特征功能
不定式动名词-ing分词-ed分词
名词、形容词、副词
（有时态、语态的变化）
名词
（有时态、语态变化）
形容词、副词
（有时态、语态变化）表主动关系、进行意义
形容词、副词
（只有一般式、被动语态）表被动关系、完成意义
主语To learn English well is not easy.
=It’s not easy to learn English well.
(说话者的看法)
1. Getting up early is a good habit.
2. It’s no use crying.
(说话者有过体会)
X X
表语His job is to feed animals.
=To feed animals is his job.
(主表可互换)
Her hobby is fishing.
=Fishing is her hobby.
(主表可互换)（名词）
The film is much more exciting. (形容词)
（现在进行时中，v-ing表示动作/状态）
He is very excited. (兴奋) （形容词）
（被动语态）-ed分词可由much来修饰)
He was much excited by her son’s success.
宾语 1. I want to talk to you
2. She found it hard to get to sleep 1. Do you enjoy watching TV?
2. Stamps are used for sending letters. X X
定语1. There is a lot of work (for us ) to do.
2. He found a chair to sit on .
1. They are in the reading-room.(说明用途)
2. a sleeping car = a car (which is used) for
sleeping
1. The moving train is long.
2. I know the man standing there. (说明正在进行)
3. a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping
1. Her job is to take care of the wounded soldier.
2. The boy called Jim is from America.
（说明被动关系或完成）
状语1.He stopped to talk to me. (目的)
2.He is too young to go to school.（结果）
3.He’s angry to find his chair gone.（原因）
4.To tell the truth, I don’t like the idea at all.
（修饰全句）
X
1. Seeing her mother, the baby stopped crying. (时间)
2. Being ill, I stayed at home. (原因)
3. They stood there waiting for her. （方式/伴随）
4. Generally speaking, it’s easier to drive a car than fly
a plane.（修饰全句）
*逻辑主语必须是句子的主语
1. Interested in English, he works hard at it. (原因)
2. Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.(时间)
3. Read every morning, English will be improved
quickly. (条件)
4. Put frankly, we really want to go there.(修饰全句)
*逻辑主语必须是句子的主语
补足语1. He tells me to come here early. (宾补)
2. I saw him (not) play football. (宾补)
(表动作的全过程)
3. He was heard to read English. (主补)
4. I am told not to come here early. (主补)
X
1. I heard her singing in the next room. (宾补)
2. I saw him playing football. (宾补)
(表动作正在进行)
3. She was heard singing in the next room.(主补)
4. He was seen playing football. (主补)
1. I found the boy lost. (宾补)
（说明被动关系或完成）
2. The box is seen stolen. (主补)
否定形式
not /never +（to ）do
1. Please tell him not to be angry.
2. He made the boy not cry any more.
not/never + doing
I’m sorry for not being able to come earlier.
not/never + doing
Not knowing what to do, I went to the teacher for help. X
特殊结构
连接代/副词+不定式
1. What to do next is unknown. (主语)
2. I don’t know where to go. (宾语)
3.The question is when to start out. (表语)
X X X
复合结构
for/of……+to do(for结构位置可变)
1.It’s difficult for us to win the match.(主语)
= For us, to win the match is difficult/for us.
That’s for you to decide.(表语)
It’s time for us to go to school. (定语)
I meant for you to eat. (宾语)
He stood a side for her to pass. (状语)
2.It’s very kind of you to help me.(主语)
名词所有格/形容词性物主代词+v-ing
His coming made us feel surprised. (主语)
Would you mind my opening t he door? (宾语)
如复合结构不在句首，可用名词普通格/人称
代词宾格+v-ing
I don’t mind XiaoYu (him) going.
I don’t like young people (them) smoking.
名词+v-ing分词(独立结构)
Weather permitting, we’ll go for a walk. (条件)
= If the weather permits, we’ll go for a walk.
The day being fine, we decided to go shopping.(原因)
= As the day was fine, we decided to go shopping.
名词+v-ed分词(独立结构)
The work done, they went shopping. (时间)
= After the work was done, they went shopping.
All our saving gone, we started looking for jobs.
(原因)
=Because all our saving was gone, we started looking
for jobs.
1. and 或or连接不定式时，后者省to
He wants to come and see his friends.
1.The sinking of the Titanic has never
been forgotten.(前面可加冠词)
1．主句的主语是不定式逻辑上的宾语
This problem is hard to solve.
特殊情况省
略
to
的
情
况
2.had better ,would rather ……than…..
等后省略to
He would rather die than go.
He could do nothing but cry.
名不
词带
化宾
的语
动和
名状
词语
2.We should give the room a good
cleaning.(前面有修饰定语)
主
不动
式
定表
示
式被
动
义
The room is too small for us to live in.
2.不定式与最近的词有动宾关系，但与另
一词有主谓关系
They found the text hard to understand.
He has no one to take care of.
3.使役动词（let、have 、make）/感
观动词see、feel、hear等+宾语+宾补
（不定式），省略to（help可带可省）
He made the baby stop crying.
3.Please take our greetings(问候) to
them. (可出现复数式)
3. 不定式作定语，与被修饰词有动宾关系
I have a lot of homework to do.
There is no time to lose.
4.Why/Why not后，不定式省略to
Why spend so much money?
Why not do it right now?
主被
动动
式义
This TV set needs repairing.
=This TV set needs to be repaired.
4.下列句型中to let ,to blame, to seek等主
动表被动
The room is to let.(出租)
The reason is not far to seek.（不难寻找）
特征功能
不定式动名词-ing分词-ed分词名词、形容词、副词
（有时态、语态的变化）
名词
（有时态、语态变化）
形容词、副词
（有时态、语态变化）表主动关系、进行意义
形容词、副词
（只有一般式、被动语态）表被动关系、完成意义
主语To learn English well is not easy.
=It’s not easy to learn English well.
(说话者的看法)
1. Getting up early is a good habit.
2. It’s no use crying.
(说话者有过体会)
X X
表语His job is to feed animals.
=To feed animals is his job.
(主表可互换)
Her hobby is fishing.
=Fishing is her hobby.
(主表可互换)（名词）
The film is much more exciting. (形容词)
（现在进行时中，v-ing表示动作/状态）
He is very excited. (兴奋) （形容词）
（被动语态）-ed分词可由much来修饰)
He was much excited by her son’s success.
宾语 1. I want to talk to you
2. She found it hard to get to sleep 1. Do you enjoy watching TV?
2. Stamps are used for sending letters. X X
定语1. There is a lot of work (for us ) to do.
2. He found a chair to sit on .
1. They are in the reading-room.(说明用途)
2. a sleeping car = a car (which is used) for
sleeping
1. The moving train is long.
2. I know the man standing there. (说明正在进行)
3. a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping
1. Her job is to take care of the wounded soldier.
2. The boy called Jim is from America.
（说明被动关系或完成）
状语1.He stopped to talk to me. (目的)
2.He is too young to go to school.（结果）
3.He’s angry to find his chair gone.（原因）
4.To tell the truth, I don’t like the idea at all.
（修饰全句）
X
1. Seeing her mother, the baby stopped crying. (时间)
2. Being ill, I stayed at home. (原因)
3. They stood there waiting for her. （方式/伴随）
4. Generally speaking, it’s easier to drive a car than fly
a plane.（修饰全句）
*逻辑主语必须是句子的主语
1. Interested in English, he works hard at it. (原因)
2. Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.(时间)
3. Read every morning, English will be improved
quickly. (条件)
4. Put frankly, we really want to go there.(修饰全句)
*逻辑主语必须是句子的主语
补足语1. He tells me to come here early. (宾补)
2. I saw him (not) play football. (宾补)
(表动作的全过程)
3. He was heard to read English. (主补)
4. I am told not to come here early. (主补)
X
1. I heard her singing in the next room. (宾补)
2. I saw him playing football. (宾补)
(表动作正在进行)
3. She was heard singing in the next room.(主补)
4. He was seen playing football. (主补)
1. I found the boy lost. (宾补)
（说明被动关系或完成）
2. The box is seen stolen. (主补)
否定形式
not /never +（to ）do
1. Please tell him not to be angry.
2. He made the boy not cry any more.
not/never + doing
I’m sorry for not being able to come earlier.
not/never + doing
Not knowing what to do, I went to the teacher for help. X
特殊连接代/副词+不定式
结构1. What to do next is unknown. (主语)
2. I don’t know where to go. (宾语)
3.The question is when to start out. (表语)
X X X
复合结构
for/of……+to do(for结构位置可变)
1.It’s difficult for us to win the match.(主语)
= For us, to win the match is difficult/for us.
That’s for you to decide.(表语)
It’s time for us to go to school. (定语)
I meant for you to eat. (宾语)
He stood a side for her to pass. (状语)
2.It’s very kind of you to help me.(主语)
名词所有格/形容词性物主代词+v-ing
His coming made us feel surprised. (主语)
Would you mind my opening t he door? (宾语)
如复合结构不在句首，可用名词普通格/人称
代词宾格+v-ing
I don’t mind XiaoYu (him) going.
I don’t like young people (them) smoking.
名词+v-ing分词(独立结构)
Weather permitting, we’ll go for a walk. (条件)
= If the weather permits, we’ll go for a walk.
The day being fine, we decided to go shopping.(原因)
= As the day was fine, we decided to go shopping.
名词+v-ed分词(独立结构)
The work done, they went shopping. (时间)
= After the work was done, they went shopping.
All our saving gone, we started looking for jobs.
(原因)
=Because all our saving was gone, we started looking
for jobs.
省
略
to
的
情
况
1. and 或or连接不定式时，后者省to
He wants to come and see his friends.
名不
词带
化宾
的语
动和
名状
词语
1.The sinking of the Titanic has never
been forgotten.(前面可加冠词)
主
不动
式
定表
示
式被
动
义
2．主句的主语是不定式逻辑上的宾语
This problem is hard to solve.
The room is too small for us to live in.
特殊情况2.had better ,would rather ……than…..
等后省略to
He would rather die than go.
He could do nothing but cry.
2.We should give the room a good
cleaning.(前面有修饰定语)
3.不定式与最近的词有动宾关系，但与另
一词有主谓关系
They found the text hard to understand.
He has no one to take care of.
3.使役动词（let、have 、make）/感
观动词see、feel、hear等+宾语+宾补
（不定式），省略to（help可带可省）
He made the baby stop crying.
3.Please take our greetings(问候) to
them. (可出现复数式)
3. 不定式作定语，与被修饰词有动宾关系
I have a lot of homework to do.
There is no time to lose.
4.Why/Why not后，不定式省略to
Why spend so much money?
Why not do it right now?
主被
动动
式义
This TV set needs repairing.
=This TV set needs to be repaired.
5.下列句型中to let ,to blame, to seek等主
动表被动
The room is to let.(出租)
The reason is not far to seek.（不难寻找）
特征功能 不定式动名词-ing分词-ed分词 名词、形容词、副词 （有时态、语态的变化） 名词 （有时态、语态变化） 形容词、副词 （有时态、语态变化）表主动关系、进行意义 形容词、副词 （只有一般式、被动语态）表被动关系、完成意义 主语To learn English well is not easy. =It’s not easy to learn English well. (说话者的看法) 1. Getting up early is a good habit. 2. It’s no use crying. (说话者有过体会) X X 表语His job is to feed animals. =To feed animals is his job. (主表可互换) Her hobby is fishing. =Fishing is her hobby. (主表可互换)（名词） The film is much more exciting. (形容词) （现在进行时中，v-ing表示动作/状态） He is very excited. (兴奋) （形容词） （被动语态）-ed分词可由much来修饰) He was much excited by her son’s success. 宾语 1. I want to talk to you 2. She found it hard to get to sleep 1. Do you enjoy watching TV? 2. Stamps are used for sending letters. X X 定语1. There is a lot of work (for us ) to do. 2. He found a chair to sit on . 1. They are in the reading-room.(说明用途) 2. a sleeping car = a car (which is used) for sleeping 1. The moving train is long. 2. I know the man standing there. (说明正在进行) 3. a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping 1. Her job is to take care of the wounded soldier. 2. The boy called Jim is from America. （说明被动关系或完成） 状语1.He stopped to talk to me. (目的) 2.He is too young to go to school.（结果） 3.He’s angry to find his chair gone.（原因） 4.To tell the truth, I don’t like the idea at all. （修饰全句） X 1. Seeing her mother, the baby stopped crying. (时间) 2. Being ill, I stayed at home. (原因) 3. They stood there waiting for her. （方式/伴随） 4. Generally speaking, it’s easier to drive a car than fly a plane.（修饰全句） *逻辑主语必须是句子的主语 1. Interested in English, he works hard at it. (原因) 2. Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.(时间) 3. Read every morning, English will be improved quickly. (条件) 4. Put frankly, we really want to go there.(修饰全句) *逻辑主语必须是句子的主语 补足语1. He tells me to come here early. (宾补) 2. I saw him (not) play football. (宾补) (表动作的全过程) 3. He was heard to read English. (主补) 4. I am told not to come here early. (主补) X 1. I heard her singing in the next room. (宾补) 2. I saw him playing football. (宾补) (表动作正在进行) 3. She was heard singing in the next room.(主补) 4. He was seen playing football. (主补) 1. I found the boy lost. (宾补) （说明被动关系或完成） 2. The box is seen stolen. (主补) 否定形式 not /never +（to ）do 1. Please tell him not to be angry. 2. He made the boy not cry any more. not/never + doing I’m sorry for not being able to come earlier. not/never + doing Not knowing what to do, I went to the teacher for help. X 特殊结构 连接代/副词+不定式 1. What to do next is unknown. (主语) 2. I don’t know where to go. (宾语) 3.The question is when to start out. (表语) X X X 复合结构 for/of……+to do(for结构位置可变) 1.It’s difficult for us to win the match.(主语) = For us, to win the match is difficult/for us. That’s for you to decide.(表语) It’s time for us to go to school. (定语) I meant for you to eat. (宾语) He stood a side for her to pass. (状语) 2.It’s very kind of you to help me.(主语) 名词所有格/形容词性物主代词+v-ing His coming made us feel surprised. (主语) Would you mind my opening t he door? (宾语) 如复合结构不在句首，可用名词普通格/人称 代词宾格+v-ing I don’t mind XiaoYu (him) going. I don’t like young people (them) smoking. 名词+v-ing分词(独立结构) Weather permitting, we’ll go for a walk. (条件) = If the weather permits, we’ll go for a walk. The day being fine, we decided to go shopping.(原因) = As the day was fine, we decided to go shopping. 名词+v-ed分词(独立结构) The work done, they went shopping. (时间) = After the work was done, they went shopping. All our saving gone, we started looking for jobs. (原因) =Because all our saving was gone, we started looking for jobs. 1. and 或or连接不定式时，后者省to He wants to come and see his friends. 1.The sinking of the Titanic has never been forgotten.(前面可加冠词) 1．主句的主语是不定式逻辑上的宾语 This problem is hard to solve.
非谓语 在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词） 逻辑主语与真正主语 真正主语：谓语动作发出者，即真正主语。 逻辑主语：非谓语动作的发出者或者承受者。 构成非谓语动词句型的首要条件：逻辑主语与真正主语一致。 To acquire knowledge , you must study 解析：条件：此句真正主语：you 逻辑主语：you 主语一致。 结论：可构成非谓语句型 非谓语使用条件 一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下 She got off the bus but left her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat. 非谓语动词做主语的区别： 1. ________ a language requires time and effort. A. Learn B. Learning C. To learn D. Being learned 2. It is not always easy ________ invitations. A. to refuse B. refusing C. to be refused D. being refused 3. How __________ the problem will be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting. A. to solve B. to be solved C. being solved D. solving 4. It __________ forty-five minutes __________ there by bus. A. cost, to get B. takes, getting C. takes, to get D. takes, to get to 5. It is no good __________. You should give_________. A. to smoke, it up B. smoking, it up C. smoking, up it D. to smoke, up it
非谓语动词 一．动词不定式 1.动词不定式的构成：to + 动词原形（这里的to是不定式符号，本身无词义） 否定：not+ (to +) 动词原形 1.to do 作主语常用it 作形式主语 例：To learn English well is useful.→ It is useful（for us）to learn English well. 注意：在kind, good, nice, clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of. 2.一些表示命令，打算或希望的动词后只接动词不定式作宾语：would like, like（想要）, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, except等。 例：Would you like too see a film this evening? 3.在find, think后跟动词不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。 例：I find it easy to read English every day. 4.常见的一些不带to 的动词不定式作宾语 Why not do ……, why don’t you do…, had better (not) do…, would rater do…, could/ would/ will you please (not) do… 例：I would rather stay in the room. 5.一些使役动词和感官动词用不定式作宾语，但to要省略。 一感（fell）、二听（hear, listen to）、三让（let/ make/ let）、四看（look at, see, watch, notice）、五帮助（help）,但变为被动语态是必须加上to. 例：My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss. 6.不定式常和疑问词what,which,when,where,how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。 二．动名词 1.动名词的构成：动词原形+-ing 2.动名词的句法功能
非谓语动词一览表
一、非谓语动词的三种基本形式的含义 ①to do：表示要做或去做，表个别行为，表目的； ②doing：做了，经常做，用来做，或一般行为（动名词） 。 表主动含义“正在做” ，形容词化翻译成“令人…的”（现在分词） ； ③done： 表示被动含义 “被做” 或 “已做”“已被做”， 形容词化后翻译成 “(某人)感到…的” 或 “被…的”或“已… 的”（表语、定语、状语） 。
（先记住三种非谓语动词的基本含义，在以下的讲解中就能慢慢领会贯通。 ）
动名词与现在分词的区别主要是： 1. 动名词充当主语，宾语，和同位语。现在分词充当状语和补语。两者都可以做定语，但是意义不同。 作定语时，动名词说明被修饰的名词的用途；现在分词说明名词的动作，即它和名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。 a sleeping car=a car used for sleeping 一节卧车车厢，即一个用于睡觉的车 （sleeping 为动名词表用途 ） a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping 一个睡着的孩子，即一个正在睡觉的孩子 （sleeping 为现在分词表正 在进行的动作 ）注意： 做定语时，动名词和现在分词的读音不同。 （a ‘sleeping car） ， （a sleeping ‘child） 。 2.动名词具有名词的性质。现在分词则没有。 ①动名词和名词一样有 a, the, my, this, Tom’s, the, some, much, a lot of 等词语修饰： I usually do some cleaning on Sunday. 我通常在周日打扫卫生。 Do you do much fishing? 你常常钓鱼吗？ He showed me a picture of his own painting. 他拿出来他自己绘画的一张照片给我看。 A knocking at the door was heard. 一阵敲门声被听到了。 ②动名词和名词一样有所有格、复数形式： He enjoys reading for reading’s sake, not for scholarship. 他喜欢阅读是因为阅读的好处，而不是因为奖学金。 He is so busy that I can’t keep track of all his comings and goings. 他是如此的繁忙以至于我无法弄清楚他的来来去去。 二、非谓语动词的各种变形 一般式 to to 主动语态 被动语态 doing 主动语态 被动语态 done 被动语态 to do to be done doing being done done 完成式 to have done to have been done having done having been done 进行式 to be doing
（初中阶段一般式为重点。请漠视 to be doing 和 to have been done。 而 to have done, having been done 和 being done 只做了解。 ）
三、非谓语动词的逻辑主语
非谓语动词归纳总结 一，非谓语动词的形式变化及其意义 二，非谓语动词的运用及考题形式 形式1， (If/Unless/When/Though/As)( )----------------------，句子（主语+谓语+宾语-----）（1）To do-----表目的（为了），发生谓语动词后，后面常带宾语 （2）Doing/Having done----(当---时，如果，虽然，因为），后面常带宾语 （3）Done/Having been done----(当---时，如果，虽然，因为），后面不带宾〖注意〗： 1，（Do ）---------------, and/but/or/if/when/before/after+主语+谓语+-------- 这是祈使句，所以用动词原 2,（Doing/Being done）------------------is/was(谓语动词）-----------------------------------. 这是用动名词作主语 〖例证〗： 1,______（look）carefully,and you can find the differences between the two pictures. 2,______（look）after his aged mother, he gave up the chance to go abroad for further study. 3,_______(look) after yourself well is important when you are alone abroad. 4,_______(look) after well by the nurse, the old man recovered quite quickly. 5,_______(look) after well is a kind of love that our parents gave us. 6,_______(look) for the book for a long time, he finally bought it in a bookstore occasionally. 7,_______(look) after well by the nurse for two months,the old man finally recovered. 形式2 主语+谓语+宾语+------，（）+------------ 1，doing(及物动词后面跟宾语）表示伴随，结果，方式 2，done（及物动词后面不跟宾语）表示伴随，结果，方式 3，only to do表示结果
非谓语动词 非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。 动词不定式 动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。 否定式：not + (to) do 以do为例，动词不定式的构成如下： 1．一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。 It's nice to meet you.很高兴见到你。 2．进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。 3．完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。 不定式的句法功能： （1）作主语： To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。 常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。 2．作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。 2．作宾语： 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help ,agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
非谓语动词种类及句法功能 （一）概述 在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词.非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the PastParticiple） 1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有 （1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用 例如：They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. （2）都可以被状语修饰 The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. （3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化.例如： He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被
动式） We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式） （4）都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语） We are League members.（谓语动词的主语） We being League member, the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语） 2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有 （1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词）,在句中做主语、宾语、表语. （2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词）,在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语. （3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词）,在句中作状语. （二）非谓语动词用法
非谓语动词的分类、意义和构成 非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构 不定式 分词现在分词 过去分词 动名词 作宾语的非谓语动词比较情况常用动词只接不定式作 宾语的动词 只接动名词作 宾语的动词及 短语 两者都可以 意义基本相同 意义相反 两者都可以 意义不同
作宾语补足语的非谓语比较 情况区别例句常接不定式作宾 补的动词 感官动词接非谓 语形式作宾补 使役动词接非谓 语形式作宾补 With复合结构 作主语的非谓语比较 情况区别例句意义不同 it作形式主语的情 况不同 主谓一致不同
作表语的非谓语比较 情况区别例句 意义不同 My job today is _____________(water) all the flowers in the garden. My job is ____________(teach) English. Chinese is __________(interest), so Lucy is interested in Chinese. He is ____________(fright). His speech is very encouraging. Her praise is encouraging us to work harder. The novel is well written. The novel was written by Lu Xun. 作状语的非谓语比较 情况区别例句 不定式He stopped to have a rest. He got up early in order to/__________ catch the first train. He broke into the room，only to find an empty box. I’m pleased to meet you. It is such a good book for me as to read it three times. 分词现在 分词 __________(walk) in the street, I came across an old friend of mine. (finish)his homework, the boy went out. _________(take) round the city, we were impressed by the city’s new look. _________(give) another chance, I can do it better. Tired out, they stopped to have a rest. _________(laugh) and ________(talk), they went into the classroom. The teacher came into the lab, __________(follow) by some students. The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song. Judging form her accent, she must be from India. ____________________(tell) many times, he still repeated the same mistake. 过去 分词 独立主格结构The text finished, we began our holiday. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. The meeting being over, we all left the room.
非谓语动词的用法总结表格 非谓语动词包括不定式，动名词和分词。它们是高中所学的基础语法，也是高考必考内容。既是高考的难点又是高考的热点。真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识： ①具有句子结构的知识，会分析句子成分。 ②具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语。 ③具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分得清及物动词和不及物动词。 ④具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析复合句和长难句。 ●所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not放在非谓语动词的_前面_ 知识点一：非谓语作状语。 非谓语动词作状语多表示伴随状态，或事情发生的原因，结果，时间，条件等。 注意，作目的状语只能是_不定式，也可用in order to / so as to +动词原形。 解题诀窍：找逻辑主语，辩逻辑关系，析动作先后 ●不定式做结果状语的固定搭配 only to do ，too +adj/adv to do，so +adj/adv as to do ， such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do only to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。 .知识点二：非谓语作定语 解题诀窍：找所修饰的词，辩逻辑关系，析动作先后
， 面须有相应的介词。 2. 不定式用来修饰名词，表动作未发生。 3. 不定式用来修饰被序数词，最高级等限定的中心词。 知识点三：非谓语动词做补语 解题技巧：记固定搭配，辩逻辑关系 不定式和分词作宾语补足语（we consider him to be a nice guy）或主语补足语(He is considered to be a nice guy)是考察的重点.做题时一要熟记固定搭配，还要仔细分析非谓语所表示的动作与谓语动作发生的先后问题。 A 固定句型sb/sth be said/believed/ reported/ considered/ thought to do /to be doing /to have done 要分清. B 弄清以下搭配及其意义 1.感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, notice等后面的宾补有3种形式（do/doing/done），doing 表主动或正在进行，done表被动或完成，do表主动和完成（被动句中to 还原）。 2.leave后接3种形式做宾补。leave sb to do sth/ leave sth to be done, leave sb doing sth, leave sth undone e.g. He left, leaving me to to all the rest work. （主动，将来） We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled。（被动，将来） It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running. (主动，正在进行) The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.（被动，完成） 3.have, get, make后接3种形式，表示“使，让，叫” 4.with复合结构，to do表示动作未发生（主动或被动），doing表示主动，正在进行的动作，done 表示被动和完成的动作。 总的原则：分析作宾补的动词与逻辑主语即句子宾语之间的逻辑关系，再结合动作发生的时间（未发生、正在发生或已经发生）来选择合适的形式。 知识点四：非谓语做宾语 解题技巧：记忆动词搭配,做题事半功倍。 （有些动词后面只能用Ving 做宾语，有些只能用不定式做宾语，有些两者皆可。必须弄清以下常考词的搭配、意义及区别） A: 以下动词常用不定式做宾语 agree, want, decide/ make up one’s mind/determine, expect/hope/wish, manage/try, plan/intend/mean, learn, want, pretend, refuse, offer, promist, choose, ask/beg, help, afford, strive, remain, happen, seem, appear等have no choice but to do sth, cannot choose but do sth, can do nothing but do sth.等 ●告(诉)知（道）类动词后常由wh +to do 结构做宾语 Tell/ show / explain/ teach/ advice/ discuss/ understand/ know/ learn +wh- to do sth. B 以下动词只能用动名词做宾语 advise, allow, admit, consider, deny, delay, suggest, excuse, fancy, avoid, miss, keep, practise, finish, enjoy, appreciate, mind, permit, forbid, escape, imagine, risk, recommend, resist, understand等
非谓语形式有三种： 1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词：done。 其中不定式表示目的和将来;动词的ing表示主动和进行；过去分词表示被动和完成。非谓语动词三种形式在句中充当不同的成分，表达不同的意义，具体如下表： 非谓语动词的时态和语态： 一般式：不定式：主动to do ，被动to be done ; ing 形式：主动doing ，被动being done ;过去分词：被动done 完成式：不定式：主动to have done ，被动to have been done;ing 形式：主动having done，被动having been done 进行式：不定式to be doing 1、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。否定式：not + (to) do 如： (1)作主语：动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。 It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。 常用句式有： 1、It+be+名词+to do。 2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。 (2)作表语：动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别。如： Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。 (3)作宾语： ①作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.; ②作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等； ③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next? (4)作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语： want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite. 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do,he didn't go to the cinema．他有很多工作要做，所以没去电影院。 (5)动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不
一、表格的用法 1.doing 的用法 （1）在要求动词后（作宾语）：avoid避免appreciate 感激/欣赏acknowledge承认/自认admit 承认advocate 提倡/主张consider 考虑can't help不禁can't stand受不了contemplate细想complete完成confess坦白dislike 不喜欢，讨厌deserve值得delay延迟deny否认dread可怕defer拖延detest嫌恶enjoy享有/喜爱envy嫉妒endure忍受excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完成forgive原谅fancy幻想/爱好favor 造成/偏爱figure描绘/计算hate讨厌imagine设想involve卷入/包含keep保持miss错过mention说到/讲到mind 介意pardon原谅/饶恕permit允许postpone推迟practice 实行/实践prevent阻止quit放弃停止risk冒险recall回想resist抵抗/阻止resume恢复repent悔悟resent怨恨stand坚持/忍受suggest建议save营救/储蓄tolerate忍受worth值得You should try to avoid making mistakes. The book is worth reading. The book deserves reading. （2）表进行 Walking on the grassland, I saw a snake.=When I was walking on the grassland, I saw a snake. The man speaking English is Tom. = The man who is speaking English is Tom. （3）表主动 The man speaking English is Tom = The man who speaks English is Tom. = The man who spoke English is Tom. Nobody dinks boiling water but boiled water.= Nobody dinks water that is boiling but the water that has boiled. （4）表伴随 I stand outside waiting for Mr. Chen. I lie in bed reading a novel. （5）表性质；特点 The film is very moving. She is understanding, so you had better discuss your business with her. （6）概括性,一般性 Climbing mountain is very interesting. Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(概括性,一般性) Our work is serving the people． （7）动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词's+动名词。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。 He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
非谓语动词表解 式 体 动词不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 一般式 to do doing doing done 一般被动式 to be done being done being done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done having done having done 完成被动式 to have been done having been done having been done ③to be doing 表示“主动进行”， ④to have done 表示“主动完成”， ⑤to have been done 表示“被动完成”。 2. ①doing 表示“主运进行”， ②being done 表示“被动进行”， ③having done 表示“主动完成” ④ having been done 表示“被动完成”。 作用种类 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ 动名词 √ √ √ √ 分词 √ √ √ √ 2. 动名词具有动词和名词的特征。 3. 分词具有形容词和副词的特征。 动名词 现在分词 1.作主语 Smoking is bad for your health. Swimming is my favorite sport. 1.作状语 Seeing the snake, she jumped and screamed. Having finished the work, I headed for my home. 2. 作宾语 The bike needs repairing. Nothing can prevent us from loving our country. 2.作宾语补足I saw Mary doing her homework. Don't leave the water running when washing. 3. 作表语 My hobby is collecting stamps. 3. 作表语 The film is exciting 4. 作定语 We can't drink the running water. The swimming pool will be completed soon. 4. 作定语 The swimming girl was tired but excited. The building being built now will be a museum. 5. 各种形式 doing / having done / being done / having been done 5. 各种形式 doing / having done / being done / having been done 表被动 done being done to be done 表时间 过去(完成) 进行（现在） 将来 例题：__________ by Class 5 made all of us upset. A. Defeating B. Defeated C. Being defeated D. To be defeated 主动 动名词v-ing 不定式to do 现在分词v-ing 过去分词v-ed 一般 doing To do Doing(不及物动词无被动) 同时发生 done 完成 Having done To have done Having done 先发生 进行 To be doing 被动