Case 1：
An Interview in India
Case analysis： The case is about an interview between an American program host and an Indian interviewee. They talk about some aspects of Indian culture and the changes occurred these years。The case reflects some basic cultural elements people may find in all cultures: language, family pattern, marriage， wedding ceremony, food and the way to eat food， etc. From this case, guide the students in culture study and culture comparison。 The students should realize that there are both similarities and differences in culture。 Culture is in fact very dynamic and pervasive.
案例是关于美国的节目主持人和印度的受访者之间的会谈。他们谈论印度文化的某些方面的变化发生了这些年。该案件反映了一些基本的文化元素的人可能在所有文化中找到：语言,家庭模式，结婚，婚礼，食物和吃的食物等等.从这个案例中，引导学生在学习文化和文化比较的方式.学生应该认识到，有既有相似之处，文化的差异。文化其实是非常有活力的和普遍的。
Case 2：
White Dress
Case analysis： The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text。 Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath。 Culture is like the water a fish swims in： people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.
印度女人可能会认为婚礼是一个葬礼，如果他们看到白色长衫西部新娘。案件反映在文本中明喻和暗喻。文化就像一座冰山:我们可以找出妇女在不同文化所穿的衣服的颜色,但我们不知道下面的值。文化是像鱼一样游在水：人们穿着不同颜色的礼服不同的环境，但他们通常认为理所当然，从来没有问为什么。
Case 3:
The French in North America
Case analysis: The French were able to see Indian behavior only in the light of their own hierarchical social system, where it is natural for the few to command and the many to obey. Social systems that worked on other principles were literally unimaginable.
法国人只能看到印度的行为，只有在他们自己的层次的社会制度,在那里是很自然的为数不多的指挥和许多服从.在其他原则上工作的社会系统是不可想象的.
Case 4：
Coconut—skating
Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned。 People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping
from her own culture.
案例体现了文化的特征.我们可以从文化是普遍的和它的学习的情况。人们可以发明的东西，不同的方式，即使是简单的问题，拖地.菲律宾女人必须学习这种方式拖离自己的文化
Case 5:
A Black Girl’s Identity
Case analysis: Although we may say that identities are constituted by our communication， it is obvious from the case that we cannot simply choose at any moment what our identity will be regardless of the context. First， we often do not share the recipe for certain identities with others even if we belong to the same ethnicity， gender， or nationality。 Understanding this can help us avoid some of the broad assumptions made about groups of people based on the reflective way of thinking。 Second, as we learned in the very first chapter, all meaning in communication is to some extent situational。 Thus， the context mediates what identities we can choose. Sometimes one may have no control over， such as age or skin color, are seen as essential parts of how one communicates an identity。
尽管我们可能说，身份是由我们的沟通，很明显的情况下,我们不能简单地选择随时将不管我们的身份背景。首先，我们通常不与他人分享特定身份的秘诀即使我们属于同一种族,性别或国籍。理解这个可以帮助我们避免一些关于群体的广泛的假设基于反射的思维方式.其次，在第一章，我们学习了沟通的意义都是在某种程度上的态势。因此，调节上下文中我们可以选择什么身份.有时你可能无法控制,如年龄或肤色，被视为如何通信身份的重要部分。
Case 6
Hippies
Case analysis： Hippies could be defined as a subgroup, as the hippies culture tends to be temporary。 In modern American society, hippies culture could also find traits, but it has wide spread influence on American value system.
嬉皮士可以被定义为一组,如嬉皮士文化往往是暂时的。在现代美国社会，嬉皮士文化也可以找到的特征，但它具有广泛的传播美国价值观的影响.
Case 7
Clean up the Bathroom！
Case analysis: Cultural differences decide the two students are going to communicate in different ways。 The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words, but the American student is used to the direct style of communication。 This is decided by culture. In Chinese culture, people want to save face of both themselves and others， so they would not express their ideas directly. However, in the United States, unless you express yourself clearly and directly, the others cannot understand you.
文化差异决定了两个学生以不同的方式进行交流。中国的学生希望美国的学生理解他的话的基本手段，但美国学生是用来直接的沟通方式.这是由文化决定的。在中国文化中，人们想保存自己和他人的面子，所
以他们不会直接表达自己的想法.然而，在美国，除非你清楚地、直接地表达你自己,否则别人就无法理解你. Case 8：
She Has Three Hands
This case can reflect the different communication styles between Chinese and Canadians。 In western cultures， communication is the means of transmitting ideas。 Western people usually communicate directly with each other. That is why the Canadian in this case says what is in his mind directly in front of the Chinese woman without hiding anything。 While Chinese culture stresses harmony and emphasizes the relationships between the communicators。Chinese people view communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship. So the Chinese woman in this case tries not to argue with the Canadian face to face to keep the “harmonious relationship” between them。
这种情况可以反映出中国人和加拿大人之间的不同的沟通方式。在西方文化中，传播是传播思想的手段.西方人通常直接与对方交流。这就是为什么加拿大在这种情况下，说什么是在他的脑海中直接在中国女人面前，没有隐藏任何东西。而中国文化强调和谐,强调传播者之间的关系.中国人把交往视为一个各方都在寻找发展和维护社会关系的过程。因此,在这种情况下，中国女性试图不与加拿大面对面的争论，保持他们之间的“和谐关系"。
Case 9：
A Piece of Cake
This case wants us to recognize some components of communication。 Sender/source refers to the person who transmits a message. Receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message。 Context refers to a setting or situation within which communication takes place. In this case， Marilyn and Richard are simultaneously the senders and receivers. And their room，where the communication event happens and which makes the couple feel comfortable and relaxed, is just the context。
这种情况下要我们认识沟通的一些组件.发送方/源是指传递消息的人。接收机是任何通知和给人一些意义的信息.上下文是指设置或情况的沟通.在这种情况下,玛丽莲和理查德同时发送方和接收方。和他们的房间,沟通事件发生，令这对夫妇感到舒适和放松，只是背景。
Case 10：
The Place to Have Lunch
This case reflects that communication is contextual， which means that communication does not happen in isolation and it must happen within a setting or context。 Whether this context is quiet or noisy is important to the smoothness of communication. When the communication event is disturbed by noise, the communication can not go smoothly. In this case,
这种情况反映了通信是有前后联系的，这意味着通信的发生并不是独立的，它必须发生在一个环境或前后联系里。这种语境是否是安静的或嘈杂的，是重要的沟通的顺畅。当通信事件受到噪声的干扰时，在这种情况下，通信不能顺利进行.
Case 11：
Making an Appointment
This case can reflect how culture affects its communication style。 Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it。 This implies not only using correct symbols, but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. In this case， knowing the communication style of the Americans which is characterized by direct， exacting and instrumental， the exporter manager fulfills his job successfully.
这种情况可以反映文化如何影响它的沟通风格。每种文化都鼓励一种特定的沟通风格。这意味着不仅使用正确的符号，而且还应用适当的通信风格的场合。沟通方式包括语言、短语、礼仪、沟通习惯在各种情况下的适当的文化。在这种情况下，了解美国人的沟通方式的特点是直接的，严格的和有帮助的，出口商经理履行他的工作顺利。
Case 12:
Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza？
This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication。 In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims，people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation.
这种情况可以反映在跨文化交际中出现的问题，以及如何忽略文化差异会影响沟通。在马来西亚，大多数人都是穆斯林，人们认为左手只用于清洁身体，因此它是脏的，不能用来传递食物。美国的学生对文化差异一无所知，把自己放在一个尴尬的境地。
Case 13：
We and They？
This case reflects that in intercultural communication， people always regard themselves as the best group in the world. This is actually inappropriate and should be avoided。
这种情况反映了在跨文化交际中，人们总是把自己视为世界上最好的群体。这实际上是不恰当的，应该避免。
Case 14：
Perception of War
This case can reflect different cultures can give different influences on human perception. People can have very different perceptions even on the same object or phenomenon because they have different cultures and are living in the different social realities. In this case， Jim and Olga have very different attitudes and perceptions towards historical events because their nations' different experiences and histories.
这种情况可以反映不同的文化可以给人类的感知不同的影响。人们可以有非常不同的看法，即使在同一个对象或现象,因为他们有不同的文化和生活在不同的社会现实。在这种情况下,吉姆和奥尔加有非常不同的态度和对历史事件的看法,因为他们的国家的不同的经验和历史。
Case 15:
Observations on a Soldier
This case can reflect the basic model of human perception. Human being is equipped to sense the outside stimuli and perceive the outside world。And the perception follows a certain model—after being gained through the five basic senses, information is processed through selection, organization and interpretation. In this case， Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft did observations on the soldier according to the basic model of human perception。 They selected some useful information which they gained from outside world through their five basic senses, organized it in a reasonable logic and then attached meanings to it。
这种情况可以反映人类感知的基本模型。人是具备感知外部刺激和感知外部世界的能力的。感知遵循一定的模型后，通过五个基本的感官,信息处理，通过选择，组织和解释。在这种情况下，福尔摩斯和Mycroft 在士兵观察根据人类认知的基本模式。他们选择了一些有用的信息，他们从外部世界获得通过他们的五个基本的感官，组织在一个合理的逻辑，然后附加的意义.
Case 16:
Different Responses to Noise
This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation。No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures. Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world. So it is very common for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition. In this case， the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits。
这种情况可以反映不同的文化可以给人类的感觉不同的影响。没有两个人可以假设他们的感觉是一样的,尤其是当他们来自不同的文化。不同的社会现实和生活条件可以使他们用不同的方式来感知世界。因此,它是非常常见的，他们有完全不同的感觉，甚至对相同的条件。在这种情况下，德国教授和日本教授有非常不同的反应由相同的电机产生的噪音，因为他们的文化和生活习惯的加热系统。
Case 17：
What Is Black?
This case can reflect we have some barriers to accurate perception in intercultural communication. We have the ability to perceive the outside world， but we cannot always get the accurate perceptions, especially when we do the perception on other cultures, we often give the inaccurate and negative perceptions. In this case，on discussing the impersonal color “black"，we give so many bad and negative meanings while black pupils can give some objective descriptions and associations about the color. The barriers can include ignoring details， over—generalizing，
holding on to preconceptions and stereotypes imposing consistency， preconnecting causes and effects, preferring simple explanations, ignoring circumstances, crediting irrelevant information and focusing on the negative.
这种情况可以反映我们在跨文化交际中的准确知觉的一些障碍.我们有感知外部世界的能力，但我们不能总是得到准确的看法，尤其是当我们对其他文化的感知,我们往往给不准确的和负面的看法.在这种情况下，讨论非个人的颜色“黑色”，我们给了这么多的坏和消极的意义，而黑人学生可以给一些客观的描述和关联的颜色.障碍包括忽略细节，过度概括，抱着先入为主的偏见和成见强加的一致性,预连接，原因和影响,更喜欢简单的解释，，忽视环境,相信无关信息和负面关注。
Case 18:
Are Perceptions Always Right？
This case can reflect our perceptions on outside world are not always right， especially when we do perceptions on other cultures。 We usually perceive others according to our own culture. This can lead to ineffective intercultural communication. In this case Pat and Chris gave inaccurate and negative perceptions on Akira and Michiko just because of their。
Irresponsible judgment and they also gave completely positive perceptions on Marie just because of their simple expectations。 In order to avoid the inaccurate perceptions, we need some skills，including increase your understanding of the perceptual process; increase your observational acuity； recognize the elements to which you attribute meaning; check your perceptions; increase your Awareness of perceptual inaccuracies and compensate for them ;increase your awareness of others' perceptions of you; and develop social decentering， empathy， and other—orientation。
这种情况可以反映我们对外界的看法并不总是正确的，尤其是当我们对其他文化的看法.我们通常根据我们自己的文化去看待别人。这会导致无效的跨文化交际。在这种情况下，帕特和克里斯给了不准确的和负面的看法，对阿基拉夫妇只是因为他们的不负责任的判断.他们也给了玛丽完全积极的看法,只是因为他们简单的期望。为了避免不正确的认知,我们需要一些技巧，包括增加你的感知过程的理解；提高你的观察力；认识元素,你属性的含义;检查你的知觉；增加你的感知不准确的认识和对它们进行补偿；增加你对他人对你的认识;发展社会偏心，同情,和其他定位。
Case 20：
Chinese Hospitality — Overdone
This case reflects that sometimes people unconsciously assume that people from another culture may behave in a way which is similar to theirs。 The Chinese usually attach a lot of importance to taking care of their guests。 When it comes to a foreign visitor, Chinese hospitality is usually more than what can be understood by a Westerner， who is uncomfortable when he is always surrounded by people attempting to be kind。 Concerning this case， Hong tried to respect her traditions and her friend by doing more than she could really afford to do for Joe's visit, having no idea that Joe ended up feeling frustrated.
这种情况反映，有时人们不自觉地认为，从另一种文化的人可能会表现在一种类似于他们的方式。中国人通常很重视照顾他们的客人。当它涉及到一个外国游客,中国酒店通常是比什么可以被西方人理解，谁不
舒服时，他总是被人试图友善。在这种情况下，香港试图尊重她的传统和她的朋友做得比她真正负担得起的乔的访问,不知道乔最终感到沮丧.
Case 21:
A Danish Woman in New York
This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”。 In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens。
这种情况可以反映假设的相似性，而不是差异.当与来自另一种文化的人进行交流时，一个人很可能会把别人视为“他的人民",并认为只有一种方式:“他的方式”。在这种情况下，丹麦妇女认为，她的行为留下婴儿独自一人,这是常见的在丹麦,也是适当的在纽约。在这里，她假设什么是适合自己的文化也是不争的另一种文化。这就是为什么小冲突发生的原因.
Case 22：
Ambiguous Time
This case can reflect ethnocentrism. Cultures train their members to use the categories of their own cultural experiences when judging the experiences of people from other cultures。 They will believe that their culture is the center of the world and their standard should be the role model for the rest of the world. Concerning this case, somehow Chinese people have habitually referred 12:00 a.m. as the time around lunchtime, making 12 ： 00 p。m。 midnight。 Fortunately，the way they tell other times are the same as that used in the States，so there’s usually no misunderstanding between people from the two cultures. However， there is this one difference and Fan learns it by paying a fine since she may hold that her culture is the center of the world。
这种情况下可以反映出民族中心主义.在判断来自其他文化的人的经验时，文化训练他们的成员使用他们自己的文化经验的类别。他们会相信他们的文化是世界的中心，他们的标准应该是世界其他人的榜样.在这个例子中，不知何故，中国人习惯性地称为在中午12:00午餐时间，在下午十二点的午夜。幸运的是，他们告诉其他时间的方式是相同的，在美国，所以通常没有人之间的误解，从两种文化。然而，这是一个区别，她学习它通过支付罚款，因为她可以认为，她的文化是世界的中心.
Case 23:
Girl-ness
This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence，which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages. Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person。 Concerning this case， we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States。In China， "girl" means someone who is young and single。 In a way, it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman。 For most people， "woman" means someone who
is married and who probably is not young。 In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be called ”women"。 While in the West， in formal， public settings，it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman， even though she may not be legally old enough to vote， marry, purchase alcoholic beverages， drive a car, or sign a contract. This terminology became widespread during the "women’s liberation movement in the 1960s”. The term ”'girl” is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful。
这种情况可以反映一个翻译问题：缺乏概念上的对等，这是指抽象的想法，可能不存在在不同的语言在相同的方式.不同的文化可以对同一事物或人有不同的意义。关于这种情况，我们应该知道什么年轻女性称自己在中国是非常不同的国家.在中国，“女孩"指的是一个年轻和单身的人.在一种方式，它使一个女性的声音更可取的被称为一个女孩，而不是一个女人。对于大多数人来说，“女人”意味着有一个已婚的人，而且可能不是年轻的人。事实上，大多数单一的中国女性，如大学生，会被侮辱被称为“妇女”。而在西方,在正式的，公共的设置，它是习惯称为任何女人谁是过去的青春期一个女人，即使她可能没有合法的老投票，结婚，购买酒精饮料，开车，或签署一份合同。这一术语在20世纪60年代的“妇女解放运动"中广泛流传.术语“'girl”有时被解释为是贬低或不尊重。
Case 24：
An Unfair Decision
This case reflects prejudice, which involves an unfair， biased， or intolerant attitude towards another group of people。 In this case， Mr. Bias decided to select someone else， instead of applicant from the country Levadel, for the position. That is just because he holds prejudice towards people from the country Levadel。
这种情况反映了偏见,涉及一个不公平的,有偏见的，或不宽容的态度对待另一组人。在这种情况下,偏见先生决定选择别人，而不是申请人国家levadel，的位置.那是因为他对国人的偏见，从levadel。
Case 25：
Success Story
One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant. In this case， Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question. Ms。 Goshima, however， was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question. If Mary had been more patient， she would have eventually heard the answer to her question, but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms. Goshima’s co mments weren't really relevant to her query.
在这种情况下发生的挫折和误解的来源之一是不同的概念，什么是口头有关。在这种情况下，玛丽期待一个更直接的回应对她的问题。goshima女士，然而，有问题不舒服,觉得她的反应应该是非常间接揭示答案的阙前建立适当的谦逊感我的问题。如果玛丽有更多的耐心,她最终会听到回答她的问题,但她并没有真正关注当它终于来了，因为她觉得goshima女士的评论并不是她真的相关查询.
Case 26
Slogans and the Importance of Language
The intercultural encounters we experience are not only influenced by language and perceptual differences， and language choice based on restricted and elaborated social situations， but also on language and how it is translated for members of a culture。 For many reasons linguistic interpretation and semantics provide the source of numerous misunderstandings。 For instance，an insurance company discovered that fires inadvertently occurred because warehouse employees acted carelessly around "em pty” barrels of gasoline， although they previously had exercised great caution around ”full” drums of gasoline。 The terms full and empty seem to mask the real danger in working with gasoline drums. Empty drums are extremely combustible, while full drums pose far less threat. The linguistic perception of the word empty in the general culture signified null or void, but in the work culture of volatile products like gasoline the semantic ”interpretation" was disastrous. A story is told of a Christian Scientist who refused to take vitamins, since the recommender described them as "medicine。" However， the same person gladly took the vitamins when he was told they were "food。"
我们的跨文化交际的遭遇，不仅受语言和感性的差异，和语言选择的基础上限制和阐述的社会情况，但也对语言和它是如何翻译的文化成员。因为许多原因，语言解释和语义提供了许多误解的来源。例如，一家保险公司发现，火灾不经意间发生,因为仓库员工的行为不小心围绕“空"桶的汽油，虽然他们以前曾行使极大的谨慎周围“全”的汽油桶。满是空的条款似乎掩盖了在汽油桶工作的真正危险。空鼓是非常易燃的，而充分鼓构成少得多的威胁.一般文化中“空”这个词的语言理解为“无效”或“空洞”，但在汽油等挥发性物质的工作文化中，语义的“解释"是灾难性的.一个故事是告诉一个基督教科学家拒绝服用维生素,因为推荐人说他们是“医学”，但是,同一个人很高兴地服用维生素，当他被告知他们是“食物”.
Case 28
Two Different Communication Styles
The dialogue takes place between a young couple who have been dating for a short time。 The man is a U。S. student, and the woman is from an Asian culture。 Note the misunderstanding that results as a consequence of the use of direct and indirect modes of communication。
In all likelihood, Jim is not going to get much of an answer from Michiko。 She continues throughout the dialogue using rather general answers to Jim's very specific and direct questions about her feelings toward the United States. Michiko might believe that Jim is being far too direct and invading her privacy。 Besides, the fact that she has traveled halfway around the world should lie indicative of her desire to be here， right？ There must he something about the United States that attracted her. Michiko cannot possibly say some¬thing critical about the United States because she would lose face, as would Jim， as a native. She relies on imprecise and indefinite answers.
对话发生在一对年轻的情侣之间，他们已经约会了很短的时间.该名男子是一名美国学生，而该女子是来自亚洲文化。注意结果的误解，结果是使用直接和间接的通信方式。
在所有的可能性，吉姆不打算从道子得到很多答案。她继续在整个对话中使用相当普遍的答案，吉姆的非常具体和直接的问题，她对美国的感情。Michiko可能认为吉姆说话太直接了，侵犯了她的隐私。此外，事实上，她已经走遍了世界各地应该躺在表示她渴望在这里,对吗？必须有一些关于美国的东西吸引了她。
美智子说一些事情不可能¬美国关键的因为她会丢面子,吉姆也一样，作为一个土生土长的。她依靠不精确的和不确定的答案。
Case 29
Misunderstanding
Idioms are simply statements that are not strictly true, but their meaning is understood by a group of people. If you ask what happened to Martha and people say, ”She kicked the bucket," it does not mean that she literally did this； it means she died。 Just like in t he case my student’s friend did not literally mean that Shang should get out of the apartment. Idioms are common in all cultures， but when used in intercultural settings they can create a lot of confusion。 One potential area of misunderstanding related to idioms is when to use them and with whom. For example，I would not use the ”kick the bucket” idiom just any setting or with just any person. If I am talking with my grandmother and I am going to tell her about someone who has died, I may use what is often perceived as a gentler idiom and say the person has ”passed away。" Understanding the context of when an idiom is appropriate or sensible is part of intercultural knowledge。
成语是不是严格意义上的陈述，但他们的意义是由一组人理解的。如果你问玛莎和别人发生了什么,“她踢了桶，”这并不意味着她真的这样做了，这意味着她死了。就好像我的学生的朋友并没有从字面上说，上应该离开公寓.习语在所有文化中都很普遍，但是在跨文化交际中，它们会产生很多的困惑。一个潜在的误解相关的成语是什么时候使用他们和谁。例如，我不会使用“踢桶”的成语只是任何设置或与任何人。如果我与我的祖母说，我要告诉她关于人死了，我可以用什么通常被认为是一个温和的成语，说一个人已经“去世".理解语境在成语是适当的或明智的是跨文化知识的一部分。
Case 31
Going Out to Eat
In the interaction, Jim is a student at a local university. He was born and raised in the United States。 Akira is an exchange student from Japan。 Jim and Akira are eating dinner together in a local restaurant. They have known each other for only a short time. Not only is Jim’s style of communication overtly personal，but he’s also quite direct。
Jim is trying to involve Akira in the conversation by relating to him his personal experiences and preferences。Jim uses the first person "I” no fewer than eleven times and even refers to Akira as "Buddy." Akira never refers to himself in the first person； Akira generally defers to Jim and says little， even addressing Jim as "Mr. Jim。" As a foreigner, Akira probably sees Jim as socially superior and uses a formal title。 Moreover, rather than talking about his per¬sonal preferences, Akira mentions that Japanese people enjoy restaurants.
在互动中,吉姆是当地一所大学的学生。他出生和成长在美国。阿基拉是一个来自日本的交换学生。吉姆和阿基拉一起在当地的一家餐馆一起吃晚饭。他们已经认识了很短的时间了.不仅是吉姆的沟通方式公开的个人，但他也很直接。
吉姆试图让阿基拉在谈话中涉及到他自己的个人经验和喜好。吉姆用第一人称“我”不少于十一次,甚至称阿基拉为“朋友”.阿基拉从来没有提到自己的第一人；阿基拉一般按照吉姆说的小，甚至称呼吉姆为
“吉姆先生”。作为一个外国人，阿基拉可能认为吉姆是社会上的用途一个正式的头衔。此外，而不是谈论他的每¬个人喜好，阿基拉提到日本人喜欢的餐馆。
Case 32:
What Is Wrong with the Interaction?
This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication. Nonverbal communication differs according to different cultures。 People might have different opinions about the proper space， time， body language and paralanguage. If we don’t pay attention to intercultural nonverbal communication, we will have some misunderstanding and conflict. In this case， Jim （an American）, Mitsuko and Akira （two Japanese） belong to totally different cultures； they have very different opinions about the space and body languages。 Therefore, Mitsuko and Akira felt uncomfortable when Jim gave some exaggerated body language and kept close space distance in communication。
这种情况可以反映出在实际的跨文化交际中存在的不同的非语言交际模式。非语言交际根据不同的文化不同而不同.人们可能会有适当的空间，不同的意见的时候，身体语言和副语言。如果我们不注意跨文化的非言语交际,我们会有一些误解和冲突。在这种情况下,吉姆(美国）、光子和阿基拉(日本）属于完全不同的文化；他们有非常不同的观点关于空间和身体语言.因此，光子和阿基拉感到不舒服时，吉姆给了一些夸张的肢体语言和密切的空间距离的沟通.
Case 33：
Are Americans Indifferent?
This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures. Compared to most Chinese， Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune. In this case, because of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life， which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese。
这种情况可以反映出不同的非语言交际模式在实际的跨文化交际中存在，尤其是面部表情根据不同的文化不同而存在差异。与大多数中国人相比，美国人喜欢微笑,在日常生活中有因果和丰富的面部表情,即使他们有一些不幸。在这种情况下，由于在跨文化交际中的面部表情的不同意见，美国夫人在一个微笑的方式谈论她父亲的疾病和死亡，显示她仍然有乐观的方式来对待未来的生活,这是误解为冷漠和自私的中国人。
Case 34:
What Is Sue’ s Problem？
This case can reflect nonverbal intercultural communication should be according to the different context, too. Context refers to the actual setting when communication occurs and is also
important in nonverbal communication. In this case， Sue knew how to wai and she knew that bowing was generally important in the Thai culture， but, as is so easy to do in a new environment, she forgot to consider the context。 Relational hierarchy is very important in Thailand. Sue’s deferential actions may have appropriate in certain settings, but given her status of elder visitor such actions directed toward the children were extremely confusing and uncomfortable for the students and teachers alike。
这种情况下，也可以反映非语言的跨文化交际也应根据不同的语境,语境是指交际发生时的实际设置，在非言语交际中也很重要。在这种情况下，苏知道如何围，她知道，鞠躬在泰国文化中是非常重要的，但在一个新的环境中是很容易做的,她忘了考虑背景.关系层次在泰国是非常重要的。苏的恭敬的行为可能在某些设置恰当，但给她老年游客这种行为指向孩子的情况非常混乱和不舒服的学生和教师。
Case 35:
A Quarrel
This case can reflect the different use and understanding of silence can influence the actual intercultural communication。Different culture might have different interpretations to the silence。 The Eastern culture usually attaches more meanings to silence, while the most western cultures consider silence to be absence of communication and most rude communicative behavior。In this case, Li Hua wanted to provide the opportunity for them to calm down and think about the matters carefully and so she kept silence， while this silence was misunderstood by Smith as the absence of communication and he might think Li Hua looked down upon him and became angrier。
这种情况可以反映不同的使用和理解的沉默可以影响实际的跨文化交际。不同的文化对沉默有不同的解释.东方文化通常是在沉默中赋予更多的意义，而大多数西方文化认为沉默是没有沟通和最粗鲁的交际行为。在这种情况下，李华想要使他们冷静下来，仔细考虑一下事件，所以她保持沉默的机会，而这种沉默被Smith 误解为没有沟通，他可能认为李华看不起他，更加愤怒.
Case 36：
Don't Put Your Hand on My Arm
This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations。Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body。 Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual。 In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly, so he wouldn't let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him， even though Mark from Chile doesn’t know the cultural taboo at all。
这种情况可以反映不同的文化对空间关系有不同的看法。不同的文化有不同的意见，一个人的无意识结构的空间周围的身体。有些文化在交流时可以有较近的距离，而其他文化则不能.一些西方文化认为同一性别的人与同性之间的身体接触是文化禁忌，是同性恋的象征.在这种情况下，山姆是来自西方文化，知道身
体接触的社会禁忌非常清楚,所以他不会让别人误解马克的身体距离和接触,即使马克从智利不知道在所有的文化禁忌。
Case 37:
What’s wrong？
This case can reflect different gestures can represent different meanings in different cultures and misuse of some gestures can lead to ineffective intercultural communication. For example，the common “OK” gesture means being good and friendly in some western countries such as USA, while in Latin America it represent something dirty and obscene. Therefore, in this case, the gesture of the American politician is really a disaster and it hurt the people in this Latin American country and also made himself to be unwelcome person.
这种情况下，可以反映不同的手势可以代表不同的含义,在不同的文化和滥用一些手势可能会导致无效的跨文化交际。例如，常见的“确定”的手势意味着在一些西方国家,如美国，是好的和友好的，而在拉丁美洲，它代表了一些肮脏和下流的东西.因此，在这种情况下,美国政治家的姿态真的是一场灾难，它伤害了这个拉美国家的人民，也使自己成为一个不受欢迎的人。
Case 38：
An American Librarian’s Puzzle
This case can reflect the meanings shown by facial expressions and gestures differ according to different cultures in intercultural communication。 For example， the smile in China can convey lots of meaning, such as being friendly and attentive and nodding one’s head in China is not always to say “yes”， sometimes it is just to say “I’m listening.” While in USA, nodding one’s head and smiling is usually to say “yes” and show agreement。 Therefore, in this case, the American Librarian misunderstood the Chinese student Zhu Xiaohua's facial expression and gesture –nodding and smiling and felt quite puzzled.
这种情况下，可以反映面部表情和手势所表现出的含义不同，根据不同的文化在跨文化交际。例如，在中国的微笑可以传达很多的意义，如在中国的友好和细心，点头是不总是说“是”，有时只是说“我在听"，而在美国，点头和微笑通常是说“是"和显示协议。因此，在这种情况下，美国的图书管理员误解了中国学生朱小华的面部表情和手势–点头微笑，感到很困惑。
Case 39：
Marriage and Social Status
Shaheed was disappointed, but he understood the problem and accepted the situation。 However, in part because of different worldviews, this story really bothers .many Americans。 How many differences in worldviews did you recognize in this experience? I count at least five. For example, an American would have felt that the hierarchical nature of the situation that helped to establish the concern in the first place was inherently wrong. Shaheed and the woman would be seen as equals。In addition， if there were to be any differences between the two， they should have been determined
by achievement, not ascribed to the individuals by birth。 Third, the decision to go with what is wanted by the families or groups involved is in line with a collectivistic approach rather than an individualistic approach, which would have encouraged each person to do what was best for him — or her—self。 Fourth, Shaheed's mother’s understanding of the meaning of being served bananas at tea depended entirely on lhe context rather than the verbal message。 Many Americans who hear this story worry， about whether Shaheed's mother got the right message. Finally， Americans would tend to want to discuss the issue more, asking， "Why won't this work？” and trying to convince the young woman’s mother that it is okay。 This orientation is grounded in using communication primarily as an information source rather than as a social lubricant, which Shaheed's mother did by not threatening the face of the other person or the status quo of the current relationship。
沙希德很失望,但他理解问题和接受情况.然而，部分原因是由于不同的世界观,这个故事真的困扰。许多美国人.世界有多少差异你在这体验认识吗？我算至少五个.例如，一个美国人会觉得，有助于建立在第一个地方的关注的情况的分层性质本质上是错误的。沙希德和女人会被视为等于。此外，如果有两个之间的差异，他们应该已经确定的成就,而不是归因于个人的出生。第三、要去决定什么是要由家庭或群体的参与是与集体主义的方法,而不是一个个人主义的方法,这将鼓励每个人做什么是最适合他或她的自我。第四、沙希德的母亲的理解是香蕉在茶的含义完全取决于他背景而非语言信息。很多人听到这个故事当中的母亲担心,是否有正确的信息。最后，美国人会倾向于更多地讨论这个问题,问：“为什么不做这项工作？"并试图说服年轻的女人的母亲，这是好。这个方向接地使用通信主要作为信息源，而不是作为一个社会的润滑剂，这当中的妈妈为什么不威胁到其他人或目前的关系现状的脸.
Case 40：
How Can We Lend Money to Her？
It is not unusual for married couples to come into conflict over money or how they relate to in—laws， but in this case it is complicated because there are cultural differences in what is good and bad and what is morally appropriate in this situation. In Germany there are strong norms against borrowing unless you absolutely have to， and then you borrow from a bank and pay it back as quickly as you can。 Except for very rare occasions in which a child must borrow from a parent，you would never borrow from family members, because they have enough problems of their own. In contrast, Lao borrowing norms indicate that borrowing is a natural and ongoing part of life。 No one has everything they need， so everyone will need to borrow at some time。 Buddha has said，”Do good and good will be done to you," so loaning is an honor。 Finally， borrowing from an institution is frowned upon because you will not get a good deal and it will look like your family does not care about you。
已婚夫妇在金钱上或如何与法律上的冲突是不寻常的,但在这种情况下，它是复杂的，因为有什么是好的和坏的文化差异，什么是在这种情况下，道德上是适当的。在德国，有强大的规范，反对借贷，除非你绝对必须,然后你从银行借钱，并尽快偿还,你可以.除了非常罕见的情况下，一个孩子必须向父母借钱，你永远不会向家庭成员借钱，因为他们有足够的问题，他们自己的。与之相反，老挝的借贷规范表明，借贷是一种自然的和正在进行的生活的一部分。没有人有他们需要的一切，所以每个人都需要在一段时间。佛说,“做的好，会给你做，所以贷款是一种荣誉。最后，从一个机构的借款是不赞成的,因为你不会得到一个很好的
交易,它会看起来像你的家人不关心你.
Case 41：
Getting Frustrated
Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn’t apply in Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him。 Much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on baksheesh， a type of kickback to a middleman （and it is a man), who facilitates contacts between potential business partners. The middleman is doing a service and expects to get paid for it. The more baksheesh the person gives, the more likely it is that the person will succeed, because the middleman will be sure to treat him very well. Giving baksheesh is a norm in the Saudi business community. In addition, Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands and that the hand is our best tool for eating。 However， they are also concerned with hygiene。 They reserve the left hand for cleaning themselves and use the right hand for eating. Saudis have a number of norms related to restricting male and female interaction that， within the context of their religious beliefs， make perfect sense but would be very inappropriate to most Westerners.
杰在很大程度上感到沮丧,因为许多规范,他被用来不适用于在沙特阿拉伯，和许多沙特的规范没有意义上他.沙乌地阿拉伯做了很多的业务依赖于小费，一种中间人回扣（这是一个男人），谁有利于潜在的商业合作伙伴之间的联系。中间人正在做一个服务，并希望得到报酬.更多的人给小费，更可能的是，这个人会成功，因为中间商一定会很好的对待他。给小费是在沙特商业社区的规范.此外，沙特人相信上帝给了我们多功能的手，手是我们吃的最好的工具。然而，他们也关注与卫生有关的问题。他们左手拿着清洁自己的右手,用右手吃东西.沙特有许多限制男女交往，相关规范,在他们的宗教信仰的背景下，作出完美的意识，但很不适合大多数西方人。
Case 42：
Wrong Signal？
Ning Tong was not observing the house rules for watching TV, which was probably why he eventually stopped saying anything in the argument. Usually， when a Chinese chooses not to say any more things in an argument， it would mean one or both of the following: the person feels that he/she is wrong；the person wants to stop the argument by not talking any more. The latter would often mean tolerance as one has to resist the impulse of reasoning with the other， especially when one feels he/she is right. When Ning Tong became quite, he was hoping that his silence could stop Tom since Tom would not have anything to respond to。
Tom was clearly frustrated at not being able to relax and enjoy some programs connected with what is happening back home。 Tom probably thought Ning Tong’s decision to stop arguing was “passive aggression"--— making the other person look bad by pretending to be mild—mannered or even not interested-—-yet not yielding in an argument.
宁通没有观察看电视的房子的规则,这可能是为什么他最终停止在争论中说什么。通常情况下，当一个中国人选择不在一个争论中说什么，这将意味着一个或两个：人认为他/她是错误的，该人想停止争论，不
再谈论任何.后者往往意味着宽容，因为一个人必须抵制与另一个人的推理的冲动，特别是当一个人认为他/她是正确的.当宁童沉默时，他希望他的沉默可以阻止汤姆因为汤姆不会有任何回应。
汤姆显然不能放松和享受与正在发生的事情，回到家里有些项目受挫。汤姆可能认为宁童决定停止争论是“被动攻击”，使其他人看起来很糟糕的故作温和甚至不感兴趣，但不屈服在争论。
Case 43：
The Improvement Does Not Work
Following their individualistic orientations， Mr。 Patterson and Mr. Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups。 However，as Park Young Sam mentions， doing so upset the harmony of the groups， which in turn led to poor performance。 In the United States， workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement。In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team。
Individualism and collectivism are terms that describe whole cultures。 But cultures are not pure。 Members of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members of individualist cultures may value collectivist ideals。 For example, Denmark is a country with both collectivistic and individualistic tendencies。 In Denmark， individual freedom is nurtured through a devotion to established traditions and customs。 Regarding income and social rank, Danes are staunchly egalitarian. At the same time, however，Danes consider themselves free to be nonconformist and to stand out from the group. In this way, Danes may be at the theoretical midpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum。
在他们的个人主义取向，帕特森先生和怀曼先生是完全舒适的想法创造团队领导者在个别销售团队。然而，正如山姆提到的，这样做打乱了群体的和谐，这反过来又导致表现不佳。在美国，工人往往是出于促进和进步的机会，因为这为个人成就的个人主义的驱动.然而，在集体主义文化中，员工可能出于作为一个有凝聚力和创造力的团队的一部分。
个人主义和集体主义是描述整个文化的术语。但文化是不纯洁的。集体主义文化的成员可以实行的个人主义倾向,而个人主义文化的成员可能价值的集体主义理想。例如，丹麦是一个具有集体主义和个人主义倾向的国家。在丹麦，个人自由是通过对建立的传统和习俗的奉献精神培育出来的.关于收入和社会地位,丹麦人坚定的平等.同时，然而,丹麦人认为自己可以不墨守成规，从人群中脱颖而出。在这方面,丹麦人可能在个人主义与集体主义文化连续体理论中点.
Case 44:
When Shall We Meet For Dinner？
Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case。 In the dialogue presented below, Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation. Kelly, from the United States, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index， while Keiko, from Japan， comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index。
In the dialogue above， Keiko is confused by Kelly’s easygoing attitude toward the evening’s plans. Coming from a high uncertainty-avoidant culture， Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening. Kelly， on the other hand， is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses. Without a plan, how will Keiko know how to act？
在这种情况下,可以看到不确定性避免方向.在下面的对话中，Kelly和惠子是关于晚餐邀请交互。凯莉，来自美国,具有较低的不确定性规避指数，而惠子，来自日本，来自一个相对高不确定性规避指数文化。
在上面的对话，惠子是由凯利的随和态度，晚上的计划感到困惑。来自高不确定性回避文化，惠子宁愿去避免不确定性和准备她的剧本晚上的计划。另一方面，在晚上的进展的基础上，另一方面,是完全舒适的计划的基础上。如果没有一个计划，如何让惠子知道如何行动？
Case 45:
What Is Valued？
This student's desire for privacy and personal space became obvious in a setting that denied her the ability to achieve either one. Things we value， such as privacy， honesty, ambition, kindness， and so forth, are things we hold as important and desirable。 Therefore， it is when we are unable to experience them that we most clearly understand what we value。
这个学生的隐私和个人空间的愿望变得明显，在一个设置，拒绝了她的能力，实现任何一个。我们珍视的东西，如隐私、诚实、志向、善良等等，都是我们认为重要和需要的东西。因此，当我们无法体验到的时候，我们最清楚的了解我们的价值.
Case 46:
How Do Students Learn?
The American teacher cannot adapt to the traditional Chinese way of learning and interpret the students’ behaviors as a problem。 In China， being modest is a virtue and nobody wants to be special and boasting, so students would rather keep silent even though they know the right answer。Chinese people love keeping harmony，so they would not point out the mistakes in their classmates’ composition， because this is seen as a disturbance of harmony.
美国教师不能适应中国传统的学习方式,并将学生的行为理解为一个问题。在中国,谦虚是一种美德，没有人想成为特别的和吹嘘，所以学生宁愿保持沉默，即使他们知道正确的答案。中国人喜欢保持和谐,所以他们不会指出他们的同学作文中的错误，因为这被看作是一种和谐的干扰。
Case 47：
Talk or not Talk？
If you see an American friend， you can just say，”Hi, how are you？” and keep on walking without even slowing down, but with his friends from the Middle East he needs to stop and talk for awhile， no matter where he is and what he is doing。 Khalid explained knew John had been in
a hurry the other day and Khalid did not want to cause him to be late， so he thought it best to avoid any interaction rather than either be rude to his friend or cause John problems.
Coming from an individualistic perspective, the idea of just briefly greeting a friend from a group I belong to and continuing on with my own plans seems like no big deal. However， these connections are much more vital to who we are from a collectivist perspective， and it is important to maintain these connections even if we are personally inconvenience in the example, Khalid recognized the predicament that he would face if he met his friend when he was with John, who was in a hurry to get to a meeting, and wisely avoided it。 We cannot always avoid such predicaments，but if we understand what is involved in them， we can better manage them when they happen.
如果你看到一个美国朋友，你可以说:“嗨，你好吗？”继续走下去，甚至不放慢速度，但与他的朋友从中东，他需要停下来谈一段时间，无论他在哪里,他正在做什么。哈立德解释说，约翰曾在匆忙的前几天,哈立德不想使他迟到,所以他认为最好避免任何互动，而不是对他的朋友粗鲁或导致约翰的问题。
从个人主义的角度来看,只是简单地问候一个朋友,我属于一个朋友，并继续我自己的计划的想法似乎没有什么大不了的。然而,这些连接是更重要的是我们从集体主义的角度来看，这是即使我们个人的例子不便维护这些关系重要,哈立德认出了困境,他如果他遇到了他的朋友约翰当他的脸，他在赶去开会，和明智地避开它。我们不能总是避免这样的困境，但如果我们了解什么是参与他们,我们可以更好地管理他们的时候发生的。
Case 48：
Gift from a Chinese
Chinese people love giving gifts。 Usually， the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes. Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough. An inexpensive gift means a loss of face。 Dongxie may have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager， but most Chinese will take it as something usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a sign of respect.
North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide。 Such gifts are treasured; however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD， a small book， or other tokens.
中国人喜欢送礼。通常情况下，礼物的价值是一个迹象是多么重要的接收器是在发件人的眼睛。大多数人给的礼物都关心礼物是否会被视为有价值的。一种廉价的礼物意味着脸上的损失。东邪可能给予人参他的经理有一个实际的原因，但大多数中国人会把它作为一个下属做这个经理不尊重的事情。
北美公司偶尔会收到礼物的赞赏，为友谊和协助经理可能会提供。这样的礼物是珍贵的，但是，价值通常是相当小的，一瓶酒，一个音乐光盘，一本小册子，或其他标志。
Case 49：
Why Is He Angry？
Was Jose jealous? Jose had always been a supportive friend, so that idea didn't feel right. Maybe something had happened earlier in the day， bad news from home， perhaps？ Jose had been asked to comment briefly on some of his curriculum ideas since they had finished with Andy’s
presentation early。 Jose had been a bit hesitant， and when he had commented on a few things, Andy had jumped in with some very direct， but insightful questions. No doubt they would force Jose to think through some of the issues before he had to actually give his presentation， but it had put him on the spot in front of the whole faculty。 She knew Filipinos were very sensitive about being put on the spot publicly like that. Friends just didn't do that to each other， even if it would be helpful in the long run。 Jose had obviously been deeply hurt by what would seem like a betrayal by Andy.
Andy was confused because the idea of jealousy， which fit the situation，didn’t seem to fit his perception of Jose as a friend。 Jose was deeply hurt because Andy's public questioning of him was obviously something a friend would not do； thus， the ascription of friend no longer fit. Margaret was starting to understand the problem based on the Australian and Filipino identities of Andy and Jose. The key issue in this incident is not who was right or wrong， but to see that from whatever position we are in, direct participant or third—party observer, we use identities （friend， Jose, nationality， etc.) in understanding the actions of those around us.
若泽嫉妒了吗？若泽一直是一个支持的朋友，所以这个想法不舒服。也许在一天的早些时候发生了一些事情，从家里的坏消息，也许？若泽曾被要求简要地对他的一些课程的想法，因为他们已经完成了安迪的演讲很早。若泽有点犹豫，当他发表评论的一些事情时，安迪已经与一些非常直接的，但有见地的问题。毫无疑问，他们会迫使若泽想通过一些问题之前，他不得不实际上给他的介绍,但它已经把他在整个教师面前的位置.她知道菲律宾人被当场公开这样非常敏感。朋友们只是没有这样做，即使它会有助于从长远来看。若泽显然被安迪的背叛深深地伤害了。
安迪被混淆了，因为嫉妒的想法,适合的情况下，似乎并没有适应他对若泽作为一个朋友的看法.若泽被深深地伤害了安迪的公开质疑,因为他显然是一个朋友也不行；因此，朋友不再适合的归属。玛格丽特开始了解这个问题的基础上，澳大利亚和菲律宾的身份的安迪和若泽。在这一事件的关键问题不是谁是对的或错误的,而是要看到，无论我们是在什么位置，直接参与者或第三方观察员，我们使用身份（朋友，若泽，国籍等)在了解我们周围的行动.
Case 50：
Refuse to Be Treated？
In the case just described， the U。S。 American medical team system for making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries or illness。Each person was considered as worthwhile as the next， and so seriousness of injury appeared to be a natural way to determine who was seen first。 However， the cultural system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first。 Their position， age, and wisdom demanded respect. For younger members of the community to go ahead of them in a time of crisis was seen as extremely disrespectful. The conflict centered on efforts by each side to do what they perceived as good and morally responsible。 Because the U。S. Americans were in a better position to adapt than an entire community that had just suffered great loss and were under extreme stress, it was good that they were willing to do so。 Sadly， this is not always the case.
在刚才所描述的情况下，美国的医疗队系统的情况，使人们可以看到他们的受伤或疾病的严重性的顺序。
每个人都被认为是有价值的，因为下一个，所以伤害的严重性似乎是一个自然的方式来确定谁是第一个.然而，在原始岛上的文化系统的工作要求，老人被看到和治疗的第一.他们的地位、年龄和智慧要求尊重。为社区的年轻人在危机时刻走在他们前面被认为是非常无礼的。冲突集中在每一方的努力去做他们认为是好的和道义上的责任。由于美国的美国人处于一个更好的位置，以适应比整个社会刚刚遭受了巨大的损失，并在极端的压力下，这是好的,他们愿意这样做。可悲的是，这并不总是这样。
Case 51:
You Don't Need to Show Me to the Door!
The American woman has been used to the Chinese way of “show somebody out”。 In China， when a guest calling at home or a cooperator visiting a company, it is polite to show the person out despite the visitor’s refusal。 This is a way to show care and respect. But in the United States，as “Time is money" and the woman indeed knows “her way out”， the American man takes the woman’s words seriously and does not give it a second thought。 The Americans are direct and the American culture is low—context， so this is the cause of misunderstanding。
美国妇女已习惯了中国人的方式“表明某人”。在中国，当一个客人在家里或合作者参观公司，是指人的礼貌虽然客人的拒绝。这是一种表示关心和尊重的方式.但在美国，“时间就是金钱",而女人确实知道“她出去”的时候，美国男人严肃地对待女人的话，不给它第二个想法。美国人是直接的,美国文化是低语境的，所以这是误解的原因。
Case 52:
Doubts
This case can reflect the problems one may encounter during intercultural adaptation。 When an individual enters a new culture， he may first experience excitement。 But later more serious problems may come to him. When facing these problems, one may fell anxious and not know how to deal with the present situation. In this case, although Wu Lian has a good command of English, she also faces a lot of learning difficulties due to cultural differences. And besides, she also meets many difficulties in daily life. All these make her feel uncomfortable and stressed。 The only way out for her is to learn more knowledge and skills to conquer these hindrances and become successful in intercultural adaptation.
这种情况下可以反映出跨文化适应过程中会碰到的一个问题。当一个人进入一种新的文化时,他可能第一次经历兴奋。但后来更严重的问题可能会给他。当面对这些问题时,你可以减少焦虑和不知道如何处理的现状.在这种情况下,尽管五莲英语基础不错,但，她还面临着很多学习困难由于文化差异.除此之外，她还在日常生活中遇到了许多困难。所有这些使她感觉不舒服和紧张。她唯一的出路是学习更多的知识和技能来克服这些障碍,成为成功的跨文化适应。
Case 53:
Practicing English
This case can reflect segregation， which occurs because the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact. In this case, the Chinese girl wants to integrate with the two Western guys。 However, the two guys， who may consider themselves as
跨文化交际案例分析 LEKIBM standardization office【IBM5AB- LEKIBMK08- LEKIBM2C】
Case Study 1 Age and Status 两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子，另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性，而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴….. Case description: A manager in a data-processing company was having difficulty dealing with a conflict between a young, ambitious French Canadian male and his co-worker, an older Chinese woman who was on a special visa from China. She had recently become uncooperative and had made it clear to the manager that she would not be willing to travel to the capital with her co-worker to hold discussion with legislators about a new product with great enthusiasm. When the manager asked her what the problem was, he received no clear explanation. When he asked her co-worker, the young man had no insights to offer. The young French Canadian was clearly annoyed, however, that the Chinese woman was refusing to share her data with him. That meant he couldn’t make the presentation to the legislators because she had all the key data on her computer disks. The manager repeated questions to her but her “problem” got nowhere. So he changed his approach. He began explaining his concerns, as manger and as spokesperson for the company, about the upcoming meeting with legislators. His explanation about his position was unemotional. In that climate she then felt she could explain her position. She revealed she felt that that as an older, and to her mind, more senior person, she should not be sent to the capitol with a younger employee who would do the presentation of material she had worked hard to develop. That would diminish her status, she felt. The general manger knew the root of his headache. Questions: 1．What do you think caused the conflict? 2. What would you do to resolve the conflict if you were the general manager? 矛盾冲突 这位年长的中国女士投入极大的热情和精力开发产品．却在最后的关键时刻拒绝与年轻的同事一同去向议员做推介：当经理和同事问其原因．她并未做任何明确的回答：而当经理改变策略，不再直接询问原因，而是迂回地讲起自己的困境时，她才道出自己的顾虑。在这位资深年长的中国女士看来，同一位比她年轻的同事一同去国会，并且由对方来做推介会影响到她的地位和威信，因此她无法同意： 原因分析 造成这一矛盾的文化因素有两方面．对地位、年龄的不同态度以及这种不同的表达方式。人对权力的认识因文化背景的不同而不同。根据霍夫斯特的调查研
Case 2: White Dress Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why. 白色的裙子 案例分析:印度女人可能认为婚礼是一个葬礼,如果他们看到西方新娘白色礼服。案例反映了明喻和隐喻的文本。文化就像一座冰山:我们可以识别妇女所穿的衣服的颜色在不同的文化,但是我们不知道下面的值。文化就像水中的鱼游:人们穿着不同颜色的不同的背景,但他们通常是理所当然,从不问为什么。Case 4: Coconut-skating Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture. Coconut-skating 案例分析:这一事件反映出文化的特点。我们可以告诉从文化无处不在的情况下学习。人们甚至可以创造不同的东西一样简单的问题地板闷闷不乐。菲律宾女人必须学会了这样的擦自己的文化。 Case 12: Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza? This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation. 你为什么不吃比萨吗? 这种情况下可以反映出跨文化交流中出现的问题,忽略文化差异如何影响沟通。在马来西亚,大多数人都是穆斯林,人们认为左手是仅用于清洗身体,因此它是脏的,不能用来传递食物。任何了解文化差异,美国学生把自己在一个尴尬的局面。 Case 21: A Danish Woman in New Y ork This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with pe ople from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens. 一个丹麦的女人在纽约
《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132 Case One: Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality 案例： When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest! Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy? 分析： 1) In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest，and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease. 2) In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully. 3) Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him. 4) Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner. Case Two: 案例： Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn’t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing. Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析 Case 2 (P8) White Dress女王的白色长裙:Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.案例分析:印度女人可能觉得婚礼是一个葬礼,如果他们看到西方的新娘的白色礼服。这个案例反映了明喻和隐喻在文本。 Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.文化是像冰山:我们可以辨认颜色衣服的妇女所穿不同的文化,但我们不知道下面的值。文化是像水鱼游在:人们穿不同颜色的衣服为不同的上下文,但他们通常是理所当然的,从不问为什么。 Case 4 (P18) Coconut-skating椰子-溜冰:Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of cultur e. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned.案例分析:这个事件反映了文化的特点。我们可以告诉从案件,文化是普遍的,这是学习。 People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.人们可能发明东西甚至不同的方式为这样简单的问题的地板闷闷不乐。菲律宾女人必须学习这种方式从她自己的文化的拖地。 Case 7 (P30) Clean up the Bathroom!清理浴室!:Case analysis: Cultural differences decide the two students are going to communicate in different ways.案例分析:文化差异决定这两个学生要沟通的方式不同。 The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words, but the American student is used to the direct style of communication. This is decided by culture. In Chinese culture, people want to save face of both themselves and others, so they would not express their ideas directly. However, in the United States, unless you express yourself clearly and directly, the others cannot understand you.中国学生想要美国学生理解底层的手段,他的话,但是美国学生用来直接的交流方式。这是由文化决定的。在中国文化中,人们想要挽回面子的两个自己和他人,所以他们不会直接表达自己的想法。然而,在美国,除非你清楚地表达自己,别人不能直接理解你。 Case 8 (P34) She Has Three Hands她有三个指针:This case can reflect the different communication styles between Chinese and Canadians. In western cultures, communication is the means of transmitting ideas. Western people usually communicate directly with each other. 这种情况下可以反映出不同的沟通方式在中国和加拿大人。在西方文化中,沟通是传播方式的想法。西方的人们通常直接彼此通信。 That is why the Canadian in this case says what is in his mind directly in front of the Chinese woman without hiding anything. While Chinese culture stresses harmony and emphasizes the relationships between the communicators. Chinese people view communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship. So the Chinese woman in this case tries not to argue with the Canadian face to face to keep the “harmonious relationship” between them.这就是为
大学英语跨文化案例分析(1) 大学英语跨文化案例分析 随着全球化的不断发展，人们越来越需要掌握一门跨文化交际的语言，其中英语成为了全球最为流行和普及的一门语言。然而，由于不同国 家的文化和价值观差异，跨文化交际中会经常出现一些不同的沟通困 难和误解。本文将通过具体案例，分析大学英语跨文化交际中存在的 问题和解决方法。 案例一：美国职场礼仪 在美国的职场中，有一些不同于中国的礼仪和行为准则。比如，经理 会给你一个紧握握手表示尊重；上司可能会询问你的周末情况，但实 际上只是礼貌问问，并不需要你详细表述；打招呼时要称呼对方的全 名或姓氏。 但是，在中国，这样的行为可能会让人感到奇怪和不适应，因为中国 人通常会用亲密的称呼来打招呼，例如“小李”、“阿姨”等。因此，如果中国人在美国工作，需要适应和学习美国职场的礼仪和行为准则，否则可能会给人留下不尊重和不礼貌的印象。 解决方法：学习当地的文化和礼仪，与当地人交流交流，多观察和感 受当地的职场氛围和行为准则。 案例二：英美文化差异 英美文化有很多的相同之处，但也有许多的差异。其中，最为显著的 是它们的价值观和思维方式不同。英国人通常更加注重中庸之道和保
守，而美国人则更加强调个人的自由和创新。 这种差异在英美文学中也可以痕迹可见，英国文学中通常会强调传统 与历史，如莎士比亚的剧作，而美国文学则更加关注未来和个人的探索，如海明威和塞林格的小说。 解决方法：在学习英美文化过程中，要注意区分不同的价值观和思维 方式，尊重当地的文化，并且不要将自己的思维方式强加给当地人。 案例三：语言交际难题 由于英语是一门外语，而且在不同国家中有着不同的口音和表达方式，因此在跨文化交际中，语言交际难题经常会出现。例如，在英国，约 会被称为“date”，而在美国，约会则称为“going out”。这种名称 差异可能会导致沟通上的不便。 解决方法：在跨文化交际中，要尽量使用标准化、通用的语言和表达 方式，避免使用某个特定国家的方言和特色词汇。 总结： 跨文化交际不仅是语言沟通的问题，更是文化和价值观的交换和理解。了解和尊重不同国家的文化和价值观，避免强加自己的思维方式和行 为准则，是跨文化交际沟通成功的关键。
Case Study 1 Age and Status 两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子，另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性，而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴….. Case description: A manager in a data-processing company was having difficulty dealing with a conflict between a young, ambitious French Canadian male and his co-worker, an older Chinese woman who was on a special visa from China. She had recently become uncooperative and had made it clear to the manager that she would not be willing to travel to the capital with her co-worker to hold discussion with legislators about a new product with great enthusiasm. When the manager asked her what the problem was, he received no clear explanation. When he asked her co-worker, the young man had no insights to offer. The young French Canadian was clearly annoyed, however, that the Chinese woman was refusing to share her data with him. That meant he couldn’t make the presentation to the legislators because she had all the key data on her computer disks. The manager repeated questions to her but her “problem” go t nowhere. So he changed his approach. He began explaining his concerns, as manger and as spokesperson for the company, about the upcoming meeting with legislators. His explanation about his position was unemotional. In that climate she then felt she could explain her position. She revealed she felt that that as an older, and to her mind, more senior person, she should not be sent to the capitol with a younger employee who would do the presentation of material she had worked hard to develop. That would diminish her status, she felt. The general manger knew the root of his headache. Questions: 1．What do you think caused the conflict? 2. What would you do to resolve the conflict if you were the general manager? 矛盾冲突 这位年长的中国女士投入极大的热情和精力开发产品．却在最后的关键时刻拒绝与年轻的同事一同去向议员做推介：当经理和同事问其原因．她并未做任何明确的回答：而当经理改变策略，不再直接询问原因，而是迂回地讲起自己的困境时，她才道出自己的顾虑。在这位资深年长的中国女士看来，同一位比她年轻的同事一同去国会，并且由对方来做推介会影响到她的地位和威信，因此她无法同意：原因分析 造成这一矛盾的文化因素有两方面．对地位、年龄的不同态度以及这种不同的表达方式。人对权力的认识因文化背景的不同而不同。根据霍夫斯特的调查研究，“低权力距离”国家的人强调个人的能力和信用，人与人之间权利和关系的平等，而．”高权力距离”国家，如中国、日本、纬国，强调地位、经验、年龄、资历等，人与人之间存在级别差距；因此在这位年轻的加拿大人看来，在工作上他与这位女士是平等的合作伙伴，并没有地位的差别，自己也有能力参与项目并做最后报告。而在这位中国女士看来，以自己的年龄、资历、以及工作中的付出，与一个年轻人一同去国会，并且由对方来做报告对她来说是一件丢面子的事： 另外．双方表达方式的不同也导致了矛盾的加深。根据霍尔的理论，加拿大是“低语境”国家，中国属于“高语境”文化国家，因此，当她的加拿大同事没有充分考虑到她所处的位置．而是直接问她原因时，这位中国女士采用了婉转回进的策略，没有直接说出自己的想法。而当经理改变方法迂回地说到自己的难处时，在这种语境下她才说出自己的顾虑。
Case 1： An Interview in India Case analysis： The case is about an interview between an American program host and an Indian interviewee. They talk about some aspects of Indian culture and the changes occurred these years。The case reflects some basic cultural elements people may find in all cultures: language, family pattern, marriage， wedding ceremony, food and the way to eat food， etc. From this case, guide the students in culture study and culture comparison。 The students should realize that there are both similarities and differences in culture。 Culture is in fact very dynamic and pervasive. 案例是关于美国的节目主持人和印度的受访者之间的会谈。他们谈论印度文化的某些方面的变化发生了这些年。该案件反映了一些基本的文化元素的人可能在所有文化中找到：语言,家庭模式，结婚，婚礼，食物和吃的食物等等.从这个案例中，引导学生在学习文化和文化比较的方式.学生应该认识到，有既有相似之处，文化的差异。文化其实是非常有活力的和普遍的。 Case 2： White Dress Case analysis： The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text。 Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath。 Culture is like the water a fish swims in： people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why. 印度女人可能会认为婚礼是一个葬礼，如果他们看到白色长衫西部新娘。案件反映在文本中明喻和暗喻。文化就像一座冰山:我们可以找出妇女在不同文化所穿的衣服的颜色,但我们不知道下面的值。文化是像鱼一样游在水：人们穿着不同颜色的礼服不同的环境，但他们通常认为理所当然，从来没有问为什么。 Case 3: The French in North America Case analysis: The French were able to see Indian behavior only in the light of their own hierarchical social system, where it is natural for the few to command and the many to obey. Social systems that worked on other principles were literally unimaginable. 法国人只能看到印度的行为，只有在他们自己的层次的社会制度,在那里是很自然的为数不多的指挥和许多服从.在其他原则上工作的社会系统是不可想象的. Case 4： Coconut—skating Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned。 People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping
大学英语跨文化案例分析-V1 大学英语课程中，跨文化案例分析是一项关键的学习内容。这种分析能帮助学生更深入地理解不同国家和文化之间的差异，提高他们的跨文化交际能力。本文将介绍大学英语跨文化案例分析的基本概念和方法，并提供一些权威案例进行详细分析。 一、什么是跨文化案例分析？ 跨文化案例分析是指通过案例研究，探索跨文化交际中不同文化之间的差异及其影响。这种研究方法不仅可以帮助学生了解其他文化背景下的行为准则、价值观和习惯，还能使他们更加敏感地了解不同文化间的沟通障碍和误解。 二、跨文化案例分析的方法 1. 选择案例 选择合适的案例非常关键。学生应该选择自己感兴趣的、具有较大的教育意义的案例。在选择案例时，应该先确定自己的研究目的和研究问题，并结合自己所学的理论和方法，选择合适的案例。 2. 描述案例 描述案例是跨文化案例分析的第一步。在描述案例时，要尽可能地详细描述各种细节和线索。这有助于学生更深入地了解所研究的文化现象，并为后续的分析提供有力的证据。 3. 分析案例
在分析案例时，应该从不同的角度进行分析。例如，可以从文化背景、语言、思维方式等多个方面进行分析。在分析过程中，学生应该注意 发现不同文化之间的差异，并对这些差异进行合理的解释。 4. 总结案例 总结案例是跨文化案例分析的最后一步。在总结案例时，需要总结所 发现的差异和沟通障碍，并提出针对这些问题的解决方案。这使得学 生能够在跨文化交际中更有效地解决问题和建立良好的人际关系。 三、案例分析：美国和中国商业会谈 美国和中国商业会谈的文化差异是跨文化交际中的一个典型案例。在 美国，商务会议通常以直接、逻辑和理性的方式进行。而在中国，商 务会议通常以间接、情感和人情味的方式进行。这种差异常常导致误 解和沟通障碍。 具体而言，在美国商业会谈中，谈判各方通常会就事论事，特别注重 数据和逻辑。而在中国，商务会议则更关注人际关系和情感因素，更 注重言辞规范、礼貌和优雅。此外，在中国商务会议中，使用比喻和 隐喻的说法并不罕见，这在美国则相对少见。 针对这些差异，解决的方法大概有以下这些：从文化差异的角度了解 和尊重对方文化；加强沟通，采用适当的方式解释自己的观点；在谈 判中寻求互利的解决方案。 结论 跨文化案例分析是大学英语课程的重要内容，它能使学生更好地了解 不同文化之间的差异。在进行跨文化案例分析时，应该确定研究问题，
Case 1 The shipping agent is serving the customers in the way that is considered efficient in Venezuelan culture. To the Canadian, however, this is unfocused activity that is not nearly as efficient as it would be—particularly from her point of view–if the agent simply dealt exclusively with her scheduled appointment. In Canada, businesspeople typically write appointments and activities into the day’s agenda every day. They then work sequentially through the agenda until they have completed each task or the day is over. In other words, Canadians prefer to do one thing at a time, while the South Americans, including Venezuelans, tend to do a few things simultaneously. 船舶代理人接待客户的这种方式在委内瑞拉的文化中被认为是有效的方式。对于加拿大人来说,然而,这种不集中竭力的活动也不像它看来的那样有效,特别是依她来看，如果受托人专一的处理她原方案安排。在加拿大,商人通常每天都会把约会和活动写到第二天的议事日程上，然后他们通过议程连续工作,直到他们完成每一项任务或一天结束了。换句话说,加拿大人更喜欢做一件事,,南方的美国人,包括委内瑞拉人,往往同时做几件事。 Case 2 As a Westerner, the American visiting professor does not quite understand the collective ownership of information in some other cultural environments. What makes her annoyed is a different attitude toward information about people. In the U.S, it is generally assumed that personal matters are private. Teachers go through elaborate procedures to assure that students do not have access to each other other’s grades. In business, it is the same. Evaluation is confidential. 作为一个西方人,美国客座教授不完全了解在其他一些人文环境中的这种信息共享。是什么使她烦恼是对于私人的信息的一种不同的态度。在美国，人们通常认为,个人事情是隐私的。教师经过详细的规程以确保学生们不会知道其他人的成绩。在商业中也是这样，评价是保密的。 Case 3 As a matter of fact, the American woman was not being disrespectful. However, it is clear that her way of showing respect and welcome was different from the ancient tradition of keeping physical distance from superiors, which is still widely observed, especially when royalty is involved. Paul Keating, the Australian Prime Minister, may have intended to suggest by his gesture that Australia would no longer accept the Queen as head of state but just as one of their honored guests. Obviously, the British would not like it at all. Sometimes, such seemingly trivial things can influence relations between countries. That’s why protocol is taken seriously and people who are to hold diplomatic posts will be given detailed and careful instructions. 事实上,这个美国女人并不失礼。然而,非常明显，她表示尊重和欢送的方法不同于现在仍见到的传统——与上司保持的身体距离,即使是对于皇室成员。 基廷,澳大利亚总理,可能要通过他的手势来说明,澳大利亚不应再把女王看做是国家元首，而应像他们的嘉宾。很明显,英国人并不喜欢这样。有时候,这些琐事也能影响国与国之间的关系。这就是为什么协议会被认真对待，而人在举办外交的信函会给予详细的指示。 Case 7 When the Canadian young man said, “who took my peanut butter?〞what he really meant was “where is my peanut butter? I can’t find it.〞The Chinese doctor felt accused and upset because in Chinese culture, questions like this, especially expressed in the way the young Canadian did, often imply that someone is to blame. Chinese culture prohibits direct accusation unless a person
Cａｓｅ２: ＷhitｅDress Case aｎalysiｓ：The Indian women mｉghtｔhiｎk the wｅｄdiｎgｃerｅmｏｎyｉs ａfｕneral if thｅy see the weｓteｒｎbriｄe in whitｅgoｗn.The ｃaｓe rｅｆleｃtｓtｈe similes and metａphｏrs iｎthｅteｘｔ．Cｕｌturｅis liｋe aｎiｃeｂerg: wｅcan ideｎｔifｙｔhｅcoloｒｏfｔhe dreｓsｗorｎby women ｉn dｉffeｒent cuｌtures, buｔwe dｏnot knｏwｔhe vaｌuｅs ｕｎｄerneath。Cｕltｕre is like the water a fｉsh swiｍsｉｎ:people wｅａｒｄress of difｆerｅｎt ｃolｏrs fｏｒd ｉfferｅntｃonｔｅxt ｂuｔtｈey usuａlｌy take iｔfor grａnted anｄnever aｓk why。白色的裙子 案例分析：印度女人可能认为婚礼是一个葬礼，如果他们看到西方新娘白色礼服。案例反映了明喻和隐喻的文本。文化就像一座冰山:我们可以识别妇女所穿的衣服的颜色在不同的文化,但是我们不知道下面的值。文化就像水中的鱼游：人们穿着不同颜色的不同的背景，但他们通常是理所当然,从不问为什么。Case ４: Cocｏnuｔ—sｋatiｎｇ Caｓｅａnalysis:Tｈe casｅreｆlｅｃts tｈｅchａｒａcｔeriｓtｉcｓof cｕltｕｒe。We ｃaｎｔeｌl frｏm tｈe caｓe ｔhaｔｃuｌture iｓpervasive and ｉt's le ａｒned．Peｏplｅｍay ｉｎveｎt ｄifferent waｙs ｆor things ｅｖen as simｐle as the issｕeｏf flｏor mopinｇ. The Phiｌippinｅwoman must ｈａｖe lｅaｒnｅd thｉs wａy ｏf mｏppinｇfrom her own cｕltuｒe. Coconuｔ—skａｔｉng 案例分析：这一事件反映出文化的特点。我们可以告诉从文化无处不在的情况下学习．人们甚至可以创造不同的东西一样简单的问题地板闷闷不乐。菲律宾女人必须学会了这样的擦自己的文化。 Case１２: Ｗｈy Don’t You Eat ｔhe Ｐiｚza? Tｈｉs ｃａse can ｒefleｃt the problems ａppeaｒinｇdｕｒｉnｇｉｎtercultural ｃommuｎｉｃaｔiｏn and hｏw ｉgnoｒｉnｇculturａl diｆfeｒeｎｃｅｓcａｎaｆfectｃoｍｍuniｃaｔion。In Ｍaｌａyｓia，wheｒe ｍost pｅopｌe arｅMusｌｉｍs，people tｈｉnk the lｅft hａndｉs used only for cleaｎinｇtheｂｏdy and thuｓit ｉs dｉrty and ｃan noｔbe used tｏpaｓｓfood. Kｎowing ｎoｔhing abｏｕｔthｅc ｕlｔuraｌdｉfference, tｈe Americaｎｓｔｕｄｅnt pｕts himseｌf inａn embarrasｓｉng siｔｕation. 你为什么不吃比萨吗? 这种情况下可以反映出跨文化交流中出现的问题，忽略文化差异如何影响沟通.在马来西亚,大多数人都是穆斯林,人们认为左手是仅用于清洗身体，因此它是脏的,不能用来传递食物.任何了解文化差异,美国学生把自己在一个尴尬的局面． Case ２1: A Dａniｓh Womaｎin NeｗYoｒｋ Thiｓcaｓe can reflectaｓsuｍing siｍilarity insｔeａd of dｉfｆerence．Wheｎｃommｕnicａtｉng wｉth peｏplｅfrom aｎｏｔｈｅrｃulｔure, onｅis likely to rｅ