?
1) 现在完成时：
① 构成：have / has +过去分词
② 语法意义及要点：
A. 现在完成时表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间的状语连用。如so far, up to now,
since, for a long time等。
--He has worked as a teacher for many years.
--Up till now, nothing has gone wrong.
B. 现在完成时表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如yet, just, before,
recently等;也同表示频度时间状语连用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, several
times等;还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, today, this morning等。但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用(last
year , in 1997等)。
--I have never learned Japanese before.
--We have been quite busy lately (recently).
C. 在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。
--We’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.
--I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.
Note: 行为不能持续的瞬间动词(Instantaneous Verb), 如arrive, begin, come, go,
start, leave, die, join等通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
--He has joined the army for five years. (误)
--He has been in the army for five years. (正)
2) 过去完成时：
① 构成：had +过去分词
② 语法意义及要点：
过去完成时表示某一动作或情况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。
--David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their
marriage.
--They had got everything ready before the party began.
Note: 与现在完成时截然不同的是过去完成时可以与表示具体过去的时间状语连用。
--He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.
3) 将来完成时：
① 构成：shall / will + have +过去分词
② 语法意义及要点：
将来完成时表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。
--He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday.
--The shop will have closed already before you get there.
2. 哪些动词不
能用于进行时
1) 表示状态的动词，如be, seem, appear, become, get等。
He is being a used-car dealer.(误)
He is a used-car dealer.(正)
She is seeming always about to smile.(误)
She seems always about to smile.(正)
2) 表示感官感觉的动词，如see(看见), hear(听见),feel(感觉出), taste(尝出),smell(闻到)等。
The medicine is tasting bitter. (误)
The medicine tastes bitter. (正)
I was seeing a car passing by our house. (误)
I saw a car passing by our house. (正)
3) 表示拥有的动词，如have, own, possess, belong, contain, hold等。
He is owning a luxurious car. (误)
He owns a luxurious car. (正)
The book is belonging to her. (误)
The book belongs to her.(正)
4) 表示思想状况、态度的动词，如believe, think, know, understand, agree, approve,
consider, expect, forget, guess, hesitate, hope, imagine, mean, realize,
remember, suppose, trust, want, wish等。
I’m thinking that he is right. (误)
I think that he is right. (正)
I’m understanding your feelings. (误)
I understand your feelings. (正)
5) 表示情感、愿望的动词，如admire, appreciate, care, enjoy, like, love, hate,
detest, regret等。
He is loving his daughter very much. (误)
He loves his daughter very much. (正)
I’m regretting to say we cannot come. (误)
I regret to say we cannot come. (正)
3. 时态的呼应
时态的呼应又称时态一致(Sequence of Tenses)，指的是某些从句里的动词谓语时态必须和主句里的时态保持一致。
如果主句里的谓语动词是过去时态(过去时或过去完成时)，那么从句的谓语动词时态也相应地要用过去时。时态的呼应主要发生在间接引语和宾语从句中，但其他从句有时也存在时态一致的问题。
--He explained that he had learned Chinese for many
years.(现在完成时变为过去完成时)
--He said he had been collecting materials on that subject for a long
time.(过去进行时变为过去完成进行时)
--He told me that they would have completed that project by the end of
the year.(将来完成时变为过去将来完成时)
虽然主句用了过去时等，如果从句表示的是科学真理、客观事实或某人(物)的经常性特点时，其时态可以
不必遵守时态呼应的规则而仍用一般现在时。
--Galileo proved that the earth revolves round the sun.
--The teacher told the students that knowledge is power.
如果从句中有一个表示绝对过去时间的状语，就不必把一般过去时变为过去完成时。
--He said that he joined the Red Army in 1933.
分词
1. 现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。比较：
a changing world(一个变化着的世界);a changed world( 一个已经起变化的世界)
surprising news(令人惊讶的消息);surprised people(感到惊讶的人们)
2. 分词作状语
作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外，作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。
Hearing the news, he heaved a sigh of relief.
Given another chance, I’ll do it much better.
3. 分词作定语
分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前;分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。
He’s a spoilt child.
The man standing over there is our new English teacher.
Where are we to get the material needed?
4. 分词作宾语补足语
分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。常用的感觉动词主要有：see, hear, notice, watch, find,
observe, smell等。常用的使役动词主要有：get, have, keep, leave, set, make,
let等。此外，分词还可在want, like, wish, order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。
She watched her baby sleeping.
I got my hair cut.
I don’t want you worrying about me.
5. 分词与连词的连用
分词可与各种连词(如：when, while, once, until, if, unless, though, although,
even if, as, as if, as though等)连用。连词+分词(短语)的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。
She’ll get nervous when speaking in public.
He went on talking, though continually interrupted.
6. 分词的独立结构
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致;否则，分词应
有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。分词的独立结构由名词、代词+分词构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。
Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday.
Her son having been sent to school, she began to do some shopping.
He returned three days later, his face covered with mud and his
clothes torn into pieces.
There were two parties yesterday evening, each attended by some
students
that从居中:
wish, would rather (sooner), had better:
I wish I were as strong as you.
I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.
I wish I remembered the address.
I would rather they came tomorrow (you had gone there too).
I had rather (that) you told him than I did.
suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist
等动词后的宾语从句:
The commander ordered that all civilians (should) be evacuated.
He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.
She urged that he write and accept the post.
it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it
was proposed, it is necessary, it is important, it has been decided
等结构后的主语从句中.
It was arranged that they leave the following week
It will be better that we meet some other time.
suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan,
idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:
His sole requirement is (was) that thy system be adjusted.
在某些句型中
it is time that
It is time that we went (或should go) to bed.
It is high time we (should) put an end to this controversy.
as if (though) 引起的从句:
They talked (are talking) as if they had been friends for years.
It seems as if it was (were) spring today.
He acts (acted) as if (though) he were (was) an expert.
以lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句(这时谓语多用 should +动词原形):
He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.
He put his coat over the child for fear that (或lest) he should catch
cold.
I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it.
以whatever, whoever, no matter what这类
代词或词组引起的从句(这时, 谓语多用may加动词原形构成):
Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.
Come what may, we will go ahead. 不管发生什么情况, 我们都要干下去.
I accept that he is old and frail; be that as it may, he’s still a
good politician.
我承认他年老体衰, 然而尽管如此, 它仍是优秀的政治家.
条件句
虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:
表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况):
谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式):
现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起的从句:
Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable
days they spent together.
如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用when 或while加分词这种结构.
Be careful when crossing the street.
When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.
She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.
前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.
Do you mind my reading your paper?
They insisted on my staying there for supper.
如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些.
I don’t mind him going.
She hates people losing their temper.
只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit,
enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy,
excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss
既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start,
continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember,
forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.
有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同的意思. 在remember, regret, want, try等词后差别是比较明显的.
I remember seeing her once somewhere.
I must remember to take my notebooks with me.
I regret not having accepted your advice.
I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.
She doesn’t want (need) to come.
The house wants (needs) cleaning.
We must try to get everything done in time.
Let’s try doing the work some other way.
悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时, 表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.
Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking是we的动作, 正确)
Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (错误)
Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正确)
Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen. (错误)
分词
意义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义和完成意义; 而现在分词有的来自及物动词, 有的来自不及物动词,
通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.
frozen food a freezing wind
a bored traveller a boring journey
a lost cause a losing battle
a conquered army a conquering army
a finished article the last finishing touch
the spoken word a speaking bird
a closed shop the closing hour
在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略:
在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it
b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.
Look out for cars when crossing the street.
When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.
While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.
Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.
If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.
Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.
This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.
Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped
out.
She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.
She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.
Fill in the application as instructed.
Whenever known, such facts should be reported.
The documents will be returned as soon as signed.
He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless
trained very young.
Once having made a promise, you should keep it.
If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.
Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.
If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.
As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.
在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.
He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.
We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.
They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).
He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as
before.
Their training is free, as is all education.
We will, as always, stand on your side.
错误的省略
His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.
While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall
beside her.
一致
如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less
than, more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.
Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.
An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this
work.
The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team
一、修饰可数名词的常用修饰语
有these, those, few, a few, many, a good [great] many, a great [good]
number of 等：
Few people would agree with this. 很少人会同意这种看法。
He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。
【注】a good [great] many 后直接跟名词，不用介词of。但是，若其后所接名词有the, these, my
等限定词修饰，则要用介词of：a great many of my friends 我的朋友当中的许多人
二、修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语
有this, that, little, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of, a large
amount of 等：
I have little time to do it. 我没什么时间来做此事。
He didn’t give me much money. 他没给我很多钱。
A great deal of money is spent on research. 研究工作上花了许多钱。
【注】在现代英语中，a great amount of 后有时也接可数名词，但有许多语法学家反对，学生最好避免使用。
三、修饰(不)可数名词的常用修饰语
有些修饰语既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词，如all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of,
a (large) quantity of 等：
You needn’t hurry. There’s plenty of time. 你不必着急。时间多着哩。
There are plenty of men out of work. 失业的人很多
。
We need a quantity of baskets. 我们需要一批篮子。
He put a small quantity of sugar in the milk. 他在牛奶中放了少量的糖。
四、易错说明
有些名词形式上是复数，但却被用作不可数名词，使用much, little等修饰语：
He hasn’t got much brains. 他没什么头脑。
He took much pains to do the work. 他费了不少心做这工作。
I said I wouldn’t want much wages. 我说过我不要很多工资。
It's high time you were taught a little manners. 该是你学一点礼貌的时候了。
英语4,6级常用语法七
结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。
比较：so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so
还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be
late. B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late. 让步状语从句
though, although
注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
Al
though it's raining, they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）
典型例题
1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless
答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。
2) as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work
satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
3) ever if, even though. 即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or- 不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
比较while, when, as
1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2）当从句的动作发生于
主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可 以。
正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句：
I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
（在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。
1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。
---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？
--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
(1）Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat
is.
直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
(2) It is not until… that…
表示"一…就…"的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon
as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
Hardly / Scarce
ly had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
英语4,6级常用语法七
结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和
such与其后的词的搭配规律,绿光教育培训中心。
比较：so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so
还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be
late. B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late. 让步状语从句
though, although
注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）
典型例题
1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. When B. However
C. Although D. Unless
答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。
2) as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,绿光外教口语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work
satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
3) ever if, even though. 即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or- 不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
比较while, when, as
1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做
某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可 以。
正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句：
I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
（在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。
1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。
---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？
--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
(1）Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat
is.
直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
(2) It is not until… that…
表示"一…就…"的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon
as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.