大学英语跨文化交际总结

Chapter 1 culture

The nature of culture:

1.culture is like an iceberg

2.culture is our software

3.culture is like the water a fish swims in

4.culture is the grammar of our behavior

Characteristics of culture:

1.culture is learned (through proverbs, folklore, art, mass media)

2.culture is dynamic 动态的

3.culture is pervasive 普遍的

4.culture is integrated 综合的

5.culture is adaptive

Cultural identity 文化认同

1.cultural identity defined

2.formation of cultural identity (unexamined, search, achievement)

3.characteristics of cultural identity

Cultures within culture

1.subculture亚文化群

2.Co-culture 共文化

3.Sub-group 亚群体

Summary

Many of us take our culture for granted. The only time when we may ever think about it is when we leave our own country to travel abroad or when we encounter someone with a culture so different from ours that we have to examine our own beliefs. Much of what we think is the "right" or "correct" way to act or do something is actually part of the knowledge that we have learned from our culture.

Culture is a large and inclusive concept. The first definition of culture, by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor, involves knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Although this definition has tried to cover more aspects that may direct human behavior, more inclusive definitions continue to come into being. However, in this book, culture is defined from the intercultural communication perspective: culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.

Compared with the different ideas on what culture is, scholars agree on the characteristics of culture. Generally speaking, culture is learned, dynamic, pervasive, integrated and adaptive.

Cultural identity refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People identify with being a member of a group. Being a member of a group helps to define who we are. We are all members of groups of different sizes.

One of the largest groups that a person can belong to is a culture. Everyone belongs to a culture.

Other groups that people may be a member of are subcultures (also called co-culture) and subgroups. Subcultures exist within dominant culture, and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.

Co-culture refers to groups or social communities exh 如ting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.

Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. Subgroups can be as small as a few people or as large as a major religion. Subgroups provide their members with norms that tell people how to behave and think. Subgroups can be considered "deviant" forms of behavior. Subgroups can also be defined as "non-exclusive" and "temporary" forms of behavior.

Chapter 2 intercultural communication

Communication

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,munication defined

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,ponents (组成)of communication

(sender/message/encoding/channel/receiver/decoding 编石马

/feedback/noise/context)

Characteristics of communication

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,munication is dynamic

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,munication is systematic

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,munication is symbolic 象征的

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,munication is irreversible 不可逆的

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,munication is transactional 相互作用的

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,munication is self-reflective 自我反思的

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,munication is contextual 前后关系的

Culture and communication

Culture and communication, although two different concepts, are directly linked. They are so inextricably bound that some anthropologists believe the terms are virtually synonymous. Whenever people interact, they communicate. Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication. Although the concepts of communication and culture work together, we separate them here for purposes of our discussion, we begin by examining "communication" because to understand intercultural interaction, you must first recognize the role of communication in that process.

Cultures inherently contain communication systems. Communication and culture are inseparable. One implication of this insight is that cultures generate symbols, rituals, customs, and formats. To use a simple example, every culture has rules for

achievement and attainment. In Western culture, the symbols include degrees, promotions, certificates, material objects, technology, and other symbols of material wealth. However, nationals in rural Botswana take pride in the primary group and not just individual attainment. Cultural misunderstanding occurs when we fail to match the appropriate symbols and general communication system to the culture. Just witness the awkwardness of an expatriate who attends a gathering in a host culture, but fails to wear the appropriate clothes. One cannot escape this inseparability of culture and communication.

Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols, but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. For instance, in Saudi Arabia the correct interpersonal communication style upon meeting one's host is often language loaded with compliments and thanks. Public criticism of fellow workers in this culture is rare, for such a message would appear disrespectful. Some West Africans exhibit a friendly and warm interpersonal communication style. Some Asians are described as conscious of propriety, ceremony, and rules of respect and honor. Some U.S. culture members appear informal and uninhibited Some Britons display a reserved manner, preferring understatement and control in interpersonal interaction. These examples remind us of the importance of understanding intercultural communication style.

Areas like loudness, pitch, rate, and certain stances and gestures characterize communication behaviors. A specific culture expects an "ideal" communication style.

The contrasts are striking, such as when an American speaks in a "normal" conversational voice, a "quiet" Thai national may think the voice is too loud and interpret the American to be angry.

Intercultural communication

1.intercultural communication defined

2.forms of intercultural communication (international communication/interracial

communication 跨人种/interethnic communication 跨种族/intracultural

communication 同一文化内)

Summary

Communication is an element of culture. It is believed that every cultural pattern and every single act of social behavior involves communication. When a baby is just born, he usually cries. His crying communicates something. When you graduate, your friends usually say "Congratulations!" to you. When a driver sees the red light, he/she will stop. All these are cases of communication.

Communication is derived from the Latin word communicate, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.

However, like culture, the term "communication" has been defined from different perspectives. In fact, the way that people view communication - what it is, how to do it, and reasons for doing it - is part of their culture. Western culture emphasizes the instrumental function of communication and the prior consideration is to achieve the sender's personal goal, while in Eastern culture, in addition to sending and receiving messages simultaneously, communicators take their relationship into account.

The process of communication has nine components: sender/source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, feedback, noise and context. The sender encodes a message (information that the sender wants to share with other people) by putting it into symbols (usually words or nonverbal gestures) and then sending it through a channel. A channel can be printed media such as magazines and newspapers; electronic media such as television, radio, and the Internet; or sounds traveling through the air when two people speak face to face. Sometimes, it is difficult for the message to reach the receiver. The difficulty is due to "noise". When receivers get the message, they must "decode" or try to understand it. For example, if the sender encodes a message using English, the receiver must use their knowledge of English language to understand it. Often, the sender pays attention to the feedback of the receiver. The communication takes place within a setting or situation called context.

Any communication process demonstrates several characteristics, that is, dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual. When communicating with people from different cultures, it is important to remember that culture and communication are strongly connected. Culture is a code we learn and share, and learning and sharing require communication. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Intercultural communication as a term was first used in 1959 by Edward T. Hall—an American anthropologist. Intercultural communication includes

international communication, interracial communication, interethnic commurucat10n and intracultural communication.

Chapter 4 barriers

Emotional problems as barriers

1.anxiety and uncertainty (definition/strategies to overcome)

2.assuming similarity instead of difference 假想相同点多于不同点

Attitudinal problems as barriers

1.ethnocentrism 种族或民族中心主义(defined/various forms)

2.stereotyping (definition/categories)

3.prejudice

4.racism

5.reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism

(socialization 社交化/social benefits/economic benefits/psychological

benefits)

Translation problems as language barriers

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,ck of vocabulary equivalence

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,ck of idiomatic equivalence

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,ck of grammatical-syntactical equivalence

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,ck of experiential equivalence 经验

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,ck of conceptual equivalence 概念

Summary

There are several barriers to intercultural communication-anxiety and uncertainty, assuming similarity instead of difference, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism and translation problems.

Anxiety and uncertainty, as well as assuming similarity instead of difference belong to the emotional problems.

Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not being totally present in the communication transaction. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others, for you pay too much attention to your uncomfortable feelings. Uncertainty refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other's feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.

Assuming similarity instead of difference is a natural thing to do if you do not have any information about a culture. It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. Assuming that a culture is similar to your own can cause you to ignore important differences This assumption always leads to disrupted communication and even conflict.

Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism belong to the attitudinal problems Ethnocentrism is negatively judging another culture by your own culture's standards. To make ethnocentric judgments is to believe that the ways of your own culture are better than those of others.

Stereotyping is used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. It assumes that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just because the person is a member of a specific group.

Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Prejudiced attitudes can take many forms.

A specific kind of prejudice, racism refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. Racism involves not only prejudice, but also the exercise of power over individuals based on their race.

Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism continue to exist because of socialization and the apparent social, economic, and psychological benefits that come from it.

Due to language differences and cultural differences, translation can become a barrier to intercultural communication.

Five elements that typically cause problems in translation are the lack of equivalences in vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experiences, and concepts.

Chapter 5 verbal communication

Significance of verbal communication

"Verbal" means "consisting of words". Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using

language.

Language and culture

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,nguage as a reflection of the environment

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d19325363.html,nguage as a reflection of values

3.the meaning of words

Verbal communication styles

1.direct and indirect styles

2.self-enhancement and self-effacement styles 宣扬和谦逊

3.elaborate, exacting and succinct styles 详尽的，确切的，简洁的

4.personal and contextual styles不同的称呼方式根据场合和地位

5.instrumental and affective styles 理性与感性

Language diversity

1.dialects and sociolects 方言和社会方言

2.pidgin and lingua franca洋泾浜语（汉语中夹杂外语）,混合语（母语不互通）

3.taboo and euphemism 禁用语委婉语

4.jargon 行话

Cultural influence on written communication

1.direct plan

2.indirect plan

Summary

Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.

It is agreed that language helps in communicating with people from different backgrounds. However, people may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language being used. Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context. Although people use the dictionary to explain one language with another language, words of different languages don't mean the same thing because of the cultural influence on word meaning.

There are mainly five verbal communication styles introduced in this chapter: direct / indirect; self-enhancement / self-effacement; elaborate / exacting / succinct; personal / contextual; and instrumental / affective.

Language is a cultural phenomenon which is used to express different uses and to communicate different meanings. Language varies according to the communicative uses but also according to the users. In fact, users of the same language in a sense all speak differently and the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by their cultural background.

In short, some language variations result from the language user, that is, his or her geographical origin (dialect), or his or her social condition (sociolect). However, some language variations result from the circumstances of communication, such as pidgin, Lingua Franca, jargon, taboo and euphemism. Dialect refers to geographical variation, while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. Pidgin refers to a mixed language that is used for trading purposes, while Lingua Franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. Taboo

refers to expressions that are considered impolite, while euphemism refers to polite expressions used to soften the offensive and disturbing language. Jargon refers to a special or technical vocabulary that is developed for professional purposes within professional groups like medicine or law.

Furthermore, verbal communication involves both oral and written forms. Written communication is especially important in intercultural business communication. As the modem technological renovation (e-mail and ecommerce) calls for the written communication in business, businessmen should be more conscious about the written communication because mistakes made in

written form are more serious and permanent.

Cultural patterns influence not only oral communication but also written communication. Cultural impact on discourse patterns is to be classified into two categories: direct plan and indirect plan. In direct plans, clarity and conciseness are essential to a successful business writing style. The indirect plan has other priorities than the quick delivery of ideas, such as nurturing a relationship or developing some other context for the message. Direct plan is favored by results- oriented cultures Indirect plan is favored by relationship-oriented culture.

Chapter 6 nonverbal

Significance of nonverbal communication

1.nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.

2.nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneou sly

subconsciousness.

3.Nonverbal communication is significant is that we cannot avoid communicating. Definition and functions of nonverbal communication

1.definition of nonverbal communication

2.functions of nonverbal communication（repeating 重复/complementing 补充

/substituting 代替/regulating/contradicting 反对）

Paralanguage and silence

1.paralanguage副语言（语音语调）

2.silence

Time and space

1.chronemics时间行为学的

2.proxemics 人际距离学（fixed features of space/semifixed features of

space/personal space包括四种情况下的不同距离）

Other categories of nonverbal communication

1.oculesics 目光语

2.olfactics 嗅觉

3.haptics 触觉

4.kinesics 人体动作学（gestures/posture/facial expressions/chromatics 色彩

/attire 打扮）

Summary

When we learn to communicate, we learn not only language but also various ways

of communicating. Communicators use both verbal and nonverbal codes to

communicate, listeners expect to receive both kinds of messages during a

conversation. If a speaker uses nonverbal codes poorly or inappropriately, a listener

may consider the person a poor speaker. However, misunderstandings may occur

when the speakers and listeners are from different cultures and do not share the

same nonverbal codes.

In brief, the messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by the sender and his or her use of the environment-these have potential message value for both the sender and receiver. Nonverbal communication codes or symbols or stimuli in a communicating setting

can be divided into different categories: paralanguage, silence, proxemics,

chronemics, oculesics, olfactics, haptics, kinesics, chromatics and attire.

Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to

augment its meaning When the German poet Klopstock wrote "The tones of human

voices are mightier than strings or brass to move the soul", he meant that sounds we

generate often communicate more than the words that they produce. We have the

experience of watching foreign movies: if we don't know the language they speak

and there are no subtitles, we can still infer when performers are expressing anger,

sorrow, joy, or any other emotions.

Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an

ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think, check or

suppress an emotion, encode a lengthy response, or inaugurate another line of thought.

Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. People have different attitudes toward punctuality because they have different time orientations. People from monochronic cultures emphasize schedules, while people from polychronic cultures stress involvement of people and the completion of tasks as opposed to a strict adherence to schedules.

Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. Cultures vary in such things as how living space is arranged and the distance between people in interaction. Oculesics refers to the study of communications sent by the eyes. Eyes play a central role in impression management. When people say that eyes talk, they mean that eyes convey messages. Although eye contact is a very important way of communication, direct eye-to-eye contact is not a custom throughout the world. Olfactics refers to the study of communication via smell. Americans feel uncomfortable with natural smells, so they spend millions of dollars to make themselves smell "good". However, many cultures regard natural smells as normal. Most 心abs perceive a person's smell as an extension of the person.

Haptics or touch refers to communication through the use of bodily contact. There are different behavioral patterns regarding touch. We learn the rules, as we move from infancy into childhood. The wrong behavior of touching in strange cultures can create uncertainty and even ill feeling.

Kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, body

movement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Although any part of the body can be used for communicating nonverbally, face, hands, and arms are the primary 灼nesic channels through which nonverbal messages are sent. Chromatics refers to the study of color in reference to people's perceptions, behaviors, and impressions of others. The same color may be interpreted differently in different cultures. The wrong color of your clothes may make people dislike you, or even hate you. It is quite important to watch what color is appropriate in certain settings, when you are in a foreign country

Attire refers to clothing and physical appearance. It also serves as nonverbal symbols. We often identify a person's culture by his or her physical appearance and dress. Communication with others is often perceived by visual observations of his or her physical appearance.

Chapter 7 cultural patterns

Defining cultural patterns

1.ways of thinking

2.ways of acting

Components of cultural patterns 组成

1.beliefs 信仰

2.values价值观

3.norms行为准则

4.social practices 社会行为

Culture theory

1.high-context culture高语境文化（很多信息在环境中是可见的，没有必要用

语言过多描述）

2.low-context culture (语言作为主要传递信息的方式)

3.problems posed (高语境的会嫌弃低语境的人说的太多，给予了太多不需要的

信息)

Value orientation

1.human nature orientation

2.person-nature orientation (mastery-over-nature view/harmony-with-nature

view/subjugation-to-nature view)

3.time orientation (value-past/value-present/value-future)

4.activity orientation (value-doing/value-being/value-being-in-becoming)

5.relational orientation

Cultural variability

1.individualism and collectivism 独立的集中的

2.uncertainty avoidance

3.power distance

4.masculinity and femininity 男权主义女权主义

Summary

Although individuals, even in the same culture, tend to have different value

patterns, there are overall values shaped by one's culture which are shared by the members of the group. Understanding a culture's value pattern is of great significance in terms of understanding their behaviors

Shared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.

A belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.

Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.

Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.

Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.

Context is defined as the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event. Edward T. Hall introduced the high context communication and low context communication. A high context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. A low context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. It is verbalized.

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations are based on: human nature, person-nature interface, time, activity and human relationships. These five aspects define group cultures according to different categories:

A s for human-nature orientation, cultures could be divided into six groups: (1) Humans are evil but changeable; (2) Humans are evil and unchangeable; (3) Humans are neutral with respect to good and evil; (4) Humans are a mixture of good and evil; (5) Humans are good but changeable; (6) Humans are good and unchangeable.

The person-nature orientation consists of three categories: (1) Mastery over nature;

(2) Harmony with nature; (3) Subjugation to nature.

As far as time orientation is concerned, cultures may belong to (1) The past orientation; (2) The present orientation; (3) The future orientation.

The activity orientation involves three groups: (1) The d- omg onentatlOn; (2) The being orientation; (3) The being-in-becoming orientation.

Geert Hofstede has identified four value dimensions that have a significant impact on behavior in all cultures. These dimensions are individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity and femininity. Individualistic cultures give more importance to individuals' needs when they do things such as setting goals.

Collectivism is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.

Uncertainty avoidance deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.

Power distance is "the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally". That is to say, how equal or unequal .the people in a particular culture think people should be.

The major differentiation between masculine and feminine cultures is how

大学英语跨文化交际U3 课文案例+词汇习语整理

U3 Daily Verbal Communication 一、案例 Case 1 美国爸爸和女儿来到菲律宾，举行首次领圣餐仪式，叫了菲律宾朋友，他不置可否，后来却去了别的朋友之间聚会。 美国人觉得很不尊重领圣餐仪式，因此关系不好了起来。Comment：美国人把这种仪式，特别是关于自己的孩子的看的很重要；而菲律宾朋友忽略了美国人的习俗，而且清点人数是美国人开party 前要做的，为了确保食物数量。 Case 2 新西兰人在公开场合对他的菲律宾朋友进行建议和批评，让他下不来台。他的菲律宾朋友十分生气，并且取消了晚上的一起吃饭。Comment：在菲律宾，不可以当面指出别人的错误（面子、）；在新西兰，被看成是十分正常的。 选项：Jose thought that Stans actions during the meeting were not those of a true friend Case 3 菲律宾夫妇遇见了英国熟人，又遇见了自己的菲律宾朋友，并且大声地用自己的语言进行寒暄，英国人因此十分不悦。 选项：He thought the Filipinos were very rude for introducing him to their friend.

Case 4 在澳大利亚“no etiquette”custom no seeing out when guests leaves； no stand-up when leaders come in； no help for old people 专题： Compliments and compliment responses Examples： 1.中国女士买了条裙子，美国女士说好看，中国女士说哎呀一般般； 2.美国女主人向别人介绍中国学者，夸赞，中国学者却笑着说你不是真的这个意思？ 3.中国式谦虚 反映了： 1.the taste of the American lady is questionable，and poor judgement 2.the hostess is not sincere 3.“fishing for compliments”沽名钓誉，别人会接着夸你 Social functions of compliments situations: range from formal to casual In formal situations—reinforce solidarity，connected with the appreciation of something that has been done to the speaker （尼克松访华：感谢中国人的好客和款待） In informal situations —achieve solidarity；make people feel

大学英语跨文化交际总结

Chapter 1 culture The nature of culture: 1.culture is like an iceberg 2.culture is our software 3.culture is like the water a fish swims in 4.culture is the grammar of our behavior Characteristics of culture: 1.culture is learned (through proverbs, folklore, art, mass media) 2.culture is dynamic 动态的 3.culture is pervasive 普遍的 4.culture is integrated 综合的 5.culture is adaptive Cultural identity 文化认同 1.cultural identity defined 2.formation of cultural identity (unexamined, search, achievement) 3.characteristics of cultural identity Cultures within culture 1.subculture亚文化群 2.Co-culture 共文化 3.Sub-group 亚群体

Summary Many of us take our culture for granted. The only time when we may ever think about it is when we leave our own country to travel abroad or when we encounter someone with a culture so different from ours that we have to examine our own beliefs. Much of what we think is the "right" or "correct" way to act or do something is actually part of the knowledge that we have learned from our culture. Culture is a large and inclusive concept. The first definition of culture, by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor, involves knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Although this definition has tried to cover more aspects that may direct human behavior, more inclusive definitions continue to come into being. However, in this book, culture is defined from the intercultural communication perspective: culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. Compared with the different ideas on what culture is, scholars agree on the characteristics of culture. Generally speaking, culture is learned, dynamic, pervasive, integrated and adaptive. Cultural identity refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People identify with being a member of a group. Being a member of a group helps to define who we are. We are all members of groups of different sizes.

跨文化交际的ppt总结

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新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理Unit1-3

新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理 U n i t1-3 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1

Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures 1.The need for intercultural communication: New technology; Innovative communication system; Globalization of the economy; Changes in immigration patterns 2.Three major socio-cultural elements influence communication are: cultural values; worldview(religion); social organization(family and state). 3.Nonverbal behavior: gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch (Chinese people are reluctant to express their disproval openly for fear of making others lose face.) 4. Six stumbling blocks in Intercultural communication (1)Assumption of similarities (2)Language differences (3)Nonverbal misinterpretations (4)Preconception and stereotypes先入之见刻板印象 (5)Tendency to evaluate (6)High anxiety Unit 2 Culture and Communication 1.Characteristics of Culture: Culture is learned; Culture is a set

英语跨文化交替

Aspects of constructive feedback：1. Use of “I statements”instead of vague statements such as “someone said”or “other people think”; being with the intent to help versus blame Aspects of constructive feedback：2. Informing others about the link between behavior and outcomes, rather than judging character or speculating about intention.3. Highlighting specific examples of expectations or needs not being met.Aspects of constructive feedback：4. Focusing on “the here and now”; addressing specific, rather than general issues represented by “You always/never”types of statements.】 Basics of Successful Intercultural Communication跨文化沟通成功的要诀: Intercultural AwarenessActive involvement, positive assessment, and constructive feedback Basics of successful communication: intercultural awareness, active involvement, positive assessment, and constructive feedback. 美国等移民国家文化事实上兼有现在时间取向和未来时间取向的价值观。他们虽然重视未来，但是其目光往往投注在短期的未来上面，做任何事情都希望立竿见影，对它们来说，最多一两年就要出效益，五年十年都属于太长远的规划。在跨文化商务活动中，如果某项目不能在短期内取得收益，美国人往往会放弃交易。 关于时间价值取向：“过去时间取向”的文化（中日印英法等有悠久历史文化的国家）重视传统经验，社会主流价值倾向于保守，视社会稳定为头等大事，民众心态容易满足，社会地位升迁容易论资排辈；“未来时间取向”的文化（美国、澳大利亚、新西兰等移民国家）不喜欢立规矩，行事常不循经验，未来至上。Polychronic people have a strong tendency to build lifetime relationships whereas people from monochronic culture are accustomed to short-term relationships. Polychronic people change plans often and easily; they are more concerned with those who are closely related (family, friends, close business associates) than with privacy; they borrow and lend things often and easily; they base promptness on the relationship; Polychronic people: do many things at a time; are highly distractible and subject to interruptions; consider time

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Chapter 1 Culture Definitions: 1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。(P12/P29) 2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。(P19/29) 3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29) 4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。(P25/30) ?Case 2 (P8) The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why. Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication Definitions: ?Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。）(P37/P60) ?Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。） ?Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。） ?Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。） ?Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. 信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人. ?Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。） ?Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。） ?Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.

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6. 时间观念（Time） 不同国家和文化对时间观念的重视程度也存在差异。例如，在日本文化中，迟到被看作是不尊重别人的行为，而在西方文化中，稍微迟到几分钟不会被认为是什么大问题。 7. 社会礼仪和礼节（Social Etiquette and Formalities） 在跨文化交际中，了解对方的社会礼仪和礼节也是非常重要的。例如，上司和下属之间的交往在不同文化中有着不同的礼节和规范。 8. 语言表达方式和文化复杂性（Language Expression and Cultural Complexity） 语言表达方式和文化的复杂性也是跨文化交际中重要的要素之一。不同文化的语言表达方式有着不同的复杂度和难度，了解这些差异有助于更好地理解对方文化的复杂度。 9. 国家对待异性和婚姻观念（Attitude toward Sex and Marriage） 不同国家和文化对待异性和婚姻观念的态度是有所不同的。例如，西方国家对待同性恋的态度相对比较开放，而中国的传统文化对待同性恋则存在较大的压抑。 10. 经济文化和商业礼仪（Economic Culture and Business Etiquette） 在国际商业合作中，了解对方的经济文化和商业礼仪，有助于更好地进行商业合

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跨文化交际知识点总结 随着全球化的深入，跨文化交际变得越来越重要。跨文化交际 是指在不同文化背景下进行的交流互动。对于从事国际贸易、外 语教育、海外学习等领域的人来说，掌握跨文化交际知识点是必 不可少的。在本文中，我们将总结一些跨文化交际的知识点，希 望能够给您提供帮助。 一、文化差异 文化是不同地域、不同族群、不同历史阶段人们的共同体验和 思维方式的总和。文化背景不同，人们的价值观、行为方式和传 统习惯也会不同。在跨文化交际中，文化差异是一个非常重要的 问题，因为文化差异可能会导致沟通障碍、误解和冲突。 1、时间观念 在不同的文化环境中，人们对时间的认知和运用都会有所不同。在一些文化中，时间被视为一种固定的资源，应该被精确地利用。比如说，美国文化中的时间就是金钱；而在中国文化中，时间常 常被视为一种循环，它存在于人们之间的关系中，对于“准时”也

有一些灵活的理解。意大利、西班牙等南欧国家虽然有严谨的公 共时间表，但在私人交往中强调情感和人际关系，在时间管理上 相对宽松和弹性。 了解不同文化的时间概念，可以帮助我们更好地把握时间、精 确地计划和实施任务，同时也能够避免因时间观念差异导致的误 解和冲突。 2、礼仪习惯 不同的文化中，人们对礼节和礼仪也会有所差异。在日本、韩 国等文化中，人们注重礼节和尊重他人，他们有很多规范和习惯 需要遵守，比如在进屋时要脱鞋、在用餐时要用筷子等等。在教堂、公共场所、重大活动等地区域中，西方文化中介绍穿着正式，男士要穿西服领带。 如果在跨文化交际中忽视和破坏这些礼仪和习惯，会引起对方 的不满，降低你自己的形象和信誉度。因此，尊重别人的文化习 惯和传统礼仪是跨文化交际中一个很重要的方面。

跨文化交际毕业论文

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黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结(超全)说课讲解

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跨文化考试总结 考试构成： 一、单选 1*10=10分。（Choose the one that）其中有一部分是书中的概念。 二、判断1*10=10分。（A—>true,B—>false) 课后习题第二大题，其中某些题是变动的。要注重理解。 三、搭配1*20=20分。matching 四组搭配，概念的对应，每一章课后的summary中的黑体字。 四、阅读理解1*20=20分。四篇。与课文中的专有词有关。 五、完型填空1*10=10分。 六、案例分析3*5=15分。五个案例。书中案例有四个，课外一个。 七、写作15分。150+words。可以准备一些跨文化、交际的文章。四十分钟的写作时间。8:00——8:40.作文提前收！ 注：前六大题是客观题即选择，只有写作是主观题。 课后题： （课后题第一第二大题老师也让多多关注，我这里就不多写啦，除了课后第一第二大题，我这里都全啦） 1、P28——P30

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