三大从句
定语从句
1.The meeting that you have missed yesterday was very important.
2. The girl who is making a speech right now is our monitor.
3. The vase that I broke yesterday was very expensive.
4. The boy who helped you yesterday is my neighbour.
5. That's just the topic that I'm very interested in.
6. He is just the boss who gave me that valuable opportunity.
7. I like the cake which you bought yesterday.
8. He is the teacher who helped me.
9. We all like that speaker who is very humorous.
10. The old lady whose two daughters are both teachers is our neighbour.
11. She is the girl whom I met at the party.
12. There are occasions when one must yield.
13.Beijing is the place where I was born.
14.Is this the reason why he refused our offer?
15. His father died the year when he was born.
16.He is unlikely to find the place in which he lived forty years ago.
17. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
18.This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
19. He has finished the difficult exercise, which is easy for you.
20.None of us know the reason for which Tom was absent from the meeting. (why = for which ). 只用that不用which的情况
①先行词指物且含有不定代词(all, little, few, much, everything, anything等)
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?
All that Lily told me seems untrue.
②先行词被the only, the very, the right, any, every, some, no, just等修饰
This is the very bus that I am waiting for.
The only thing that we can do is to lend you some money.
③先行词含有最高级或含有序数词时，如：
This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.
This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city.
What is the most interesting film that you have ever seen?
④先行词既有人又有物
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
⑤避免重复
a. 主句的主语是疑问词who或which
Which is the bike that you have lost?
Who is the boy that won the gold medal?
b. 两个定语从句，其中一个用which另一个用that
They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause much pollution.
c. 先行词在主句中作表语,关系词在从句中也作表语
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
⑥ 主句是there be 句型且关系词在从句中作主语
There is a seat that is still available.
2. 只用which不用that的情况
① 非限制性定语从句
② 关系代词前有介词（介词锁定）
③ 先行词本身是that（避免重复）
只用who不用that的情况：
① 先行词是指人的不定代词，如：one , ones, anyone, no one, those等
Those who have not got your textbooks please raise you hands.
② there be结构中先行词指人
There is a man who calls himself Mr. S joining our team.
③ 分隔式定语从句中
I was one of the persons in my office who were invited.
四、关系副词
when 时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there. （可用on which）where 地点地点状语This is the house where I was born. （可用in which）
why 原因原因状语I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. （可用for which）
主语从句(subject clause)
一．定义:主语从句（subject clause）,顾名思义就是利用一个从句来代替主语。
例如：That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us .
二．连接词
引导主语从句的连词主要有：
从属连词：that，whether
连接代词：who，whoever，whom，whose，what，whatever，which，whichever
连接副词：when，where，how，why，whenever，wherever，however
主语从句的连接词that 无实际意义，但是不可省略其他连接词有实际意义，不可省略
三．时态，从句时态不受主句时态的影响。
That price will go up is certain.
Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
What caused the accident remains unknown.
What we need are good doctors.
如果主语从句放在句首表示“是否”的时候，不能用If只能有Whether
为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在句首位置，真正主语搁置于句末（It+形式主语谓语+宾/表+从句）
（1）That he will win the match is certain. → It is certain that he will win the match.
（2）That he has made a very important discovery in chemistry is true → It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.
（3）what caused the accident is still a mystery. → It is still a mystery what caused the accident.
主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
（1）If引导的主语从句
It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. （）
If he will leave for Beijing tomorrow is uncertain（）
（2）It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. ( )
That President jingo will visit our school next week is said. ( )
（3）It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. ( )
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. ( )
（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. ( )
Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. ( )
宾语从句（object clause）
一．定义:名词性从句均是异曲同工。即宾语从句就是利用一个从句来代替宾语。
例如：I think (that) you shoud tell the truth
二．连接词
从属连词主要有that,if,whether
连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whoever, whatever, whichever等
That 用于陈述句的连接词（包括）肯定和否定，在句中不作任何成分，所以常常省略(有例外) I think (that) is funny.
She hopes (that) tomorrow will be a good whether.
I wonder if you can go with me?
I don’t know whether i can go home?
I know what I want to do.
I ask him where I could take the bus.
三．时态
1．主句为现在时/将来时/完成时的时候。从句可能使用任何时态（视不同情况）
I know he lives here
I know he lived here ten years ago.
I have heard that he will come tomorrow
2．主句为过去时的时候，从句用的是对应的某种过去时态
I knew he lived here.
I saw he talking with her mother.
四．注意点
宾语从句中That不可省略的情况：
①宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词
He think that learning English is very hard.
②宾语从句的主语是this或that 的时候
She said that would lead her win.
③有两个或两个以上的宾语从句，第二个that不能省略
I believe (that) you have done your best and that things will get better
④it 作形式宾语，此时that 引导的宾语从句that 不可省略
I thought it strange that Amy didn’t came up yesterday.
⑤双宾时，that 引导的从句做直接宾语时，that 不可省略
My foreign friend tell me that Chinese is one of the most difficult language to learn.
有四种只能用whether的情况①or not
I don’t know whether he will come or not.
②有介词
I don’t care of whether he is handsome
③后接to do
He wondered whether to stay here the next week.
④作主语，只用whether
Whether he will come is not decided.
表语从句（Predicative Clause）
一．定义
名词性从句均是异曲同工。即表语从句就是利用一个从句来代替表语。
众所周知，表语谓语系动词（be 动词及感官动词）之后，所以一般结构为主语+系动词+表语从句
例如：The trouble is that he has lost a lot of money.
二．连接词
从属连词：that、whether、as though、as if
关系代词：who,what,which,whom,whose,whatever，whoever，whomever，which等
关系副词when,where,why,how,however,whenever,where等
表语从句的连接词that 无实际意义，正式文体中不可省略，但在口语当中人们有时会省略其他连接词有实际意义，不可省略从属连词引导的表语从句
The question is whether we should leave now.
The problem was that it was too valuable for me.
It looked as if it was going to snow.
关系代词引导的表语从句That’s what we should do
The problem was who could do this job.
关系副词引导的表语从句That is how he work so fast.
三．时态和主语从句一样。表语从句的时态不受主句影响
四．注意点：表语从句不能用If，只能用whether 引导.
同位语从句（appositive Clause）
一．定义:我知道大家对同位语会比较陌生，同位语，按字面意思理解，就是与同位语前面的那个名词具有
相同地位的成分. 即同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明、解释它的情况
例如:He my brother is a superstar.
We both can do it.(both就是we的同位语)
Where is you classmate tom.你的同学汤姆在哪里（tom 是classmate的同位语）
同位语从句，就是用一个句子来做同位语成分，通常跟在一些特定的名词之后。这些名词有：
hope/wish/fact/answer/problem/news/belief/idea/promise/suggestion/order/conclusion/information/thought 这些名词的名义都很抽象，指代不明确，所以往往跟一个同位语从句来解释这些名词的具体内涵。
不知道大家发现没有，不管是同位语还是同位语从句，他们都是起到解释说明的功能，不是关键的句子成分。所以即使他们被去除，也不会影响句子的完整性。
二：连接词
从属连词:that,whether 连接代词:what,who等连接副词:how,when, why, where 等
同位语从句的连接词that无实际意义，但是不可省略从属连词引导的同位语从句
The new that our team won the first prize excited all of us.
He has’t made the decision whether he will go.
连接代词引导的同位语从句I have no idea what he is doing.
连接副词引导的同位语从句I don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.
三．时态和主语从句一样。同位语从句的时态不受主句影响
练习
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.
I have no idea when he will come back home.
The fact is that we have lost the game.
What he wants to tell us is not clear.
It's a great pity that they didn't get married.
I insist that she (should) do her work alone.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
The news that we won the game is exciting.
状语从句
什么是状语？
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
1. Naturally, our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call.
2. We worked hard, from sunrise to sunset.
3. To help my disabled aunt, I spend an hour working in her house every da y
4. Seen fr om a distance, the farmhouse looked deserted.
5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before.
状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。
什么是状语从句？
状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。
根据其作用状语从句可分为：
1.时间状语从句
2.地点状语从句
3.原因状语从句
4.条件状语从句
5.目的状语从句
6.让步状语从句
7.比较状语从句
8.方式状语从句
9.结果状语从句
状语从句的时态特点：一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home.
If he comes back, please let me know.
1．时间状语从句
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immedia tely , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn’t realize how special my mothe r was until I became an adult.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard(果园), the moment they saw the guard
No sooner had I arrived home, then it began to rain.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
表示“一……就……”
除as soon as外，还有三类：名词型——the moment, the minute, the second, the instant；
副词型——immediately, directly, instantly；句式型——no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…
The moment I saw him, I fell in love with him.
I came immediately you called. 你一给我打电话，我就马上来。
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 我一到家，就开始下雨。
【注意】如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。
Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
在时间状语从句中，不能用一般将来时、过去将来时态或将来完成时，而要用相应的一般现在时态、一般过去时或现在完成时来代替。
When, while, as(一边...一边...), after, before, as soon as, since, till /until, by the time(到。。。为止, 所在句子的主句应用完成时)
Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.
He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.
He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.
when, while和as的区别
when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”, when＝and then; at that moment。
When she came in, I stopped eating.
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.
We were about to leave when he came in.
While引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.
As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。
We always sing as we walk.
As we was going out, it began to snow.
before和after引导的时间状语从句
before的本意为“在……之前”，根据具体语境还可理解为“还没来得及/还没有……就……，趁着还没……就……，不知不觉就……，……才……”等。
After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。
It will be four days before they come back.
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.
They had not been married four months before they were divorced.
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.
After we had finished the work, we went home.
till或until引导的时间状语从句
till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。
如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。
I didn't go to bed until（till）my father came back.
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。
I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。
由since引导的时间状语从句。完成时标志
2．地点状语从句
常用引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
句型1：Where＋地点从句，（there）＋主句。
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
You should have put the book where you found it.
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.
句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地点从句，＋主句。
Wherever the sea is, you will find seamen.
3．原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, for
特殊引导词：seeing that(由于，鉴于), now that(既然), in that, considering that(考虑到), given t hat(考虑到).
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable. Seeing that you’re already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside.
Considering he’s only sixteen year old, he is not fit for the job.
because, since, as, for辨析
1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。
I didn’t go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
3) as和for的区别：
通常情况下，as引导的从句在主句前，for引导的从句在主句后。
As the weather is cold, I stay at home.（同义句）
I stay at home, for the weather is cold.
4．目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that
特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
5．结果状语从句
常用引导词：so … that, such … that,
特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that,
to such a degree that,
(such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。)
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.
To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.
6．条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless,
特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, o n condition that
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样，从句的谓语动词不能用一般将来时态、过去将来时态或将来完成时，而要用相应的一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时来替代。
Tell me in case you get into difficulty.
Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him?
7．让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首)，no matter (i)
spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given.
8．比较状语从句
常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …，so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; n o … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine.
no more than只不过(嫌少的意思) not more than不如。。。(前者不如后者)
I have no more than two pens.
It’s no more than a mile to the shops.
Jack is not more diligent than John.
one of the + 名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级)
Han Mei is one of the best students in our school.
9．方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, (just) as…so…, as if/though("正如…"，"就像")
特殊引导词：the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
状语从句的省略
状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:
①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；
②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。
When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible. 另外，比较状语从句经常省略。I’m taller than he (is tall ).The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ). 状语从句的"省略"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:
①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;
②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;
③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;
④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;
⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。
下面针对这五种情形作归纳。
(1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。
If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.
You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you
(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:
a.连词+形容词As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.
Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.
Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.
b.连词+名词While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.
Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.
c.连词+现在分词As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.
Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.
d.连词+过去分词He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.
The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.
e.连词+不定式He stood up as if (he were) to say something.
He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.
f. 连词+介词短语She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.
He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.
注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。
When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.
英语三大从句 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。 定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： （一）关系代词who, whom和whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。 An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。 Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？ whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。 The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词whose指代先行词hotel，正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。） （二）关系代词which的用法 which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。 I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which可以换成that） （三）关系代词that的用法 that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。：Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that可以换成who） Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? 放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that可以换成which） Is this the book that you want to buy? 这是你要买的那本书吗？（that可以换成which，在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略） 二、关系副词引导的定语从句 常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。（一）关系副词when的用法 关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。 In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often. 北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when先行词是months） （二）关系副词where的用法 关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。
复合句 【语法要点】 复合句是由一个主句加一个或几个从句所构成的句子。从句只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。根据从句在句子中的作用，可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三类。 （一）名词性从句 名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。其关联词有连接词that、if、whether；疑问代词who、what、which和疑问副词when、where、how、why等。
2.名词性从句的其它用法： 1）if不能引导表语从句。连接代词who、what、whose、which不能引导同位语从句。 2）有时as、as if/though、because也可以引导表语从句，能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be、seem、look等。例如： Things are not always as they seem to be.事情并不总是像表面上看来的那样。 It looks as if it were going to rain. It is because you eat too much. 3）介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。例如： We can learn what we did not know. He will talk to us about what he saw in the . 4）连词that引导的名词性从句除能用在except、but、in后之外很少作介词的宾语，。其它一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步作形式宾语。例如：He is a good student except that he is careless. You may depend on it that they will support you. 5）若主句谓语动词是及物动词make、find、think、see、hear等，则把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后，用it作形式宾语。例如：We find it necessary that we practise spoken-English every day. 6）某些作表语的形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，如sure、happy、glad、certain、pleased、afraid、surprised、satisfied等，连词that可省略，有的语法书称之为状语从句。例如： I am sure that he will succeed. I am afraid you don’t understand what I said. Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams. 7）连接代词whoever、whatever、whichever也可引导宾语从句。例如： I will show you whatever you want to see. You may choose whoever you like. I will take whichever fits the sockets.（插座）8）同位语从句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念的名词后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容。常跟同位语从句的名词主要有：idea、news、fact、promise、answer、belief、condition、doubt、fear、
三大从句 定语从句 1.The meeting that you have missed yesterday was very important. 2. The girl who is making a speech right now is our monitor. 3. The vase that I broke yesterday was very expensive. 4. The boy who helped you yesterday is my neighbour. 5. That's just the topic that I'm very interested in. 6. He is just the boss who gave me that valuable opportunity. 7. I like the cake which you bought yesterday. 8. He is the teacher who helped me. 9. We all like that speaker who is very humorous. 10. The old lady whose two daughters are both teachers is our neighbour. 11. She is the girl whom I met at the party. 12. There are occasions when one must yield. 13.Beijing is the place where I was born. 14.Is this the reason why he refused our offer? 15. His father died the year when he was born. 16.He is unlikely to find the place in which he lived forty years ago. 17. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 18.This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 19. He has finished the difficult exercise, which is easy for you. 20.None of us know the reason for which Tom was absent from the meeting. (why = for which ). 只用that不用which的情况 ①先行词指物且含有不定代词(all, little, few, much, everything, anything等) Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? All that Lily told me seems untrue. ②先行词被the only, the very, the right, any, every, some, no, just等修饰 This is the very bus that I am waiting for. The only thing that we can do is to lend you some money. ③先行词含有最高级或含有序数词时，如： This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. What is the most interesting film that you have ever seen? ④先行词既有人又有物
高中英语主要要掌握三大从句。 分别是： 1、定语从句（形容词从句） 2、名词词从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句） 3、状语从句（副词性从句，包括时间，地点，结果，目的，原因等） 一、定语从句： 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 1、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主词保持一致。 （1）, who, whom, that 这些词代替指人，“whom”作宾语指人，“that”既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。 （2），Which 用来指人或物 (用作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略） （3），whose “whose”表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）的（东西） 2、关系代词引导的定语从句 （1），关系副词why主要用于修饰表示原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。 （2），关系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。 （3），关系副词where主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。 3、非限制性定语从句 它起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。 二、名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 1、连词（5个）：that （宾语从句或表语从句中that有时可以省略） whether,if （均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性） as if ,as though （均表示“好像”，“似乎”） 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
2021届高中英语新高考语法基础版一轮复习讲义（一） 三大从句时态知识点整理总结（含练习）从句的时态是困扰很多同学的问题，尤其是想到六种从句和多达十几种时态的相互碰撞，就头疼不想看。 Part 1: 宾语从句的时态三定律 定律一 主过从过：当主句时态为过去时，从句一律要变为过去时态。 定律二 主现/将|从不限：当主句为现在时或一般将来时，从句时态据实而定。 定律三 从真理、主不限：从句为客观真理，用一般现在时，主句不限时态。 Part 2：状语从句的时态二连击 定律四 主将从现：主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。 连接词一般为：when/as soon as/not...until/before等。 定律五 一个过去用过去，两个过去用过完。 如果以现在为参照，以动作发生时间划分，最近的过去为G1，其次是G2。
主从都为过去，且二者有明显时间差，则G1为一般过去式，G2为过去完成时。 主从都为过去，二者同时发生或无明显时间差，均为G1，均用一般过去式。 Part 3：名词性从句的时态 1. 当主句的谓语动词是过去式时，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如： She said that she didn't want to know. 她说她不想知道。 I asked her whether she would agree. 我问她是否会同意 2. when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时，要直接使用将来时态;但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时，则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如： I don’t know when he will come, but when he comes, I’ll call you. 我不知道他什么时候，但当他来的时候，我会打电话给你。 句中第一个when 引导的是宾语从句，故用将来时态表示将来意义;第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句，故用一般现在时表示将来意义。 写在后面
2021高考英语必考难语法三大类从句辨析 辨析三大从句 高中英语重要的三大从句：定语从句，名词性从句以及状语从句，它们在一起就像是兄弟关系一般，很多学生都会搞混淆，今天就让我们一起清清楚楚，完完全全地弄明白他们之间的关系吧！ 从含义及分类看三大从句 ★定语从句 含义：也称形容词性从句，一个句子跟在一个名词或代词（先行词）后进行修饰限定。 分类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 ★状语从句 含义：指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。状语从句中的从句可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。 分类：可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。 ★名词性从句 含义：在句子中起名词作用的句子。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语等。 分类：主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。 从句中位置看三大从句 定语从句 1. ……先行词（名词或代词）+ 限定性定语从句 2. ……先行词（名词或代词），+非限定性定语从句
Gone are the days when Shanghai was a paradise for imperialist adventures. Is this the restaurant in which you work？ My elder sister, who is twenty, is now studying in the university. 状语从句 1. 主句+ 状语从句 2. 状语从句，+主句(注意逗号) Speak to him slowly so that he may understand you better. No matter how difficult the work may be，we must surely complete it. 名词性从句 1、主语从句+ 谓语+ 其他成分 lt（形式主语）+ 谓语+ 主语从句 That he will attend the meeting is certain. It is unknown who did the work. 2、主语+ 连系动词+ 表语从句 The question is whether he will come here tonight. 3、...同位语词news（idea，fact，hope，promise...）+同位语从句
高考英语三大从句 讲解与练习 高中英语状语从句 (2) 一、时间状语从句 (2) 二、地点状语从句 (3) 三、原因状语从句 (4) 四、目的状语从句 (4) 五、结果状语从句 (4) 六、条件状语从句 (4) 七、方式状语从句 (4) 八、让步状语从句 (5) 九、比较状语从句 (5) 课后练习巩固 (5) 参考答案 (7) 定语从句详解与练习 (7) 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 (8) 二、只用that不用which的情况 (8) 三、只用which不用that的情况 (9) 四、只用who不用that的情况 (9) 五、关系副词引导的定语从句 (9) 六、介词与关系代词 (9)
七、定语从句中的主谓一致 (10) 八、注意way和time后接定语从句的情况 (10) 课后练习巩固 (10) 参考答案 (12) 高中英语名词性从句 (12) 1、主语从句 (12) 2、宾语从句 (13) 3、表语从句（that不可省略） (13) 4、同位语从句 (13) 二、whether/if从句 (13) 三、特殊疑问词引导的从句 (14) 四、名词性关系从句 (14) 五、名词性从句的几个难点 (14) 课后练习巩固 (14) 参考答案 (16) 高中英语状语从句 一、时间状语从句 1、when的用法 （1）when既可引导一个持续性动作，也可引导一个短暂性动作，可用于表示主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作，有时还可表示从句动作后于主句，意为“当……时候”。（2）when在be about to do……when……，be doing……whe n……，had done……when……，be on one’s way……when……，be on the point of doing…when……等结构中作“那时突然”讲。（3）when “既然、鉴于；尽管，虽然（位于主句之后）；如果”
高考英语定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句综合练习 一定语从句 1.定义：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句为定语从句，如： The novels that were written by Lu Xun were not easy to understand. 2.定语从句的构成要素 （1）先行词： （2）关系词： （3）从句： 3.定语从句的关系词 that which （1）关系代词who whom whose as when （2）关系副词where why 4.关系词的句法功能： （1）关系代词在定语从句中作______________，关系副词在定语从句中作_______________，关系代词作宾语时可以省略； （2）关系副词在定语从句中作______________。 5.定语从句解题方法 找准先行词，将先行词带入定语从句，使定语从句成为一个完整的句子，再分析从句的句子成分。若从句缺主语或宾语选用_____________________，若从句却状语，选用_____________________。 二、名词性从句 1.名词性从句分类 （1）主语从句 （2）宾语从句 （3）表语从句 （4）同位语从句 2.名词性从句的语序 名词性从句使用________________语序 3.名词性从句的引导词 连接词：that, whether, if 名从引导词连接代词：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whichever, whomever, whomever 连接副词：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however 4.名词性从句引导词的句法功能
英语三大从句类型总结 英语三大从句类型总结 英语三大从句类型总结 PART1：英语从句三大类型按一般说法，可分为三大类14种从句。 一,名词性从句 1主语从句Whether it's right or not remains to be seen. 2宾语从句I wonder whether it's right or not. 3同位语从句This is a question whether it's right or not. 4表语从句The question is whether it's right or not. 二,定语从句 1限定性定语从句She is the student who can speak English well. 2非限定性定语从句She is the student,who can speak English well. 三,状语从句 1时间状语从句The fact wille out when hees here. 2地点状语从句You can go wherever you like. 3原因状语从句Pay more attention to your lessons because you are a student. 4方式状语从句He walks as if he were a king. 5目的状语从句She went to Japan so that she could learn Japanese well. 6结果状语从句She went to Japan so that she learned Japanese well. 7条件状语从句I will understand it if he tells me.
2019高考英语三大从句名词性从句定语从句和状语从句详解 英语的从句主要有三种：名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句。 英语句子与句子之间必须要有连词，否则是不能够并列或者从属，故英语的连词分为两类： 一类是并列连词，一类是从属连词 并列连词： 第一节名词性从句：主、宾、表、同 主语从句： A、that引导主从 1.That the moon travels around the earth once every month is known to everyone. 2.It is likely that he can't come to the party tonight（S+P+adj+that clause） 注：adj 为necessary、important、surprising、strange、unbelievable、unthinkable、incredible 时从句需要用（should）do 结构。 3.it’s a pity that you didn't attend the wedding party.(S+P+N+that clause）
4.it is said that he possesses the too much money.（S+P+done that clause） 5.it seems to me that you don't like the idea.（it+特殊动词that clause：seem，matter，turn out，happen等） B、指人指物的为连接代词：故在从句中充当：主宾表语成分，部分充当定语成分whose 连接副词在从句中充当主要的时间地点原因和方式状语。 宾语从句 一、引导词 1.That 无意义，不做成分，口语可以省略，if/whether，有意思，不做成分 注意，whether…or/or not；和介词后一般不用if 引导 2.关系代词（指人，指物）which 3.关系副词（时间地点原因方式） 4.特殊的宾从： 1.大多数及物动词可以带宾从；在一些v+adv结构中也可以如：figure out，work out，find out，point out 等；一些动词短语也可以如make sure that、keep in mind that 2.注意：find，feel，think，consider，make，believe，guess，suppose，assume后如果有宾补时，要借助it形式宾语，将that从句后置 Appreciate 表示hate，like，take，owe，have，take（）for granted等和see to留意后如果有宾补时需要借助it 形式宾语，将宾从后置 e.g I hate if when that they talk with their mouth full of food Please see to it that the door is safely locked before you go 注：介词后that 所引导的宾从必须要用it 形式宾语，除“beyond，but，besides，except，save that clause”“除了”和“in that”“因为”。 表语从句 一、连接词 That类，whether类，与前文相同 注：在引导表从时，可以用which 引导，which一般做定语或者代词；注意和what的区别，what也可以用作定语情况。 As，as if/though好像；because，引导和why的区别 同位语从句用法相同 注意同位语与定语从句的区别即可。 第二节定语从句限制性与非限制性定语从句 注1：做介词后的指人的宾语只能whom Whose一般指人，有时也指物，在从句中做定语=of which As也可以引导定语从句，两种情况：as we all know类似的结构中，一般认为是非限制性定语从句，主要在句首 一种是，such……as，the same……as的结构中，the same…that中that与as的区别 Such……that引导目的或原因从句。
一、定语从句 阅读中，可略去定语从句不看，找出主谓宾即可。 限定性定语从关系词（非介宾）可省略：关系词代替先行词在从句中作宾语。 非限定性定语从句有“，”，关系词指代主句/先行词 moment 、minute/time (that)【不用when 】 ⎩⎨⎧：宾语 ：主语、宾语hom w who ⎩⎨⎧ ed - them of ed -is which of 非谓语动词 —定语从句— ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩ ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧⎩⎨⎧⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧不引导名词性从句 ）冠词（”时间状语从句“当（零冠词）不置于句首）：让步状语从句（倒装， “如上所分析”“正如”）可置于句首定语从句（连接代词，，另一个用两个定语从句，一个用作先行词 关系副词（与动词、名词搭配）非限定性定语从句句型疑问句先行词有人有物修饰、、、、先行词被）、、、、（不定代词先行词为修饰最高级、序数词先行词是或被词代系关as such as/ same the /as n. adj. as is sb. as .n /.adj above analysed is as case often the is as ,as which that that which/whom prep.which be here/there who/which no 、little all /last the same the very the only the one ~thing ~/few little much all that (adv.) ⎩ ⎨⎧=n. the m which/who of m which/who of n. the n. whose 物人 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧/in which that way he t / that for which why reason the
从句可分为三类:即名词性从句、形容词性从句（即定语从句）和副词性从(即状语从句）。引导从句的词称作关联句。 一、名词性从句 引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括：从属连词：that，if, whether连接代词：who, whoever whom, whomever ，which ,whichever ，what ,whatever ，whose 连接副词where, when, why, how。其中, 从属连词只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句法成分，而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分。 不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词2。引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy。We heard the news that our team had won。 比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代:1。whether 引导主语从句并在句首2。引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有"or not” 例：Whether he will come is not clear。The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party。 I don't know if he will attend the meeting。 1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中，为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末。That—从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that—从句置于句末，例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure。很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。It’s a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事. 用it作形式主语的that—从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: A It + be +形容词+ that—从句例:It is necessary that…有必要……It is important that…重要的是……It is obvious that… 很明显…… B. It + be + —ed 分词+ that-从句例如：It is believed that…人们相信……It is known to all that…从所周知……It has been decided that… 已决定…… C。It + be +名词+ that—从句例:It is common knowledge that………是常识It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……It is a fact that… 事实是…… D. It +不及物动词+ that—分句例：It appears that…似乎……It happens that…碰巧……It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… 2. 为保持句子平衡，that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替，而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。 He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here。 3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…"解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句。whether可与or(not）连用, 而if不可以. I don't know whether (if）she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference。 4。that和what引导名词性从句的区别：that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等.that可省略, what则不可省. He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导，常跟在下列名词后面，如fact, idea，opinion，news，hope，belief等，that不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。 We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging. 二、形容词性从句 引导定语从句的关联词包括：(1)关系代词：that，which, whose, who, whom，as; (2）关系副词:when，where，why. 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成分,关系代词在句中充当动词的宾语
名词性从句 一、概念： 在句中起名词作用的句子称名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 1、引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词：that, whether ,if (不充当从句的任何成分) 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which 连接副词：when, where, how, why 2、不可省略的连词：①介词后的连词②引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。例如： That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选上了,我们很高兴。 We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。 注：比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下,whether不能被if 取代：①whether引导主语从句并在句首②引导表语从句③whether 从句作介词宾语④从句后有"or not" 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用it充当形式主语。例如： It is not important who will go. 谁去,这不重要。 It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢,形势尚不明朗。 3、名词性that-从句 ①由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。例如： 主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。 宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。 ②That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末。例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。 It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。 ①由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever 等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。例如： 主语：How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。 直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。 间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。 表语：My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。 宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。 同位语：I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。 形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。 介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。 ②Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末。例如： It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。 It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。 5、if, whether引导的名词从句 ①yes-no型疑问从句 从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。例如： 主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。 宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。 表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。 同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。 形容词宾语：She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。 介词宾语：I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。 ②选择性疑问从句 选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成。例如： Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
英语三大从句 英语三大从句：宾语从句（在句子中起宾语作用的从句）、定语从句（在复合句中修饰名词、代词的从句）、以及状语从句（在复合句中由从句表示的状语）。 宾语从句 一、定义 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。 二、连接词 That: I think that you can pass the exam. Whether/if:I wonder if / whether I can get some advice from you. Ask him whether / if he can come. What: I donrsquo;t know what the word means. Where: I donrsquo;t know where he found the book. 只用whether的情况： 1. 与or not连用： I donrsquo;t know whether itrsquo;s raining or not. 2. 与动词不定式连用： He doesnrsquo;t know whether to accept the invitation.
3. 连接词前有介词时： It depends on whether he is coming. 三、时态 1. 主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定(各种时态均可) She wants to know what he has done for the exam. 2.主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。 1)She said that she was a student. 2)She said that she would fly to Japan in a week. 3)She said that she had finished her homework already. 3. 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。 The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 定语从句 一、定义 在复合句中修饰名词、代词的从句叫定语从句。 二、先行词 先行词指人who /that 先行词指物which/ that 定语从句一般紧跟被修饰的名词或代词(即先行词)后 三、关系代词