1.Given the difficulty that appears to surround the concept of information,it
would not be surprising if there were to be some difficulty in reaching agreement as to the nature of discipline t hat is described as”information management”.给与的难点的概念似乎围绕信息,它并不会让人感到吃惊。协议达成中，如果有一些困难的问题自然地规律,它被描述为“信息管理”。
Nevertheless,although the various disciplinary perspectives do not yield a unified view of disciplinary perspective appears to be able to avoid the consideration of the processing of information,when seeking to define information.The next step must be to examine information processing,and the associated concept information management,in more detail. 不过,即使各学科的观点并没有得到一个统一的视图学科视角，当寻求定义信息时，似乎可以避免考虑处理信息。下一步必须检查信息处理，相关的概念信息管理，进行更详细的讨论。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/487902793.html,rmation processing might be viewed as doing something to information to
make it into something else,e.g. subjective knowledge,differently arranged information or summary information.Curtis,for example,identifies the following as types of information processing:
classification of data,
rearranging/sorting data,
summarizing/aggregating data,
performing calculations on data,
selection of data.
信息处理可能被视为做些事,信息是成某些东西,例如主观知识信息或安排不同的是汇总信
息.柯蒂斯,例如,指出了跟随类型的信息处理:
分类的数据,
重新安排/排序数据,
总结/合并数据,
计算数据进行,
选择的数据。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/487902793.html,rmation processing might then be viewed as an activity common to all
information https://www.doczj.com/doc/487902793.html,rmation management,on the other hand,is viewed as the province of the professional,although the precise boundaries of the professional group remain to be defined. 信息处理也许到那时就会被视作一种常见的活动信息使用者。信息管理另一方面,被视为专业的专利,但具体的边界的专业团体仍然被定义。
4.Ever since the early days of the birth of courses in information science and
information management and the creation of bodies such as the Institute of Information,Scientists and Aslib,the Association for Information Management,educators and professional bodies have sought to identify the ideal curriculum for information management and to specify the core competencies and knowledge base of professional information managers. 自从早期的诞生的功课信息科学和信息管理以及创造机构,比如学院的信息,科学家和专门
图书管。协会信息管理、教育者和专业机构追求,以确定人选课程信息管理并指定核心竞
争力和知识库的专业信息管理人员. In general terms,information management
can be viewed as a response to,and a search for new and improved means of controlling the information explosion and the resultant increasing complexity of decision making by improving the flow, the control the analysis and the synthesis of information for decision makers. 一般而言,信息管理可以被看作是回应及寻找新的和改进了的信息爆炸的控制手段, ,结果这一坏处日趋复杂,以供决策者提高决策流程、控制分析和综合的资料。Nevertheless,it has to be acknowledged that the term information management has as many definitions as the authors who have attempted to define it.It is,however,significant that a number of leading management thinkers have emphasized the need for managers to take managing information seriously. 然而,人们也有认识到”信息管理”这个术语有同样多的定义为作者企图定论.所以许多先进管理思想家都强调需要管理者采取信息管理伤势严重。
5.The following definitions of information management are useful:
下面的定义信息管理是有用的
The aim of information management is to promote organizational effectiveness by enhancing the capabilities of the organization to cope with the demands of its internal and external environments in dynamic as well as stable conditions.
信息管理的目的是：通过提高在稳定或不稳定条件下适应内外环境需求的能力，来提高组织的效能。
Information management includes organization wide information policy planning,the development and maintenance of integrate systems and services,the optimization of information flows and the harnessing of leading edge technologies to the functional requirements of end-users,whatever their status or role in the parent organization.
信息管理工作涉及整个组织单位的信息政策规划、集成系统、服务发展和维护、信息流程优化以及利用先进技术满足终端用户（不论他们在母体单位的地位高低或作用大小）对操作上的要求。
Information management has two dimensions, the management of the information process and the management of data resources.
信息管理的范围有两方面：信息流程管理和数据资源管理。
Information management is then a practice-based discipline that has both technical,most broadly in the sense of systems based,and behavioral dimensions.For example,the International Journal of Information Management asserts that the journal:
信息管理则是学原理的技术、最广泛意义上的系统进行、与行为尺寸例如,《国际认定信息管理系统的期刊:
“provides a focus and source of up-to-data information on the developing field of information management.Papers are welcomed in the areas of information systems,organizations,management decision-making, long-term planning,information over-load,computer and telecommunications technologies,human communications,and people in systems and organizations.”"提供的关注和来源的信息更新信息管理系统的发展方向，论文是被认定的领域有:信息系统、组织、管理决策,长远规划,信息过载、计算机和通信技术、人际沟通,使列邦人制度和组织机构。”
This can be further defined through an understanding of the role of the information manager.The information manager will have a central role in:
这可以通过进一步明确的理解信息经理的角色，信息经理将成为一个中心的角色: Managing and coordinating the mechanisms for keeping a business team aware of market developments and taking some responsibility for wider environmental scanning.
管理和协调机制,保持业务团队,并意识到市场发展的环境扫描是更为广泛的责任。Designing,implementing,and when necessary,monitoring and updating information systems,and the exploitation of information in information systems in appropriate decision making.
设计、实施,当需要时,监测和更新的信息系统,和开发的信息在信息系统在适当的决策。6.A more holistic perspective,which returns to the relationship between information processing and information management,is proposed by Cronin and Davenport,who state that in a sense all of us are information management.We all manage information on the personal level,which is formal and structured,as well as informal and less structured.Davenport places personal information management in an organizational context.She notes that it may be viewed as a higher management function since it contribute to strategy,but that,on the other hand,it may be equally argued that it applies right down the line.Fairer-Wessels attempts to integrate the personal and organization perspective with the following definition:
一个更加全面的观点之间的关系是：声称从某种意义上说,所有的人都是信息管理的克罗宁和达文波特提出，如果执行失败,将返回信息处理和信息管理。就信息管理对个人来说,这是正式的和结构的,以及非正式的,更少的结构的地方的个人信息管理在一个组织环境达文波特指出,它被认为是一个更高的管理职能,因为它有助于策略,但是,另一方面,它可能是一样认为这对适用于沿着这条线Fairer-Wessels试图把个人和组织视角与下面的定义: Information management is view as the planning,organizing,directing and controlling of information within an open system(https://www.doczj.com/doc/487902793.html,anization).Information management is viewed as using technology(e.g. computers,information systems,IT)and information resources and assets from internal and external sources for meaningful dialogue and understanding to enhance pro-active decision making and problem solving to achieve aims and objectives on personal,operational,organizational and strategic level of the organization for the competitive advantage and to improve the performance of the system and to raise the quality of life of the individual(by teaching him/her information skills,of which information management is one,to become a global citizen).
信息管理被看成是一个公开系统，即单位组织内部的信息规划、信息组织、信息导向和控制。信息管理又被看作是利用技术（如计算机、信息系统、信息技术）和内外信息资源的资产，求得有意义的对话和理解，以便加强主动作决定和解决问题的能力，进而在组织单位内实现个人的、操作的、单位的、战略水平上的目的和目标，从而获得竞争优势，改进系统功能，提高个人生活质量（通过教会他/她各种信息技能，如信息管理，使他、她成为世界公民）。
7.Another perspective is offered by Taylor and Farrell,who propose some possible components of an information management construct,as in Figure 2-1.This figure
shows the disciplinary influences on information management and the possible sub-disciplines within information management.
另外一个角度看法瑞尔·泰勒所提供和提出有关信息管理建造的一些可能的组件, 如图2 - 1 . 这个图展示了学科信息管理和影响可能在旋回信息管理。
8.The boundaries of information management will be influenced by the mix of disciplinary components.The business perspective,for example,uses technology to produce results.In information science the accent is on information retrieval,and the use,testing,evaluation an characterizing of information systems;and in engineering,it is on the architecture.Marchand,also,proposes a multidisciplinary perspective and argues that the science,informatics mathematical theory of communication,systems theory and systems analysis,operations research,cognitive psychology,artificial intelligence,robotics,cybernetics,decision sciences,semiotics and cognitive science.
信息管理的混合组件从商业的角度来看边界将受到纪律的影响。例如, 在信息科学中使用技术成果,最重视的就是信息检索和使用、检测、评价和描述的信息系统;在关于建筑的工程中,提出一种多学科的视角,认为科学、信息科学的数学理论的沟通,系统理论和系统分析、作业研究、认知心理学、人工智能、机器人、控制论,决策科学、符号学、认知神经科学领域。
9.Cronin and Davenport point out that information management involves systems.They remind us that technologically information management relies on codified knowledge to produce formal representation of information entities which allow the automation of transaction processing,decision making and information retrieval.An information manager uses appropriate modeling techniques to support the exploitation of information to achieve organizational objectives.As such information management has generated,evaluated and fefined a number of systems which facilitate effective information processing.New opportunities posed by technological advances in the telecommunications and computer hardware and softwarre industries have changed the nature of those systems,and much of the emphasis in the discipline over the past 20 years has concerned itself with the adaptation to established systems,so that they might exploit the opportunities posed by these technological advances.Thus publishers are preoccupied with the transition from the print journal to the electronic journal,electronic ordering systems speed commercial transactions,and organizations find themselves with huge databases that demand the development of techniques such as date warehousing and data mining in order to be able to extract information from this plethora of data.
克罗宁和达文波特指出的信息管理涉及到系统。他们提醒我们,技术信息管理有赖于编纂知识生产的形式化，描述信息实体的自动化,使交易处理,决策和信息检索一个信息管理人员使用合适的建模技术的信息支持开发实现组织目标。当这些信息管理产生的精炼、评估,有助于一些系统有效的信息处理。新机遇方面的技术进步造成电信和计算机硬件和软件行业已经改变了这些系统的性质,而且在过去的20年里大部份的重点学科在建立适应系统中担心自己。因此,他们可能利用机遇提出的技术进步,这些因此出版商正在关注的过渡的出版杂志电子期刊的速度商业交易电子定货的系统、组织发现自己与巨大的数据库,要求技术的发展日
期仓储和数据挖掘为了能够获取信息从这个过多的数据。
10.In conclusion,there has been extended and continuing debate about the nature of information management.This debate clearly illustrates that information management draws on a variety of different disciplines and that from those disciplines,there are a number of stakeholders who will compete for the high ground.This article proposes an approach to the definition of information management which recognizes the need to consider the individual,the organization and systems in information management.The frame-work for information management that is proposed in this article seeks,instead,to examine the different levels on which information processing,and therefore management,take place.
总之,持续不断的争论已经延期,信息管理的本质这场争论说明信息管理课程利用各种不同的学科,从这些学科,有许多利益团体将角逐的高地上本文提出一种信息管理的定义这也需要考虑个人、组织、信息管理的系统构架,本文提出了一种追求,而不是不同的层次,检验的信息处理,因此治理,采取的地方。
The Framework for Information Management
在结构信息的管理
11.The framework in Figure 2-2 is intended to present a structure of the knowledge,research and practice in the area of information management.The terms used to label the levels in Figure 2-2 can be defined thus.
该框架在图2 - 2的目的是呈现出结构的知识、研究和实践在该地区的信息管理标签的术语在图2 - 2水平可以定义如此。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/487902793.html,rmation environment-The environment that surrounds information contexts;it consists of political,legal,regulatory,societal,economic and technological forces.
信息环境-围绕信息语境,它由政治、法律法规、社会、经济和技术力量组成。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/487902793.html,rmation context-The context in which information systems are encountered.The context influences syetems design,and encompasses the https://www.doczj.com/doc/487902793.html,anizations and businesses are an important category of context,but other contexts are also possible,including education,home and the community.
信息语境-语境信息系统出现上下文设计,包括影响用户组织和企业的重要范畴,但其它的上下文语境也是可能的,包括教育,家庭和社区。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/487902793.html,rmation systems-The systems designed to enter information,store it and facilitate effective retrieval.Facilities to support efficient and accurate data entry must be coupled with adequate physical storage capacity and appropriate logical database stratures.Systems include hardware and software,and data,and in some models,users.
信息系统设计-设计的系统进入信息,达成有效的检索效率和准确率设施来支持数据输入的同时,必须足够的物理存储容量和适当合乎逻辑的数据库系统包括硬件和软件、数据,在一些模式和用户。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/487902793.html,rmation retrieval-Information retrieval is concerned with the individual interfacing with a system or range of systems or sources with a view to meeting specific conscious or unconscious information requirements.It concerns the
action,methods,and procedure for recovering information from stored data.
信息检索-信息检索关心的是个人交互系统或系统的帮助之下,或资料来源为了满足某些有意识还是无意识的信息要求它涉及行动、方法和程序存储数据恢复信息。
Knowledge Creation and Information Management
知识创新和信息的管理
16.The above debate concerning the nature of information management has perhaps slipped into an instrumental view of information.In order to keep alive the debate on the different approaches to the nature of information a brief excursion into the process of knowledge or information creation,otherwise described as research,is a useful reminder that it is necessary to consider both knowledge creation and information management.Definitions of research immediately reveal the close relationship between research and knowledge.For example,Howard and sharp define research as:”seeking through methodical processes to add to one’s own body of knowledge and,hopefully to that of others,by the discovery of non-trivial facts and insights”.
上述讨论信息管理的本质,也许是入侵工具性观点的信息。为了帮助讨论不同的方法去解决信息的特性一个简短的偏移过程中的知识或信息创作。否则作为研究的描述,是一种有用的提示,因此有必要既有知识创新和信息管理。研究定义揭示了立即的密切关系研究和知识。例如,霍华德尖锐的定义研究为:“想通过井然有序的过程,以增加自己的身体的知识和,有其他非平凡的发现观点和事实”。
The Shorter Oxford Dictionary defines research as:
较短的牛津字典研究为:
(1)The act of searching(closely and carefully)for or after a specific things or
person.
搜索的行为（密切地和仔细地）对一个特定的事物或人。
(2)An investigation directed to the discovery of some fact by careful study of a
subject,course of scientific inquiry.
一项调查发现应该去认真学习有一些真相的主语和科研方向的询价,则甚为感谢。
17.The central stages of the activities that together comprise research,are then:searching by means of careful critical investigation,in order to discover something specific.The specific thing that is sought in the research process is information.A further common stance is that the purpose of research is to make an original contribution to knowledge.Thus,it can be deduced that information,knowledge and information are tightly interwoven.
研究活动的中央阶段,然后一起组成：搜索通过仔细关键调查,从而发现某件特别的东西。这种具体的东西在研究过程中寻找信息。进一步的共同意志的目的是原件研究系知识的贡献。因此,可以推论,知识和信息紧密结合在一起的。
“The transformation of information into knowledge and knowledge into information,forms the basis for all human communication:it allows ideas to spread across space and time and links past and present in a network that embraces generations and cultures over millennia”.
"信息转化为知识,和知识转化为信息。在这基础上,形成了整个人类交际学:它允许思想蔓延空间、时间和链接过去以及现在在网络中包含的世代,并且几千年来的文化”。
18.Having made this link between information,knowledge and
communication,Orna goes on to point out that there are close parallels between what information professionals do,and what researchers need to do. She argues that researchers,like information professionals need to:
做出了这个联系信息、知识和沟通能力,良好的装饰，继续指出有密切的相似之处,哪些信息
专业研究人员需要做的事。她认为,研究人员、喜欢的信息专业人士需要:
Define their information needs.定义他们的信息需求
Locate sources of potentially useful information.找到潜在的有用的信息来源Transform the useful information into internal knowledge.把内部知识有用的信息量Store the physical objects that embody useful information.
商店的物理对象体现有用的信息。
Manage the store of useful information,so that they can get into it easily,move around it quickly and find what they need whenever they need it.
管理储存的有用的信息,以便他们能进入容易,移动快找到他们所需要的东西,当他们需要它。
19.This link between information,knowledge and research is consistent with a positivist approach to research,in which a researcher starts with the definition of research objectives for a specific research project.这个指令在信息、知识和研究之中是符合实证的方法来研究，一名研究人员开始研究目标的定义为一个特定的研究项目These objectives are usually centered upon the answer to an everyday problem.The Post Office,for instance may seek the answer to the question:”How do we increase the percentage of letters that carry post-codes?”Many manufacturing businesses may be concerned with the question:”How do we reduce the percentage of defective products?”通常这些目标是集中于日常生活中的问题的答案,例如邮局可能会寻求这个问题的答案:“我们应该如何增加邮件百分比的数量?”
许多制造企业所关心的问题是:“我们如何减少百分比有缺陷的产品?”The hypothesis.Data collection methods assume that the project-based approach to research that is implicit in many research funding models,where the funding agency,for practical reasons to do with satisfying the public interest or the trustees of the fund,needs to demonstrate an outcome from a project which resources have been allocated.一种假设,数据收集方法假设工程的方法来研究包含在很多研究融资模型,那里的资助机构,以满足现实原因,公共利益或基金保管委员会,需要展示出结果是从一个项目资源已经拨出。
There are different debates concerning the nature of knowledge.Such debates are beyond the scope of this paper,but they do have important implications for any model of information management that involves the evaluation of information.有不同的辩论有关知识的性质这种辩论都超出了本文的范围,不过他们模型具有重要影响的信息管理,其中包括评价的信息。
Managemengt Information Systems By a management information system,we propose the follow alternate definition: an integrated uer/machine system (usually computerized) for providing information to support decision making in an enterprise. The key elements of this definition are —An integrated uer/machine system —For proving information —To support decision making —In an enterprise A management information system utilizes —Computer hardware and software —Manual procedures —Models for analysis —A database Just as there is a logical flow of materials in the creation of a product, there is logical flow of information in a management information system.In manufacturing,raw materials move through a process that transforms the raw materials into usable products. In a similar fashion, in an information system,data are supplied to a system(input), the data are manipulated(processed),and they are transformed into information(output).In its simplest form ,a management information systemed may be depicted by an input-process-output(IPO) model
Unit 1 【Ex1、】根据课文内容,回答以下问题。 1.In human terms and in the broadest sense, information is anything that you are capable of perceiving、 2.It includes written communications, spoken communications, photographs, art, music, and nearly anything that is perceptible、 3.If we consider information in the sense of all stimuli as information, then we can’t really find organization in all cases、 4.No、 5.Traditionally, in libraries, information was contained in books, periodicals, newspapers, and other types of recorded media、People access it through a library’s catalog and with the assistance of indexes, in the case of periodical and newspaper articles、 https://www.doczj.com/doc/487902793.html,puterized “information systems”、 7.The problem for most researchers is that they have yet to discover the organizing principles that are designed to help them find the information they need、 8.For library materials, the organizing principle is a detailed subject classification system available for searching in an online “catalog”、 9.The one thing common to all of these access systems is organization、 10.No, it isn’t、 【Ex2、】根据给出的汉语词义与规定的词类写出相应的英语单词。每词的首字母已给出。 n.取回,恢复,修补;检索retrieval n.机械装置,机构,机制mechanism adj.特有的,表示特性的,典型的characteristic n.分类,分级classification n.风格,方式,样式,习惯manner n.文件,公文document vt.解释,说明Interpret vt.使自动化,自动操作automate n.分类assortment n.法则,原则,原理principle n.排列,安排arrangement n.&vt.访问,存取access n.浏览器;浏览书本的人browser n.目录catalog n.索引index n.材料,原料,物资,素材material
A business survives and thrives on information: information within the organization and information changed with suppliers, customers,and regulators. Moreover, the information needs to be consistent, accessible, and at the right location. We consider information in four forms-voice, data, image, and video-and the implications of distributed requirements. The term voice communications refers primarily to telephone related communications. By far the most common form of communication in any organization and for most personnel is direct telephone conversation. The telephone has been a basic tool of business for decades. Telephone communications has recently been enhanced by a variety of computer-based services, including voice mail and computerized telephone exchange systems. V oice mail provides the ability to send, forward , and reply to voice messages nonsimultaneously , and it has become a cost-efficient tool even for many midsize organizations. It provides saving on answering machines and services as well as more responsive service to customers and suppliers. Advances have also been made in computerized telephone exchange systems, including in-house digital private branch exchanges(PBX) and Centrex systems provided by the local telephone company. These new systems provide a host of features, including call forwarding, call waiting, least-cost routing of long-distance calls, and a variety of accounting and auditing features. The term data communications is sometimes used to refer to virtually any form of information transfer other than voice. It is sometimes convenient to limit this term to information in the form of text(such as reports, memos, and other documents) and numerical data(such as accounting files). The rapid changes in technology have created fresh challenges for management in making effective use of data communications. We will briefly outline the changes in technology in transmission, networks, and communications software that present the manager with new powerful business tools but also the necessity of making choices among complex alternatives. 一个企业生存和蓬勃发展的信息：在改变与供应商，客户和监管机构的组织和信息的信息。此外，对信息的需求是一致的，访问，并在合适的位置。我们认为，在四种形式的语音，数据，图像，视频和分布式需求的影响的信息。 长期的语音通信，主要是指以电话相关的通讯。迄今为止最常见的沟通形式中的任何组织和大多数工作人员是直接的电话交谈。电话已几十年来的基本的业务工具。电话通讯最近已加强各种以计算机为基础的服务，包括语音邮件和程控电话交换系统。语音信箱提供的能力，发送，转发和回复语音邮件nonsimultaneously，它已成为一个成本效益的工具，甚至许多中小型组织。提供节省答录机和服务，以及更快捷的服务客户和供应商。程控电话交换系统，包括内部数字专用分支交换机（PBX）和本地电话公司提供的Centrex系统也取得了进展。这些新系统提供主机的功能，包括呼叫转接，呼叫等待，长途电话的最低成本路由，各种会计和审计功能。 长期的数据通信有时被用来指几乎任何其他信息传输比语音形式。有时可以很方便限制这个术语在文本形式的信息（如报告，备忘录和其他文件）和数字数据（如会计档案）。已创建管理新的挑战，在有效地利用数据通信技术的迅速变化。我们将简要概述在传输技术的变化，网络和通信软件，经理提出新的强大的商业工具，但也使复杂的替代品之间的选择的必要性。
专业英语 一、专业术语 RFID射频识别IOT物联网Cloud Computing云计算ANN神经网络BI商业智能E-business /Web-business / e-commerce电子商务KM知识管理GIS地理信息系统PDA掌上电脑Bluetooth蓝牙技术CAD计算机辅助设计CMD计算机辅助制作branch manager部门经理binary format二进制格式USB（Universal Serial Bus）通用串行总线computer case计算机机箱 temporary storage of information临时存储信息floppy disk软盘CD-ROM只读光盘textual源代码video card视频卡，显卡sound card音频卡，声卡 DVD数字化视频光盘SISP战略信息系统计划Project Management项目管理Human Resources人力资源End-User Systems Development最终用户系统开发rolling business plans流动业务计划MIS(management information system)管理信息系统DB（database）数据库DBMS（database Management system）数据库管理系统DSS（decision support system）决策支持系统operational manager运营经理Senior manager 高级经理semi-structured decision半结构化决策 ANS（Advanced Network&Service）高级网络及服务公司 TPS（Transaction Processing systems）事务管理系统 KWS（Knowledge Work Systems）只是工作系统GRASP绘制机器人技术应用软件包OAS（Office Automation Systems）办公自动化系统 ESS（Executive Support Systems）经理支持系统 EIS（Executive Information Systems）经理信息系统 OLAP（on-line analytical processing）联机分析处理 GIS（Group Information Systems）集群信息系统 GDSS（Group Decision Support Systems）集群决策支持系统 MIT（Management Information technology）管理信息技术 RAD（rapid application development）快速应用开发 Two-way communications 双工通讯client-server environment 客户服务环境Data warehouse 数据仓库logistics information systems 物流信息系统 ERP（Enterprise resource planning）企业资源规划 CRM（customer relationship Management）客户关系管理 OOD（Object-Oriented design）面向对象设计 OOP（Object0Oriented Programming）面向对象编程 HLLs（High Level Languages）高级语言ADTs（Abstract Data Types）抽象数据类型Software Ics软件的组成单元machine code机器码op-code输出码 EDI（Electronic Data interchange）电子数据交换 SMEs（small and medium sized enterprises）中小企业 B2B企业对企业电子商务B2C企业对用户电子商务 CERT(Character Error Rate Tester)字符出错率测试器 CIAS（Communication Link Analyzer System）通信链路分析系统 IMS（Information Management System）管理信息系统 NDMS（Netware Data Management System）网络数据管理系统
管理的角色和技能 管理角色 亨利·明茨伯格对执行者行为的研究让他得出这样的结论:经理都需要承担大量的角色。一个角色是一组预期的行为对一个特定的位置。明茨伯格的角色可以分为三大类如图1.1所示:信息角色(管理信息);人际角色(管理通过人)和决策角色(管理行动)。每个角色代表活动经理承担最终完成的功能规划、组织、领导、控制。重要的是要记住,真正的工作的管理不能练习作为一组独立的部分;所有的角色交互的方式在现实世界的管理。 图1.1 管理角色 信息角色描述活动用来维持和发展一个信息网络。这三个信息角色监督者、传播者和发言人。监督者涉及从许多来源寻求当前的信息。经理获得信息来自他人和扫描书面材料来保持消息灵通。传播者和发言人的角色是正好相反。经理把当前信息传递给他人,内部和外部的组织,才能使用它。与授权趋势的低级别员工,很多经理都共享尽可能丰富的信息。 由于人际角色让经理们被叫去与众多组织和个人交互。这三个人际角色是挂名首脑、领袖和交流与合作者。这个挂名首脑角色专注于管理正式的和象征性的活动的部门或组织。经理代表本组织在他或她作为单位的负责人的正式管理能力。领导的作用是指经理的工作在激励下属,以满足单位的目标。交流与合作者的作用来自于经理的责任与各种团体在组织内外交流。一个例子是一个面对面讨论控制器和计划主管之间解决关于预算的一种误解。 决策角色指管理的决策过程。这些角色通常需要概念以及人类的技能。这四种管理角色都属于这一类企业家,障碍处理者,资源分配者,谈判代表。一个管理者承担一个企业家的角色当他或她启动项目来提高部门或工作单位时。当问题比如错过了交付关键客户的出现,经理必须采用一个障碍处理的角色。决定如何分配单位的金钱、时间、材料和其他资源,称为经理的资源分配角色。最后,谈判者角色指的是这种情况,经理必须代表单位和其他人的利益,如供应商、客户和政府。
鲁东大学信息与电气工程学院2015 －2016 学年第-----2----学期 《 专业英语 》课程论文 课程号： 220821071 任课教师 贾世祥 成绩 论文题目：专业科技论文翻译 对给定的发表在正规外文期刊上的电子信息类专业科技论文进行翻译，包含 Title 、Introduction 、Algorithm 、Result 、Discussion 、Reference 等内容。 论文要求：（对论文题目、内容、行文、字数等作出判分规定。） 1.论文格式参考学院学士毕业论文要求，要有题目、摘要、关键字、正文、参考文献。 2.原文不包含摘要和关键字，请阅读原文并写出200~300字的英文摘要，给出5个英文关键字。 3.语言表达流畅，涉及到的图表字迹清晰，公式使用公式编辑器编辑。 4.设计报告使用B4纸打印，正文的图表可黑白打印。 教师评语： 教师签字： 年 月 日 一个简单、快速、有效的多边形减面算法 Stan Melax Abstract ：This article describes a new type of 3D model to optimize the reduction surface algorithm. Previous algorithms although it can reduce operating surface, but it in the reduction process will generate a lot of only makes processing speed becomes slow excess facet. This new algorithm is mainly through the edge collapse operation to achieve the effect of reducing the surface. This paper explains the characteristics and advantages of this algorithm by means of examples. The advantages and disadvantages of the new algorithm are also analyzed. Our initial goal is simple: we want to find a method can be reduced due to excessive blasting effects of polygons, now our art personnel only need to create a detailed model for every game objects. But there are limitations, this algorithm can only be applied to the triangle, if you need to be able to other more edges of the polygon into a simple triangle, in addition to this there is no other restrictions on the. Keywords ：Polygon reduction ；Edge Collapse ；Pretreatment ；Optimization model ；Optimization model; Application algorithm ； 如果你是一个游戏开发者，那么3D 多边形模型非常有可能是日常生活中的一部分，而且你对多少个多边形每秒、少多边形建模、细节层次等概念非常熟悉。你可能知道多边形减面算法的 目的在于通过一个有着大量多边形的高细节的模型生成一个 多边形数量比它少、但是看起来却跟原模型很相像的低面模型。这篇文章解释了一种实现自动减面的方法，并且附带的讨论了多边形减面的有用之处。在我们开始之前，我建议你去下载我的一个程序：BUNNYLOD.EXE ，它展示了我将要阐述的这项技术。你可以在Game Develop 网站上找到它。 问题的由来 在深入这个很厉害的3D 算法之前，你可能会问你自己真的有必要关注它吗？要知道，已经有一些商业的插件和工具来为你减少多边形数量了。 然而，下面的几条理由会告诉你为什么需要实现自己的减面算法： 学院 信息与电气工程学院 专业 信息工程 班级 信息1301班 本 学号 20132213652 20132213664 姓名 李惠梁 吴海峰
这里汇聚了计算机和网络技术领域的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 A AAIMS（An Analytical Information Management System）分析信息管理系统 Abacus 算盘 Access security 存取安全 Access time 存取时间 Active 有源的 Ada programming language Ada 程序设计语言 Adapter 适配器 Adapter card 转接卡 Add-on 外接式附件 Address 地址 ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数字客户线路 After-image record 残留影像记录 Algorithm 算法 Alpha testing ɑ测试 3 Alteration switch 变换开关 ALU(Arithmetic/Logic Unit)运算器 Amplitude 幅度 Analog data 模拟数据 Analog cellular 模拟移动电话 Analog signal 模拟信号 Analysis block 分析块 Animation 动画制作 ANSL(American National Standards Label)美国国家标准标号 Answerback memory 应答存储器 Anti-noise coding 反噪声编码 Antivirus software 反病毒软件 APL(A Programming Language) APL 语言 Application development cycle 应用开发周期 Application program 应用程序 4 Application software 应用软件 Arithmetic operation 算术运算 ARP(Automatic Receive Program)自动接受程序 Artificial network 仿真网络 ASCII(American standard Code for Information Interchange)美国信息交 换用标准代码 Assembler 汇编程序 Assembly language 汇编语言 Asynchronous 异步的
各专业课程英文翻译(精心整理) 生物及医学专业课程汉英对照表 应用生物学 Applied Biology 医学技术 Medical Technology 细胞生物学 Cell Biology 医学 Medicine 生物学 Biology 护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia 进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology 口腔外科学 Oral Surgery 海洋生物学 Marine Biology 口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences 微生物学 Microbiology 骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine 分子生物学 Molecular Biology 耳科学 Otology 医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy 口腔生物学 Oral Biology 足病医学 Podiatric Medicine 寄生物学 Parasutology 眼科学 Ophthalmology 植物生物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学 Preventive Medicine 心理生物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology 放射生物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling 理论生物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing 野生生物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing 环境生物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学 Therapeutics 运动生物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology 有机体生物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 Veterinary Sciences 生物统计学 Biometrics 牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences 生物物理学 Biophysics 牙科科学 Dentistry 生物心理学 Biopsychology 皮肤学 Dermatology 生物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学 Endocrinology 生物工艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics 生物化学 Biological Chemistry 解剖学 Anatomy 生物工程学 Biological Engineering 麻醉学 Anesthesia 生物数学 Biomathematics 临床科学 Clinical Science 生物医学科学 Biomedical Science 临床心理学 Clinical Psychology 细胞生物学和分子生物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology 精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing 力学专业 数学分析 Mathematical Analysis 高等代数与几何 Advanced Algebra and Geometry 常微分方程 Ordinary Differential Equation 数学物理方法 Methods in Mathematical Physics 计算方法 Numerical Methods 理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics 材料力学 Mechanics of Materials 弹性力学 Elasticity 流体力学 Fluid Mechanics 力学实验 Experiments in Solid Mechanics 机械制图 Machining Drawing 力学概论 Introduction to Mechanics 气体力学 Gas Dynamics 计算流体力学 Computational Fluid Mechanics 弹性板理论 Theory of Elastic Plates 粘性流体力学 Viscous Fluid Flow 弹性力学变分原理 Variational Principles inElasticity 有限元法 Finite Element Method 塑性力学 Introduction of Plasticity
analog 模拟 digital 数字的 binary-coded number 二进制编码数electromagnetic induction 电磁感应 telegraph 电报 triode vacuum tube 三级真空管 broadcasting 广播 amplitude modulation (AM)幅度调制 frequency modulation (FM)频率调制 phase modulation (PM) 相位调制 transistor 晶体管 linear integrated circuit 线性集成电路microwave 微波 satellite 卫星 optical fiber 光纤 shortwave 短波 negative-feedback amplifier 负反馈放大器 PCM（Pulse-Code Modulation）脉冲编码调制time-division multiplexing (TDM)时分多路 stereo FM 立体声调频 error-correction code 纠错编码 adaptive equalization 自适应均衡 random access memory (RAM)随机存取存储器VLSI(very large scale integration)超大规模集成FAX (facsimile) 传真 cellular telephone 蜂窝电话移动电话oscilloscope 示波器 spread spectrum system 扩频系统 ISDN(integrated services digital network)综合业务数字网 HDTV(high definition television)高清晰度电视transmitter 发射机 channel 信道频道通道 receiver 接收机 baseband 基带 bandwidth (BW)频带宽度带宽 ADC(analog-digital converter)模数变换器 carrier 载波载流子 bandpass signal 带通信号 signal sideband (SSB)单边带 phase-shift keying(PSK)相移键控 ITU(international telecommunications union)国际电信联盟 PTN(public telecommunications network)公用电信网络 LOS propagation 视线传播ionospheric reflection 电离层反射 high fidelity (Hi-Fi)高保真度 signal-to-noise 信噪比 interference 干扰 mapping 映射 dimension 维数量纲 frequency selectivity 频率选择性 photocathode 光电阴极 raster scanning 光栅扫描 blanking pulse 消隐脉冲 multiplexer 多路转换器 encoder 编码器 decoder 译码器 pixel 像素 vocal tract filter 声道滤波器 melodic structure 韵律结构 harmonic structure 谐波结构 interlaced fields 交替的场 horizontal retrace 水平行回程 primary colors 基色 interactive video 交互式视频 ASCII 美国标准信息交换码 DCT (discrete cosine transform)离散余弦变换JPEG (joint photographic experts group)联合图像专家组 MPEG(motion photographic experts group)) 活动图像专家组 synchronous transmission 同步传输asynchronous transmission 异步传输 frame 帧 frame-packing 成帧 modeling 建模 Fourier series(FS) 傅里叶级数 transmission medium 传输介质 coaxial cable 同轴电缆 instantaneous power 瞬时功率 decibel 分贝dB RF(radio frequency)射频 commutator 换向器转接器 ripple 波纹起伏 ionosphere 电离层 potential difference 电位差 shot noise 散弹噪声 flicker noise 闪变噪声 noise figure 噪声系数 mathematic model 数学模型
第八章职业开发 职业生涯是指一个人一生中从事职业的全部历程。职业管理是一个终身过程包括了解自我、工作和组织的过程；确立个人职业目标；制定目标战略；以及依据工作和生活经历调整目标。职业发展是一个过程，在这个过程中，个人通过承担培训和职业发展需要的责任，战略性地探索、计划和创造他们的未来。职业发展包括持续学习，寻求新机会和找到积极有效的可推动性地为组织做贡献的方式。 一.两种职业管理 存在两种职业管理。以组织为中心的职业管理侧重工作和确立职业路径，为组织中从事不同工作的个人提供逻辑发展机会；而以个人为中心的职业发展侧重个人的职业生涯而不是组织的需要。两种职业管理对员工职业发展都同等重要，二者应互补。为规划成功的职业生涯，员工需承担责任设定一个职业发展计划并着手行动以便达成职业目标。个人职业偏好和组织机会合力确定了个人职业发展的方向。 图8-1显示了组织需要和个人需要是如何相关的，从而通过战略性的组织目标达到个人的职业满意。个人必须进行其自己的职业诊断，开方，实施和评估。 图8-1 组织和个人职业计划视角 来源：《人力资源管理》（第10版）Robert L. Mathis和John H. Jackson 二.职业阶段 大部分工作的人接受过某种类型的组织教育比如中学教育、经贸学校教育、职业教育或大学教育，从而为他们的职业做了一定的准备。此受教育阶段长短因人而异。然后他们开始第一份工作，不过他们也可能在同一组织或不同组织间转换工作。最终，他们走过一生的职业生涯定位在某个职位上直到退休。职业阶段研究发现，随着个人阶段的不同其需要和期望也不同。图8-2 显示了一个职业阶段变化的模式。
1、ABC Activity Based Costing 基于活动的成本核算 2、ABM Activity Based Management 基于活动的管理 3、ACWP Actual Cost of Work Performed 已完成工作实际成本 4、ADM Arrow Diagram Method 箭线图方法 5、ADP Automated Data Processing 自动化数据处理 6、ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution 替代争议解决方案 7、AF Actual Finish Date 实际完成日期 8、AFE Application for Expenditure 支出申请 9、AFE Authority for Expenditure 开支权 10、ALAP As-Late-As-Possible 尽可能晚 11、AMR Advanced Material Release 材料提前发布 12、AOA Activity on Arc 弧线表示活动双代号网络 13、AOA Activity on Arrow 箭线表示活动双代号网络 14、AON Activity on Node 节点表示活动单代号网络 15、AOQ Average Outgoing Quality 平均出厂质量 16、AOQL Average Outgoing Quality Limit 平均出厂质量限度 17、APMA Area of Project Management Application 项目管理的应用领域 18、APR Acquisition Plan Review 采购计划评审 19、AQL Acceptable Quality Level 可接受质量水平 20、AS Actual Start Date 实际开始日期 21、ASAP As-Soon-As-Possible 尽快 22、ATP Acceptance Test Procedure 验收测试过程 23、AUW Authorized Unpriced Work 批准的未定价工作 24、BAC Budget at Completion 完工预算 25、BAC Baseline at Completion 完成/完工基线 26、BATNA Best Alternative to Negotiated Agreement 协议外最佳方案 27、BCM Business Change Manager 商业变更经理 28、BCWP Budgeted Cost of Work Performed 已完工作预算成本 29、BCWS Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled 计划工作的预算成本 30、BEC Elapsed Cost 计划工作的预算成本 31、BOOT Build, Own, Operate, Transfer 建造拥有经营转让 32、BPA Blanket Purchase Agreement 一揽子采购协议 33、BSA Balanced Scorecard Approach 平衡记分卡方法 34、C/SCSC Cost/Schedule Control System Criteria 成本控制系统标准? 35、C/SSR Cost/Schedule Status Report 成本/进度状态报告 36、CA Control Account 控制帐目 37、CAD Computer Aided Drafting/Design 计算机辅助制图/设计 38、CAM Cost Account Manager 成本帐目经理 39、CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing 计算机辅助制造 40、CAM Control Account Manager 控制帐目经理 41、CAP Cost Account Plan 成本帐目计划 42、CAP Control Account Plan 控制帐目计划 43、CAR Capital Appropriation Request 资本划拨请求 44、CBD Component-Based Development 基于构件的开发
-------------------------------------- 14课----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1、configuration 配置Topologies 拓扑结构 2、multidrop插头式ring or loop 环状或回路型the mesh 网状 3、simultaneously 同时intelligence 情报 4、perpheral equipment 外围终端 5、essentially /in nature 本质上 6、vary considerable 在很大程度上 7、hotel reservation systems 宾馆预订系统 8、telecommunications network 电信网络 9、plural 复数mass media 大众媒体 10、ATM = automatic teller machine 11、simplex 单工,duplex 双工,HDX = half duplex, FDX= full duplex, F/FDX= full/full duplex 12、unidirectional 单向的,two-way alternate or either-way lines 双向交替或任一方向电路 13、citizens band 民用波段 14、postal system 邮政系统 15、indefinitely 不确定的 16、vice verse反之亦然 17、error control 差错控制，error detection 检错，error correction 纠错，echoplex回送 18、Trade-off 平衡，折中考虑，serial-parallel transmission串行和并行传输 19、between the source and destination 在源地和目的地之间 20、short-distance communications 近距离通信 21、and serial transmission is used for long-distance communications 远距离通信 22、To insure an ordly flow of data between the line control unit and the modem,a serial interface is placed between them . 23、in data communications,there are four types of synchronization(同步)that must be achieved:bit or clock synchronization,modem or carrier synchronization,characteraynchronization,and message synchronization. 1、Innovation 进步 2、optical feeder links 光馈链接，digital compression techniques 数字压缩技术 3、service integration 综合服务 4、频分复用frequency-division multiplexing 5、utilize 利用 6、in this implementation 在这种实现方式中 7、fiber-to-the-curb(FTTC)光纤到路边 8、视频点播video on demand(VOD) 9、telephony 电话，industry 行业 10、the CATV industry is deploying bidirectional networks —CATV 行业有必要拓展双向网络 11、noted above 前面提到的 12、atenuates衰减 13、nonadjacent 不毗连的，turn over 移交，subscribers 订户 14、packet-switched wireless network 分组交换无线网络 15、with the sponsorship 在---的资助下 16、hub 中心 17、on the order of 大约，在---数量级 18、penetration 渗透