Chapter 1: Introduction
1.Linguistics:语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but it studies language in general)
2.General linguistics:普通语言学The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics.
(language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets )
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d19150909.html,nguage:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
4.descriptive (描述性):A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.
5.prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behaviors.
i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say.
6.synchronic(共时语言学): the description of language at some point of time in hiatory
7.diachronic (历时语言学):the description of language as it changes through time
3) speech（口语）Writing（书面语）
These the two media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. (speech is prior to writing)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d19150909.html,ngue(语言): refers to abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of the speech community.
It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Such as: In English sentence must have subject and predicate.
9.parole(言语):refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
It is concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. (Saussure )
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d19150909.html,petence(语言能力): the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language
11.performance(语言应用):the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (Chomsky)
traditional grammar and modern linguistics
1.linguistics is descriptive,while traditional grammar is prescriptive
2.modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the writer.
3. also in that it does not force languages into a latin-based framework. Functions of language.
1.the descriptive function.
2. the expressive function
3.the social function
Chapter 2: Phonology音系学
phonetics:the study of the phonic medium of language;
it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’ s languages9.
The three branches of phonetics
(1).Articulatory phonetics (发音语音学) (longest history)
(2.)Auditory phonetics（听觉语音学）
(3)Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）
2. Speech organs: three important areas
⑴Pharyngeal cavity咽腔---- the throat;
⑵The oral cavity口腔---- the mouth;
⑶Nasal cavity –鼻腔--- the nose.
The principle source such modifications is the tongue.
The tongue is the most flexible.
International Phonetic Alphabet [IPA]:the basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.
Broad transcription宽式音标. The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only.
Narrow transcription窄式音标The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.
Aspirated and unaspirated
1). phonology: 音系学It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form
patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
4. Phone, phoneme, allophone
A phone音素is a phonetic unit or segment.
The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t, e.g. [ bI:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].
A phoneme音位is a phonological unit;
it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].
Allophones音素变体---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments
sequential rule,
⑴Sequential rule(序列规则): rule governing the combination of sounds in a
particular language.
⑵Assimilation rule（同化规则）: rule assimilating one sound to another by
copying features of sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.
⑶Deletion rule（省略规则）: rule governing the deletion of a sound in a
certain phonetic context although it is represented in spelling.
6. Suprasegmental features（超切分特征）
⑴Stress
Word stress and sentence stress
⑵Tone声调
Tones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.
English is not a tone language, but Chinese is.
⑶Intonation语调
When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as intonation.
English has three types of intonation that are most frequently used:
falling tone (matter of fact statement)
rising tone (doubts or question)
the fall-rise tone (implied message)
the frise-fall tone (not frequently used)
For instance, “That’s not the book he wants.
Chapter 3: Morphology
1). Morphology形态学: refers to the the study of the internal structure of words
and the rules by which words are formed
2). Morpheme词素: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
3). Free morpheme自由词素:a morpheme can be a word by itself.
4). Bound morpheme.黏着词素: a morpheme that must be attached to another
one.
5). Allmorphs词素变体:the variant forms of a morpheme
Chapter 4: Syntax
Syntax句法学: Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that
govern the formation of sentences.
Word-level categories
1,Major lexical categories
2. minor lexical categories
To determine a word’s categorie,three critera are usually employed
1.meaning
2.inflection
3.distribution.
Phrase:syntactic units that are built around a centain word category complementizers words which introduce the sentence complement complement clause the sentence introduced by the cmomplementizers
D-structure:formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties
S-structure:corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results form appropriate transformation .
Chapter 5: Semantics
Semantics: 语义学can be simply defined as the study of meaning.
1）The naming theory(命名论)
Oldest notions concering meaning.most primitive one.
It was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato.
words are just names or labels for things.
2）The conceptualist view（意念论）
It holds that there is no direct link between a lin-guistic form and what it refers to. In the interpretation of meaning, they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
3)Contextualism（语境论）
①Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context—elements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized:
②Situational context: spatiotemporal situation
③Linguistic context: the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation.
④For example, “black” in black hair & black coffee, or black sheep differs in me aning; “The president of the United States” can mean either the pre sident or presidency in different situation.
4) Behaviorism（行为主义论）
Bloomfield
①Behaviorists attempted to define meaning as “the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”.
②The story of Jack and Jill:
Jill Jack
S_________r--------s_________R
3. Sense and reference
①Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.
②Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
4. Major sense relations
Synonymy（同义关系）
Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.
Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. 同义词
complete synonyms, i.e. synonymy that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare
Homonymy（同音/同形异义）
Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,
（1)Homophones（同音异义）: When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones.
e.g. rain/reign.
（2)Homographs(同形异义): When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.
e.g. tear v. / tear n.
（3)Complete homonyms(同音同形异义):When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms.
e.g. fast v. / fast adj.; scale v. /scale. n.
Hyponymy（下义关系）
Hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
eg.superordinate: flower
hyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily
Antonymy（反义关系）
the term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning
1) Gradable antonyms（等级反义词）----there are often intermediate forms
between the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short …
2) Complementary antonyms（互补反义词）----the denial of one member of
the pair implies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-female …
3) Relational opposites（关系反义词）----exhibits the reversal of the
relationship between the two items, e.g. husband-wife, father-son, doctor-patient, buy-sell, let-rent, employer-employee, give-receive, above-below …
2) There are two aspects to sentence meaning:
1.grammatical meaning
2. semantic meaning, e.g.
selectional restrictions.
Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules
eg. constraints on what lexical items can go with what others
Predication analysis---- a way to analyze sentence meaning (B ritish G.
Leech).
Chapter 6: Pragmatics
1). P ragmatics:语用学the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to
effect successful communication.
Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning.
What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatic s is whether the context of use is considered in the study of meaning
If it is not considered, the study is confined to the area of traditional semantics;
if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.
⑴Austin’s new model of speech acts
Utterance meaning:the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
Cooperative Principle(CD):Paul Grice.His idea is that to converse with each other, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.
3）Principle of conversation (Paul Grice)
The maxim of quantity （数量准则）
Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange). （使自己所说的话达到当前交谈目的所要求的详尽程度。）
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. （不能使自己所说的话比所要求的更详尽。）
he maxim of quality （质量准则）
Do not say what you believe to be false.（不要说自己认为不真实的话。）
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.（不要说自己缺乏足够证据的话。）
The maxim of relation（关联准则）
Be relevant.（说话要贴切。）
The maxim of manner （方式准则）
Avoid obscurity of expression. （避免晦涩的词语。）
Avoid ambiguity. （避免歧义。）
Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity) （说话要简短，避免累赘。）
Be orderly. （说话要有条理。）
Chapter 8
Sociolinguistics 社会语言学The sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the use of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.
speech variety 言语变体refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.
Linguistic repertoire语言库the totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his linguistic repertoire.
Halliday’s register theory.
according to Halliday (British), “language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.”
Register语域the type of language which is selected as apprppriate to the type of situation is a Register
field of discourse, 话语范围It can be either technical or non-technical. tenor of discourse,话语意旨It refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question
mode of discourse话语方式It refers to the means of communication Five stages of formality
Intimate Casual Consultative Formal Frozen
Bilingualism双语现象
In some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of Bilingualism.
diglossia According to Ferguson (1959), refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism.
chapter 9
culture文化in a broad sense, reflects a total way of life of a people in a community. in a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.
the relation of language to culture is that of part to whole.
discourse communities 话语社会the common ways in which members of the social group use similar language to meet their needs.
linguistic relativity 语言相对性to put it simply, different language offer people different ways of expressing the world around, and so they think and speak differently
an linguistic sign may simultaneously have a
denotativ meanings.e,
connotative meanings.,
iconic meanings.
three forms of culture contact are identified:
acculturation,
assimilation,
amalgamation
through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B,thus bringing about cultural diffusion
chapter 10
language acquisition语言习得refers to a child's acquisition of his mother tongue.
three different theories concerning ho language is learned:
the behaviorist,
the innatist,
the interationist.
Chomsky proposed that human being are born with an innate ability known known as language acquisition device or o https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d19150909.html,ter Chomsky referred this innate endowment as Universal Grammar.
the interactionisist view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which he grows.
critical period Hypothesis 关键期假说Eric Lenneberg argued that the LAD, like other biological function, works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time —a specific and limited time period for language acquisition. chapter 11
second language acquisition 第二语言习得refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language
interlanguage 中介语was established as learners 's independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from one extreme of his native language to the other of the second language.
among the three important characteristcs:systematicity, permeability, fossilization
input hypothesis输入假说: Krashen
Krashen put forward that learners advance their language learning gradually by receiving "comprehensible input "
chapter 12
neurlinguistics 神经语言学is the study of two related areas: language disorder and the relationship between the brain and language.
it includes research into how the brain is structured and what function each part of the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain language is stores, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language
it is the cerebral cortex 大脑皮层that accounts for the human distinctness in the animal world and it is within the human cortex that the secrets of language represention and prossing are to be found. animals, reptiles and amphibians, for example, have no cortex at all
most right-handed individuals are said to be left lateralized for language. the case with left-handed people are even more complex,few left-handers have language localization in the right hemisphere. rather they tend to show
significant language representation in both hemisphere. thus left-handers are generally less lateralized for language.
Broca's area
Psycholinguistics 心里语言学is the study of language processing. it is concerned with the process of language comprehension and production.
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答： Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?答： The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?答： The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答： In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?
Chapter 8 Language and Society 1. How is language related to society? 答：There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of them is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. This social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as “Good morning!”, “Hi!”, “How's your family?”, “Nice day today, isn't it?”. Another indication is that users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. The kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. And language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker. When we speak, we cannot avoid giving clues to our listeners about ourselves. Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. For example while there is only one word in English for “snow”, there are several in Eskimo. This is a reflection of the need for the Eskimos to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment. As a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social. To a linguist, all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communicative functions they are expected to fulfill. Therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic. A case in point is the use of the postvocalic [r]. While in English accents without postvocalic [r] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in New York city, accents with postvocalic [r] enjoys more prestige and are considered more correct than without it. 2. Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. 答：The evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. This is because every language or language variety can express all ideas that its native speakers want to express. That is to say, language and language variety are equal in expressing meaning. For example, the much-prejudiced Black English can be used by the black people to communicate with each other without feeling any hindrance. But many other people think Black English is not pure English because it does not conform to their grammar and not adopted by educated people. As a result, many people feel shameful to use Black English. From this example we can know that the evaluation of language is social, not linguistic. 3. What are the main social dialects discussed in this chapter? How do they jointly determine idiolect? 答：The main social dialects discussed in this chapter are regional dialect, sociolect, gender and age. Idiolect is a personal dialect, of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. These factors jointly determine the way he/she talks. While the language system provides all its users with the same set of potentials, the realization of these potentials is individualized by a number of social factors, resulting in idiolects. 4. In what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language? 答：First of all, the standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language, usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation's political and commercial center. For
戴炜栋新编简明英语语言学教程第2版配套题库 展开全文 第一部分考研真题精选 一、选择题 1. Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the _____ while the latter does not.（北二外2017研） A. meaning B. word class C. form D. speech sound
【答案】B查看答案 【解析】morpheme语素，分为自由语素和黏着语素，其中黏着语素包括词根和词缀两种类型，词缀分为派生词缀（derivational affixes）和屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）。派生词缀黏附在词根语素上构成新词，也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。屈折词缀只能改变一个词的形式，不能构成新词。也即屈折词缀增加的是表示句法范畴的意义，并且总是不改变词的类别归属。即两者重要区别在于是否改变了词的类别，故B为正确答案。 2. Which of the following are homographs?（对外经贸2015研） A. lead, lead B. rest, wrest C. lie, lie D. beat, bit 【答案】C查看答案 【解析】homographs同形异义词，指在语法形式上拼写和发音完全相同，而意义不同的词。lie“躺着”，还有“说谎”的意思，所以C选项中两个词是同形异义词。 3. _____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience.（西安交大2008研） A. Reference
《新编简洁英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参照答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. Howdo you interpret the following definition of linguistics:Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答： Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答： The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3)morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4)syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5)semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6)pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3.In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答： The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as“ traditional grammar.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答： In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.
新编简明英语语言学教程第2版思维导图第五章 本章要点： 1.The definition and main branches of linguistics study 语言学的定义和研究的范围 2.Important distinctions in Linguistics 语言学的一些重要区分 3.The definition and the design features of language 语言的定义与识别特征 4.Functions of language 语言的功能 本章考点： 1.有关语言学的常考考点 语言学的定义；语言学中几组重要区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。 2.有关语言的常考考点 语言的定义；语言的识别特征（任意性、能产性、二重性、移位性、文化传递）；语言的功能。 本章内容索引： I.The definition of linguistics II.The scope of linguistics 1.Micro—linguistics
2.Macro—linguistics III.Some important distinctions in linguistics 1.Descriptive vs.Prescriptive 2.Synchronic vs.Diachronic 3.Speech vs.Writing https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d19150909.html,ngue vs.Parole The definition of linguistics（语言学的定义） Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data，conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. 语言学通常被定义为对语言进行科学性研究的学科。 它之所以是一种科学研究，是因为它是以对语言学数据的系统调研为基础，以语言结构的某种普遍理论为参照展开研究的。 The scope of linguistics（语言学的研究范畴） The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.作为整体而言的语言研究通常被称为普通语言学。 1.Micro—linguistics（from the core of linguistics）（微观语言学）
Chapter 1: Introduction 1.Linguistics:语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
新编简明英语语言学教程第二版复习笔记 引言 《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第二版）是一本全面介绍 英语语言学的教材。本文是根据该教材的内容整理出的复习笔记，旨在帮助读者复习和巩固所学知识。本文将从语音学、形态学、句法学、语用学等方面进行总结和回顾。 一、语音学 语音学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究语音的产生、传播 和接收。在英语语音学中，我们学习了音素、音节、音变等概念，以及发音方式和音系结构。其中，音素是语音的最小单位，音节是由音素组成的单位，音变是音素在特定环境中发生的变化。 在语音学的学习中，我们还学习了国际音标的使用和表示 方法。国际音标是一种标记语音的符号系统，其中每个音素都有一个唯一的符号来表示。通过学习国际音标，我们可以准确地记录和描述语音。
二、形态学 形态学是研究词素和词法规则的学科。在形态学中，我们学习了词的构成规则和形态变化。英语中的词缀是词的构成要素，可以分为前缀、后缀和中缀。词缀的加入或删除可以改变词的意思、词性或词态。 此外，我们还学习了各种词的形态变化规则，如名词的复数形式、动词的时态和语气等。了解形态学规则对于理解和运用英语词汇是非常重要的。 三、句法学 句法学是研究句子结构和句子成分之间关系的学科。在句法学的学习中，我们学习了句子的基本成分，如主语、谓语、宾语和定语等。我们还学习了句子的结构、成分之间的语法关系，以及句法规则的应用。 在英语句法学中，我们学习了句子的短语结构分析和句子树的表示方法。通过短语结构分析和句子树，我们可以准确地分析句子的结构和成分关系。
四、语用学 语用学研究的是语言的使用和交际。在语用学的学习中，我们学习了语言的交际功能、意义和上下文的影响。我们还学习了言语行为和语用规则，如请求、邀请、命令等。了解语用学对于理解和运用英语是非常重要的。 结论 《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第二版）是一本重要的英语语言学教材，其内容涵盖了语音学、形态学、句法学和语用学等方面的知识。本文对该教材的内容进行了复习总结，并通过Markdown文本格式进行了输出。希望本文能够帮助读者复习和巩固所学的英语语言学知识。
新编简明英语语言学教程中文版2 简介 《新编简明英语语言学教程中文版2》是一本系统介绍英 语语言学的教材。本教材由专业的语言学家和教育学家编写，旨在帮助学习者深入了解英语语言学的基本概念和原理。本文档将简要介绍本教材的内容，并对其中重要概念进行概述。 第一章：语言学导论 第一章主要介绍了语言学的基本概念和研究对象。在本章中，学习者将了解什么是语言学，以及语言学的研究范围和方法论。同时，还提供了一些语言学研究的历史背景和经典理论。本章的目的是给学习者提供一个全面的语言学导论，为后续章节的学习做好铺垫。 第二章：语音学 第二章主要介绍了语音学的基本概念和方法。学习者将了 解语音学的研究对象——音素以及音素的分类和描述方法。在本章中，还将介绍音系和音位的概念，并讨论语音的产生和感知。此外，还将讨论音位对语言的重要性以及音系和音位在不
同语言间的差异。通过学习本章内容，学习者将对语音学的基本理论和方法有一个初步了解。 第三章：音系学 第三章主要介绍了音系学的研究内容和方法。在本章中， 学习者将学习语音学中的重要概念：音位、语音环境和音变规律。此外，还将介绍音系学的研究方法，如音位的调查和描述。通过学习本章内容，学习者将了解音系学在语言研究中的重要性，以及如何通过音系学方法来分析和描述不同语言的音系。 第四章：词汇学 第四章主要介绍了词汇学的研究内容和方法。在本章中， 学习者将学习词汇学的基本概念，如词汇的定义和分类。同时，还将介绍词汇的形态结构和词性。本章还将介绍词汇的意义和语义关系，并讨论词汇的产生和变化。通过学习本章内容，学习者将了解词汇学在语言研究中的重要性，以及如何进行词汇的分析和研究。 第五章：句法学 第五章主要介绍了句法学的研究内容和方法。在本章中， 学习者将学习句法学的基本概念，如句子的组成和句子的结构。同时，还将介绍句法分析的方法和理论，如短语结构文法和依
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《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答： Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them study 答： The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar 答： The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic Why 答： In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing
新编简明英语语言学教程第二版课后参考答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答： Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a