不定式的主动和被动

不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。如:Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon ? (A knife cuts the watermelon.)

不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式。如:She has a sister to look after. (She looks after her sister.) I know what to do. (I do what.)

不定式作表语形容词的关语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb. 。如: This book is difficult to understand. This kind of fish is nice to eat.

在there be 结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成,则用被动形式。如: There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work. ) There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be

done. ) 请注意下面两个句子的含义的不同点: There is nothing to do. (无事可做,感到十分乏味。) There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常。)

3、不定式符号to 的保留问题。有时为了避免重复,可以用to 来代替前面的不定式,这种情况出现在下列动词之后:expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try;或出现在be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有:be, have, have been,这些词要保留。如:I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to. — Are you on holiday ? — No, but I’d like to be. — I didn’t tell him the news. 我没有告诉他那个消息。— Oh, you ought to have. 噢,你本应该告诉他的。

4、动名词作主语。动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语,但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。 It is / was no use / good + doing sth. It is / was not any use / good + doing sth. It is / was of little use / good + doing sth. It is / was useless 如:It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。 It is of little good staying up too late every day. 每天都熬夜没有什么好处。若主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的一致。 Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

5、注意以下表达的意义区别:falling leaves 正在下落的树叶fallen leaves 已经落下的树叶 boiling water 沸腾的水 boiled water 烧开过的水 developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家 I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon. Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance. The girl let out a frightened cry at the sight of the snake. (The girl was frightened. ) 看到蛇,女孩尖叫起来。His frightening shout scared the boys again. The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened. 他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了。类似的还有: an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice 兴奋的声音 a puzzling look 令人迷惑

不解的表情 a puzzled look 困惑的表情。

非谓语动词用法具体讲解

非谓语动词用法具体讲解(1) 非谓语动词是英语中一个重要的语法点,也是一个难点。非谓语动词按传统语法分类,有不定式、动名词和分词。对非谓语动词在某些方面所具有的相同的语法功能作一番比较,尤其是从它们的内涵上进行区分是很有必要的。这里从他们的成分不同进行详细讲解: 1.动名词和不定式都可以作主语,两者所表达的意思是一样的。例如: To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. 不过,使用动名词时,通常暗示说话者曾经做过某事,有过某种体会,使用不定式时,可能仅表示说话者的看法。试比较: Going to college was difficult for me. 上大学对我来说是困难的。(说话者曾考过大学,固有此体会) To go to college is difficult. 上大学是困难的。(说话者仅仅提出看法) 2.动名词短语和不定式短语都可以it用作形式主语,而把真正的主语,即动名词短语和不定式短语放在后面,一般可以互换。例如: It takes half an hour for me to go from here to my home. It takes half an hour my going from here to my home. 一般来说,在此类句子中用不定式作真正主语的比较多,而动名词作真正主语的请况,常见于no good,no use(或useless),worthwhile,a waste.dangerous....等词作表语的句子中。例如:It is no good your waiting here. It is no use asking him about it. It is worthwhile learning another language. It's a waste of time arguing about it. It's dangerous playing with fire. 3.动名词能在There is no....否定结构中作主语。例如: There is no joking about such a serious matter. There is no knowing whether he will agree to our plan. 在上述句型中,动名词不能带逻辑主语,也不能与不定式替换,如不能说: There is no your joking with him.或There is no to joke with him. 4.在疑问句中,句首总用动名词,而不用不定式。例如: Does our saying that mean anything to him? Is his saying true? 二、作表语。 1.动名词和不定式都可以作表语,正象它们作主语一样,很难说出它们之间严格的语义差别,可以互换。一般而言,在表示比较抽象的一般行为,多用动名词,在表示具体某动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。例如: Our duty is serving the people heart and soul. This is foe him to decide. His wish is to be a doctor. 2.分词也可作表语,此时分词相当于形容词,因此分词不能代之以动名词或不定式。例如: The news was exciting.

英语语法非谓语动词讲解

非谓语动词 时态与语态 动词-ed 形式: done 作宾语补足语 区别 1.作宾语补足语主要考查在感官动词、使役动词后的用法 (1)在感官动词后作宾语补足语有两种情况 ○1当宾语与宾语补足语在逻辑上是主谓关系时,需要有动词原形(即不带to 的不定式)和doing(现在分词的一般式)。动词原形(即不带to 的不定式)表示完成或没有一定时间性,doing(现在分词的一般式)表示进行。 ○2当宾语与宾语补足语在逻辑上是动宾关系时,需要用being done(现在分词的一般被动式)和done(过去分词) 。being done(现在分词的一般被动式)表示正在进行和done(过去分词)表示完成。 I heard her sing an English song just now. (主动,完成) I hear her singing an English song when I passed her room yesterday.(主动,进行)I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed her room yesterday.(被动,进行) I’d like to see the plan carr ied out.(被动,没有一定时间性) 另一种理解: 不定式作宾语补足语表示从开始到结束的全过程;现在分词作宾语补足语时表示正在进行或持续的状态或经常发生的主动状态;过去分词作宾语补足语表示已经发生了的或被动的状态。 (2)几个使役动词的用法: ○1使役动词“let+复合宾语”有2种情况 A. let+宾语+do: 让……做 B. let+宾语+be done: 让……被做 Don’t let your children play with matches(火柴)

非谓语动词讲解(超全

非谓语动词讲解(超全 非谓语动词是指动词的非谓语形式,包括动词不定式、动名词和现在分词。与主谓结构不同,非谓语动词可在句子中作状语、定语或表语。在英语中,非谓语动词的形式是相对固定的,但在不同的语法环境中所表示的意义和用法有所差异。 1. 动词不定式(to-infinitive) 动词不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成,常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。例如: - 宾语:I want to go to the zoo.(我想去动物园。) - 主语:To speak English fluently is important for your career. (流利地说英语对你的事业很重要。) - 状语:He went to the store to buy some groceries.(他去商店买了些杂货。) - 定语:She needs a pen to write her essay.(她需要一支笔来写 作文。) 2. 动名词(gerund) 动名词是将动词加上-ing构成,常常用作动词的宾语、主语、 状语或定语。例如: - 宾语:I enjoy reading books in my spare time.(我闲暇时喜欢 读书。) - 主语:Swimming is good exercise.(游泳是很好的锻炼。) - 状语:She left the party early, feeling tired.(她因为感觉累了,所以提前离开了聚会。) - 定语:The crying baby woke up the whole neighborhood.(哭 闹的婴儿把整个邻居都吵醒了。)

英语非谓语动词用法

非谓语动词语法讲解
一、非谓语动词的概念 动词的基本用法是作谓语。 当句中已经有了谓语动词了, 要选或要填的动词就只能用非 谓语形式了。 非谓语形式有三种:1、动词不定式:to do 2、动词的 ing : doing 3、 去分词:done 二、三种形式的含义(基本用法) 不定式:表示目的和将来;动词的 ing:表示主动和进行;过去分词:表示被动和完成。 三、非谓语动词的时态和语态
一般式 不定式 主动 被动 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing
动词的过
ing 形式
主动 被动
doing being done
having done having been done
过去分词
被动
done
四、非谓语动词的否定形式 在非谓语动词前加 not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing 五、非谓语动词的复合结构 不定式的复合结构:for / of sb. to do sth. 动词 ing 形式的复合结构:宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时,用的所有格+ doing) 六、非谓语动词的做题步骤

1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法:看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了 2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法:非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。 3、判断主被动关系。方法:非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。 4、判断时间关系。方法:分析句子,看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之 前、之后还是同时。之前常用完成时; 之后常用一般时; 同时常用进行时. 学习非谓语形式时,建议把三种形式一起来比较学习,会更加有效一些。 一、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较 1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语 a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。 动词 ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的 动作。如: ________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为,用动名词作主语,选 B b. 不定式作主语时,常用 it 作形式主语,即用句型:It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth. It’s important for us to learn English well. It’s kind of you to help us. 注意:下面几个句型是用动名词: It’s no good / use doing sth. It’s useless doing sth. There is no need to do sth. 2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较

完整版)非谓语动词语法讲解

完整版)非谓语动词语法讲解 Non-Finite XXX Non-finite verbs are verb forms that do not n as predicates。When there is already a predicate verb in the sentence。XXX filled in can only be in non-finite form. There are three types of non-finite verb forms: 1.Infinitive: to do 2.Gerund: doing 3.Past participle: done. XXX: Infinitive: expresses purpose and future。Gerund: expresses active and ongoing。Past participle: XXX. Non-finite verbs can be used in the active or passive voice。The active voice is expressed in the simple form。while the passive voice XXX progressive form.

To make a non-finite verb negative。add "not" or "never" before the verb。For example。"not/never to do" or "not/never doing." Non-finite verb structures can be complex。For example。 the infinitive XXX with "for/of sb。to do sth." The gerund XXX。such as "my/your/his/her/its/our/their doing." When using non-finite verbs。there are four steps to follow: 1.Determine whether non-finite verb forms should be used。 2.Identify the logical subject of the non-finite verb。 3.Determine the active or passive voice of the non-finite verb relative to its logical subject。 4.Determine the time nship een the non-finite verb and the XXX. When studying non-finite verb forms。it is mended to compare all three forms to learn XXX. XXX。while gerunds often express general or XXX。"Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old." In

(完整版)非谓语动词语法讲解

非谓语动词语法讲解 一、非谓语动词的概念 动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了,要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。 非谓语形式有三种:1、动词不定式:to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词:done 二、三种形式的含义(基本用法) 不定式:表示目的和将来;动词的ing:表示主动和进行;过去分词:表示被动和完成。 三、非谓语动词的时态和语态 一般式完成式进行式 不定式主动to do to have done to be doing 被动to be done to have been done ing 形式主动doing having done 被动being done having been done 过去分 词 被动done 四、非谓语动词的否定形式 在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing

五、非谓语动词的复合结构 不定式的复合结构:for / of sb. to do sth. 动词 ing 形式的复合结构:宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时,用的所有格+doing) 六、非谓语动词的做题步骤 1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法:看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了 2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法:非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。 3、判断主被动关系。方法:非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。 4、判断时间关系。方法:分析句子,看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing. 学习非谓语形式时,建议把三种形式一起来比较学习,会更加有效一些。 七、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较 1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语 a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如: ________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk (分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为,用动名词作主语,选 B b. 不定式作主语时,常用it 作形式主语,即用句型:It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth. It’s important for us to learn English well. It’s kind of you to help us. 注意:下面几个句型是用动名词:

英语 非谓语动词 用法 讲解 知识点总结 完整版 最全 归纳 专项

非谓语动词 定义 不做句子的谓语,而是充当其他语法功能的动词叫做非谓语动词。分为三种:不定式(Infinitive),分词(Participles),动名词(Gerund)。 一、非谓语动词和谓语动词的区别 谓语动词的作用明确而单一,非谓语动词的作用丰富: 1.非谓语动词作名词词性(不定式和动名词) Your duty is to look after the children. 你的工作是照看好孩子。 Complaining is no use. 抱怨是没有用的。 2. 非谓语动词做形容词词性(分词、不定式和动名词) The vase is broken. 那个花瓶破了。 He is a nice person to work with. 他是一个很好共事的人。 We found the story amusing. 我们发现这个故事很有意思。 3. 非谓语动词做副词词性(不定式和分词) They are working hard to win still greater victory. 他们在努力工作争取更大的胜利。 The sick man came in, supported by two nurses. 二、非谓语动词的用法 A 不定式(to do)在非谓语动词中,不定式的用法最广泛。它在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和主语补足语或宾语补足语。也就是说,不定式可以充当除谓语以外的所有成分。 1. 做主语 To say something is one thing, to do it is another. 说是一码事,干是另一码事。 * 注:形式主语it,当不定式做主语时,特别是当主语较长而谓语较短时,常用“it”作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在谓语的后面。此种用法在日常英语中尤为常见。 It is not fair to blame them for the accident. 把这次事故归咎于他们是不公平的。 但是,当主语和表语都是不定式时,不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。 To respect others is to be respected. 尊重别人就是尊重自己。 To become a slave is to give up one's freedom. 做奴隶就等于放弃自由。 2. 作表语 My suggestion is to carry out the plan immediately. 我的建议是马上将此计划付诸实施。The question is how to organize the work. 问题是如何组织这项工作。 3. 作宾语 不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语,也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。 ①作动词的宾语:不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。 Father likes to listen to music in silence. 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。 I never thought to meet you here. 我没想到在这里遇见你。 He offered to go with us. 他提出和我们一块去。

非谓语动词的三种形式及用法总结

非谓语动词的三种形式及用法总结 非谓语动词是汉语中非常常用的一种语法成分。非谓语动词不仅仅是汉语中的一种动词,它也可以用来表达一种动态的概念,也可以作为一种语法结构。根据不同的用法,可以将非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词和分词。本文将介绍非谓语动词的三种形式,以及它们的用法。 首先,不定式是最常用的非谓语动词形式,它在句子中作为宾语、状语或补语使用,一般以动词原形开头,跟着助动词“to”。不定式有两种:完成不定式和未完成不定式。完成不定式表示动作已经完成,未完成不定式表示动作还未发生。例如:I want to go to the store (我想去商店),I have already gone to the store (我已经去过商店)。 其次,动名词是完成形式的一种,它表示一个动作的进行或完成的状态,一般以动词的原形开头,跟着助动词“to”。动名词也可以用作宾语、定语、状语或补语等。例如:I like watching movies (我喜欢看电影),She doesn like going shopping (她不喜欢购物)。 最后,分词是变位语法的一种,它是一种过去分词或现在分词,分词用来修饰句子中的名词或代词。分词表示一个被动的动作或过去某一时间发生的动作,按照时态可以分为过去分词和现在分词。例如:I saw him running (我看见他在跑步),He said he was leaving (他说他正要离开)。 总的来说,非谓语动词是汉语中最常用的一种语法成分,它们在

句子中可以用作宾语、状语、补语或定语等,它们的作用是使句子的意义更加完整明确,更加准确地表达说话者的意思。以上就是有关非谓语动词的三种形式及用法总结,希望能够帮助你更好地使用非谓语动词。

非谓语动词讲解

非谓语动词讲解 非谓语动词是汉语语法中一类独特的动词,它指在语法形式上没有变化,可以有不同用法,可以当作动词作状语、表语或宾语。按其不同的形式和用法,非谓语动词可以分为动名词、不定式、动词的分词(即过去分词和现在分词)三类。 一、动名词 动名词,也称名词化动词,它可以表示主语或宾语,有时也可以作定语,当作宾语时,一般要跟有宾语,否则可以放在句首,主句不加宾语。比如: 1. Talking helps to solve the problem.(讲话有助于解决问题。) 2. Working all night, he finished the task at last.(他整夜工作,终于完成了任务。) 3. Seeing is believing.(眼见为实。) 二、不定式 不定式是表示动作的短语,其谓语动词是不及物动词,其后不可跟宾语,它常做地点状语、时间状语、原因状语、目的状语或补足语。比如: 1. He came to the party to have a good time.(他来参加聚会是为了玩得开心。) 2. I asked him to go with me.(我叫他跟我一起去。) 3. We should do our best to help the poor.(我们应该尽

最大努力去帮助穷人。) 三、分词 分词指及物动词的过去分词和现在分词,它们可以作表语、定语、状语。比如: 1. The boy lost, I couldn help feeling sorry.(那个男孩输了,我情不自禁地感到抱歉。) 2. Passed the exam, he was very happy.(他通过考试,非常高兴。) 3. Breaking the glass, he felt regretful.(他打破玻璃,感到后悔。) 通过对非谓语动词的讲解,我们知道非谓语动词在汉语语法中发挥着十分重要的作用,是表达句子复杂性和多样性的重要手段。然而,我们也必须意识到,非谓语动词使用场景非常复杂,有其准确的用法,应当灵活运用,以达到表达自己想要表达的意义。

谓语动词和非谓语动词讲解

谓语动词和非谓语动词讲解 谓语动词是一个句子中的核心动词,用以表示动作、行为、状态或存在。它通常具有人称、数和时态的变化形式,并与主语保持一致。非谓语动词则是指在句子中不作谓语,不具有人称、数和时态的变化形式。 谓语动词可以分为实义动词和系动词两种类型。实义动词指的是表示实际动作或行为的动词,如run(跑)、eat(吃)、sing(唱)等。而系动词则指的是表示主语状态或性质的动词,如be(是)、seem(似乎)、feel(感到)等。 举个例子来说明:He runs every day.(他每天跑步。) 在这个句子中,runs 是谓语动词,表示主语 he 的动作。 非谓语动词包括动名词、不定式和分词三种形式。动名词是以-ing 结尾的动词形式,它可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。例如:Swimming is good for health.(游泳对健康有益。)这里的 swimming 是动名词,在句子中作主语。 不定式是以to 加动词原形构成的,可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。例如:I want to go shopping.(我想去购物。)这里的 to go 是不定式,在句子中作宾语。 分词是由动词的过去分词(-ed 结尾)或现在分词(-ing 结尾)构成的形式,可以作定语、状语或表语。例如:The book written by him is very interesting.(他写的书很有趣。)这里的written 是分词,在句子中作定语。

除了动名词、不定式和分词,非谓语动词还包括一些特殊形式,如动词不定式的完成式(to have + 过去分词)、动词不定式的进行式(to be + 现在分词)等。 需要注意的是,谓语动词和非谓语动词在语法功能上有所差异。谓语动词具有人称、数和时态的变化形式,是句子中的核心动词,而非谓语动词不具备这些变化形式,是在句子中充当其他成分的动词形式。 总结起来,谓语动词和非谓语动词是句子中的两种不同形式的动词。谓语动词作为句子的核心动词,表示动作、行为、状态或存在。非谓语动词则不作谓语,不具有人称、数和时态的变化形式,可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。了解谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别和用法,有助于提高对句子结构的理解和语法准确性的把握。

(完整版)名词的非谓语动词形式讲解

(完整版)名词的非谓语动词形式讲解 名词的非谓语动词形式是指名词在句子中充当动词而不是名词的功能。非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式、现在分词和过去分词。 1. 不定式 不定式是名词最常见的非谓语动词形式之一。不定式可以表示目的、愿望、惯以及某些特定的动作或状态。不定式的形式是“to + 动词原形”。 例如: - I want to go to the beach.(我想去海滩。) - He likes to play basketball.(他喜欢打篮球。) 2. 现在分词 现在分词是动词的一种形式,可以用作形容词或者动词。现在分词的形式是动词原形加上-ing。在名词中,现在分词用于描述正在进行的动作或者具有特定特征的人或物。 例如:

- The running man is my brother.(那个跑步的人是我哥哥。)- The interesting book is on the table.(有趣的书在桌子上。) 3. 过去分词 过去分词是动词的一种形式,常用作形容词,表示完成的动作或状态。过去分词的形式有规律变化和不规则变化。在名词中,过去分词也用于描述或修饰人或物。 例如: - The broken vase was expensive.(那个破损的花瓶很贵。) - She is interested in the written article.(她对那篇书面文章很感兴趣。) 综上所述,名词的非谓语动词形式主要包括不定式、现在分词和过去分词。掌握这些形式的用法和规则可以帮助我们更准确地表达自己的意思,并丰富我们的语言表达能力。 *注意:以上内容仅供参考,具体语法使用请根据具体语境和句子结构进行判断和运用。*

非谓语动词用法归纳(语法)

一、表格的用法 1.doing 的用法 (1)在要求动词后(作宾语):avoid避免appreciate 感激/欣赏acknowledge承认/自认admit 承认advocate 提倡/主张consider 考虑can't help不禁can't stand受不了contemplate细想complete完成confess坦白dislike 不喜欢,讨厌deserve值得delay延迟deny否认dread可怕defer拖延detest嫌恶enjoy享有/喜爱envy嫉妒endure忍受excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完成forgive原谅fancy幻想/爱好favor 造成/偏爱figure描绘/计算hate讨厌imagine设想involve卷入/包含keep保持miss错过mention说到/讲到mind 介意pardon原谅/饶恕permit允许postpone推迟practice 实行/实践prevent阻止quit放弃停止risk冒险recall回想resist抵抗/阻止resume恢复repent悔悟resent怨恨stand坚持/忍受suggest建议save营救/储蓄tolerate忍受worth值得You should try to avoid making mistakes. The book is worth reading. The book deserves reading. (2)表进行 Walking on the grassland, I saw a snake.=When I was walking on the grassland, I saw a snake. The man speaking English is Tom. = The man who is speaking English is Tom. (3)表主动 The man speaking English is Tom = The man who speaks English is Tom. = The man who spoke English is Tom. Nobody dinks boiling water but boiled water.= Nobody dinks water that is boiling but the water that has boiled. (4)表伴随 I stand outside waiting for Mr. Chen. I lie in bed reading a novel. (5)表性质;特点 The film is very moving. She is understanding, so you had better discuss your business with her. (6)概括性,一般性 Climbing mountain is very interesting. Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(概括性,一般性) Our work is serving the people. (7)动名词的逻辑主语为;①人称代词的所有格+动名词;②名词's+动名词。例如: Tom insisted on my going with them.他坚持要我和他们一起去。 He dislikes his wife's working late.他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。

非谓语动词与主句关系详解

非谓语动词与主句关系详解非谓语动词是英语中的一种特殊语法形式,它可以在句子中充当不同的成分,与主句之间存在着紧密的关系。本文将详细探讨非谓语动词与主句之间的关系,以及它们在句子中的具体运用。 一、非谓语动词的定义与分类 非谓语动词指的是在句子中不具备时态和人称变化的动词形式。根据其形式和功能的不同,非谓语动词可以分为不定式、动名词和现在分词。 1. 不定式(Infinitive) 不定式是以to加动词原形构成的形式,例如to eat、to sleep等。不定式可以在句子中作为名词、形容词或副词使用。 2. 动名词(Gerund) 动名词是以-ing结尾的动词形式,例如eating、sleeping等。动名词可以在句子中作为主语、表语、宾语或宾补等。 3. 现在分词(Present Participle) 现在分词是以-ing结尾的动词形式,例如eating、sleeping等。现在分词可以在句子中作为形容词或副词使用。 二、非谓语动词与主句的关系

非谓语动词与主句之间存在着紧密的逻辑关系,它们能够对主句中的某一成分进行补充或修饰,从而使句子更加丰富和精确。 1. 非谓语动词作主语 【例句】 Hiking is my favorite outdoor activity.(动名词) To learn a new language requires patience and perseverance.(不定式)在以上例句中,动名词"Hiking"和不定式"To learn a new language"作为主语出现在句子的开头,它们分别表达了"徒步旅行是我最喜欢的户外活动"和"学习一门新语言需要耐心和毅力"的意思。 2. 非谓语动词作宾语 【例句】 I enjoy reading books in my free time.(动名词) She decided to buy a new car.(不定式) 在以上例句中,动名词"reading books"和不定式"to buy a new car"作为宾语出现在主句中,它们分别表达了"我喜欢在空闲时间里读书"和"她决定买一辆新车"的意思。 3. 非谓语动词作定语 【例句】 The running water is so clear.(现在分词)

完整版非谓语动词知识点总结

非谓语动词就是不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。 表语:主语/ 不定式和ing分词均能作主语,二者有何区别?表示某一具体的动作时,多用不定式;表示比较抽象的一般行为倾向的,多 1.用动名词。作形式主2.动名词作主语时通常位于句首;不定式作主语时常置于句末,用it 语放在句首。1) Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here. 2) It is not very good for you to smoke so much. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, 应保持形式上的一致。 宾语:1. 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语,如:帮……manage, promise, pretend, plan, offer, agree, ask, dare, choose, fail, help(want(想要) , refuse等。助),决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。 主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。 2. 有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语,如: practise, appreciate, dislike, excuse, forgive, keep, resist, risk, deny, advise,

fancy, ……complete, forbid, permit, allow, stand, refer to, give up, lead to, take to, set about, get down to, object to, succeed in, have difficulty in... 考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。 避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏。 禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。 分后既可以跟不定式又可以跟ing3.有些动词如begin, start; love, like, hate, prefer 不定式表示具分词一般表示经常性的行为;词作宾语,意义上无多大区别(但ing 。体的行为) 4.有些动词后既可以跟不定式,又可以跟动名词作宾语,但意义上有明显差别。go on (stop/remember/regret)to do/doing mean to do(打算)/ doing(意味)can't help to do / doing try to do/ doing be used to do / doing (used to do) ( get used to doing) ,主动表被动,deserve作“应受,应得”5.动词need, require, want作“需要”定语:分词和过去分词都可以作定语,主要区别在于它们的时态意义不定式、ing 和语态意义。分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是:现在分词表示主动、进行之意;而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的过去分词表示被动与完成;动作。表主动关no, all, any 等限定词的中心词,不定式用来修饰序数词、最高级或系。 E.g.: The car to be bought is for his sister. / He was the best man to do the job. The houses being built are for the teachers. Developing countries/ developed countries 补语:ask, advise, tell, force, to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语的动词有:1.能接带get, allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, intend,expect, encourage, persuade, permit, request,order, warn, cause等。”作补语。Think, consider, believe, suppose, feel 等后常用“to be.... E.g.: You are not allowed to smoke here. People considered him to be a great leader. 的不定式作宾语补足语。常见的使役动词有使役动词,感官动词接不带to 2.等;感官动词有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel以及look at, make, let, havelisten to等。 make, (使3)look at, see, watch, notice, observe(看5---“吾看三室两厅一感觉”◆ )主动不加to,被动加to)2听(listen to, hear)1感觉(feellet, have 不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达的意义不同。3. 状语:的结果。”现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果不定式作结果状语时通常表示“in order/ so as to do目的:so...as to, ...enough to, only to..., too..to结果:等的表语原因:happy, glad, sorry, disappointed 独立主格:需在分词如果不一致,分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致;前加一个逻辑主语,分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构。分词/不定式with/without+n/代词++构成:n/代词分词n/代词+不定式e.g.:The test finished, we began our holiday. I stood before her with my heart beating fast. 定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表

非谓语动词讲解有逗号

非谓语动词讲解有逗号 非谓语动词是指动词的非谓语形式,包括动词不定式、动词-ing 形式以及动词过去分词形式。在句子中,非谓语动词可以 作为独立成分,修饰名词、代词或整个句子。下面我们来具体讲解非谓语动词的用法和相关注意事项。 一、动词不定式(to + 动词原形) 动词不定式用来表示目的、原因、结果、推测等动作或状态的意思。一般来说,动词不定式前面要用逗号与前面的句子分隔开来。例如: - He went to the bookstore, to buy some new books.(他去书店, 目的是要买些新书。) - She closed the door, not to disturb her sleeping baby.(她关上门,以免打扰到她正在睡觉的宝宝。) - To pass the exam, you need to study hard.(为了通过考试,你 需要努力学习。) 二、动词-ing 形式 动词-ing 形式可以作为主语、宾语、定语或状语等成分出现在 句子中。在句子中,如果动词-ing 形式作为非限制性定语从句 修饰名词或代词时,通常需要使用逗号将其与句子其他部分分隔开来。例如: - My sister, painting a beautiful landscape, enjoys the process very much.(正在画一幅美丽风景的我的姐姐,非常喜欢这个过程。) - The man under the tree, reading a book, is my English teacher. (在树下看书的那个人是我的英语老师。)

非谓语动词(不定式)的用法

非谓语动词(不定式)的用法 非谓语动词(动词不定式的具体用法) 动词不定式有三大语法功能:1.充当名词,可作主语、宾 语或表语;2.充当形容词,可作后置定语或宾语补足语;3.充 当副词,可作状语。 构成不定式需要使用“to+动词原形”的形式,否定式则在 不定式符号之前加入否定词“not/never”。 一、不定式作主语的用法 不定式作主语的特点是具有名词的功能,可表示意愿或未完成的事情,谓语动词要用单数。常见的此类名词有:plan (计划)、purpose(目的)、attempt(企图)、goal(目标)、aim(目的)、n(雄心)、dream(梦想)、ideal(理想)、wish(希望/愿望)、hope(希望)、n(决定)、n(决定)、proposal(提议/建议)等。

为了避免主语过长,不定式短语可放在句末,用形式主语“it”代替原来的主语位置,不定式则成为真正的主语。 例如:___.(赢得冠军是我的雄心。)To master a foreign language is necessary.(掌握一门外语是有必要的。)To e President of the United States used to be my goal.(过去我的梦想是成为美国总统。)Speaking perfect English is always my dream.(说一口流利的英语一直是我的梦想。)It is ___.(保护环境是有必要的。) There are two special ___: 1) It is + adj + of sb + to do sth. 2) It is + adj + for sb + to do sth. ___ characteristics and differences are: 1) If ___ characteristics or traits。the logical subject of the ___ "of." Examples: It is very affable of you to help me。(n: You are really kind to help me.) It is very ___(n: ___.)

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