初二非谓语动词及不定代词
➢要点精析：动词的非谓语形式:
(1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分
词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。
※(2)动词不定式：
①形式：动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号：to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式
只要在“to”前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是：“特殊疑问词+to+动词原形”。
②动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式
短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用
for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。
★练习：用动词的正确形式填空
1. （help）animals is helping people.
is very difficult (for us) （learn）Chinese well.
took me half an hour （work）out this problem.
★→练习：用动词的正确形式填空
would like （rest ）at the moment.
began （search）the room for the thief.
liked （have）a swim in the pool near his house.
did you learn （speak）English?
’t forget （close）the door when you leave.
[B] 及物动词+疑问词+不定式：
练习：用动词的正确形式填空
does not know （take）.
me （get）to the station.
asked me （do）for today’s homework. .
4. Can you teach me （search）the internet?
[C] 不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后
置。
如：I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.
I think it important for me to learn English well.
I think that it is important for me to learn English well.
⑤动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。
[B] 在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。
如：⒈They could not find a place to live in.
⒉Please give me a chair to sit on.
⒊He has got a writing brush to write with.
[C]有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up
one hour earlier than usual.
⑥动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。
如：⑴Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)
⑵I would like you to see my parents.
⑶The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.
⑷Now let me hear you play the violin.
[注意] help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较：
I heard her crying when I walked past. (指当时瞬间的情况)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song. (指整个过程)
※(3)动名词V—ing
①动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被
状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动
名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。
②动名词可以作主语。一般可用it作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。
如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy. (=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)
③动名词可以作宾语。
[A] want / need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如：Your car needs reparing
badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.
[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。
[比较]：⑴I forgot to write a letter to him. I forgot writing a letter to him.
⑵They stopped to look back. They stopped looking back.
⑶He forgot to turn off the light. He forgot turning off the light.
⑷Please remember to ring me up.I remember calling you yesterday but you
forgot.
[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等词一般用动名词作宾语。
如：⑴Do you mind my closing the door?/
⑵She hates travelling by air./
⑶They went swimming every afternoon.
④动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。
如：⑴My job is putting these parts together.
⑵I am putting these parts together.
⑤动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主
要表示进行着的动作。
如：⑴Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语)
⑵Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语)
⑶He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语)
⑷His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补)
☆同步练习：
⒈What did he say？
-----He told us computer games any more.
A. to play
B. not play
C. do not play
D. not to play
⒉It is very nice you to help me.
A. of
B. for
C. to
D. with
⒊Would you mind me a sweater ？I feel a little cold.
------Of course not. I will go and get it right now.
A. to get C. getting D. will get
⒋ I have already decided .
A. to give up to smoke
B. to give up smoking
up smoking D. giving up to smoke
⒌Tom denied the money but he admitted the window of the classroom.
A. steal ,break
B. stealing ,break
C. stealing ,breaking
D. to steal ,breaking
6．Look! This sweater is beautiful.
not trying it on B. Why not try on it
C. Why not try it on
D. Why not trying on it
7．They stopped ，but there was no sound.
listen listening
8．My uncle used a very good football player ，but that was long time ago.
being B. being C. be D. to be
9．All the children like Mr。White very much because he often makes them .
A. laughed
B. laugh
C. laughing
D. to laugh
➢要点精析：不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。
※注：复合不定代词有12个：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything
(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no
one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人).
→(1) some和any 的用法：
some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如：I have some work to do today. / They will go there some day.
some 用于疑问句时,表建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?
any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。如：They didn’t have any friends here. / Have you got any
questions to ask?
any 用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.
→(2) either和neither的用法：
either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”；neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。
neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。如：I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do./ --Will you go there by bus or by car?
–Neither. I will go there by train.
→(3) few、little、a few、a little的用法：
few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有
几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思；few、a few与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物, little、
a little与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
如：
He is very poor and he has little money. / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left./
In that polar region there live few people. / You can get a few sweets from him.
✧同步训练
✧单项：
1 Do you have____ special to tell me today?
—No,_____.
A. something; anything
B. nothing; anything
C. anything; something
D. anything; nothing
2 She has written a lot of books, but____ good news.
A. any
B. some
C. few
D. many
3 Which do you prefer, bananas or oranges?
—______. I enjoy eating apples.
A. Both
B. Either
C. Neither
D. All
4 Neither I nor he ______ French.
A. speak
B. doesn't speak
C. speaks
D. doesn't speak
5.. _____ of them has his own opinion.
A. Both
B. Some
C. Every
D. Each
6 The English novel is quite easy for you. There are____ new words in it.
A. a little
B. little
C. a few
D. few
7 Without the sun, could grow in the world.
A. anything
B. something
C. nothing
D. everything
8 of them is going to play basketball with you this afternoon.
A. All
B. Neither
C. Some
D. Both
9、There are not many pears here, but you can take if you want to.
A. few
B. a few
C. a little
D. little
☆综合练习：
三、单选：
1. When we arrived, we found the meeting room crowded with___ students.
A. quite a few
B. only a few
C. few
D. a few quite
2. The house is small for a family of six.
A. much too
B. too much
C. very much
3. Why not________ your teacher for help when you can’t finish ________it by yourself?
A. ask, write
B. to ask, writing
C.ask, writing
D. asking, write
4. -（2009·广州）—Hi, Tom! Can you tell me when for London?
—Yes, tomorrow afternoon.
A. leaving
B. leaves
C. to leave
D. are you leaving
5. The jacket was so___ that he decided to buy it.
A. much
B. little
C. expensive
D. cheap
6. Our classroom is____ larger than theirs.
A. more
B. quite
C. very
D. much
7.（2009·山东威海）The fruit salad tastes delicious. Could you tell me ______ ?
A. where to do it
B. when to do it
C. what to do
D. how to do
it
8 There ________ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening
A. was
B. is going to have
C. will have
D. is going to be
9. （2009·四川成都）Peter is busy ____ at school, but he never forgets ______exercise every day.
A. working, doing
B. working, to do
C. at work, doing
10. （2009·江西）---Why did you buy a radio?
---______ English.
A. Learn
B. Learning
C. To learn
D. Be learning
11. （2009·江苏宿迁）–Mum, can I have something________?
–Oh, dear. You can only drink some water. There is________ in the kitchen.
A. to drink; nothing else
B. drinking; something else
C. to eat; something else
D. eating; nothing else
12．.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. 13．This toy was made by a ____ boy.
A. ten-year-old
B. ten-years-old
C. ten-year-older
14．Do you know ________?
A. where does he study
B. he studies where
C. where he studies
D. he where
studies
15．. I regret ___ the window.
A. to do
B. to be doing
C. to have done
D. having broken
谓语形式（八大时态） be ( is, am, are) 一般现在时情态动词：can, may, must, will, shall 一般时行为动词：do, does be ( was, were) 一般过去时情态动词：could, might, must, would, shall 行为动词：did 8 进行时现在进行时：be ( is, am, are ) + doing 过去进行时：be ( was, were ) + doing 个一般将来时：will do 将来时be ( is, am, are ) +going to 过去将来时：would do be ( was, were ) +going to 完成时现在完成时： 过去完成时：had + done 语态：（2个） 每 个 时 态 都 有 自 己 相 应 的 被 动 语 ！ 1. 主动语态 2. 被动语态（be done , be done to ) 类汇总 【 1. want to do sth 想去做某事 = would like to do sth 2.decide to do sth 决定去做某事 3.tell sb to do sth 告诉某人去做某事 4.need to do sth 需要去做某事 5.ask sb to do sth 请求某人去做某事 6. hope to do sth 希望去做某事 .wish sb to do sth 祝愿某人去做某事 7 expect sb to do sth 期望某人去做某事 8.○I t is (名/形) for sb to do (形式主语···) I found ○I t (形) to do （形式宾语···） 9.It takes sb`````to do 花费 10. 形+enough to do 足够···去做 = too ``` to ``` 太···而去··· = so ``` that ``` 如此···以至于··· 11. learn to do sth 学着去做某事 12.execise to do sth 练习去做某事 13.invite sb to do sth 邀请某人去做某事 14.happen to do sth 碰巧去做某事 15.be supposed to do 被期望去做某事 16.不定代词（something , anything , nothing , everything）to do 17. there be ```doing （某处）有···正在发生某事 there be ```to do （某处）有···将去做 have ```doing （某人）有···正在发生 have ```to do （某人）有···将去做 18.afford to do sth 负担的起 19.encourage sb to do 鼓励某人去做某事 20. allow sb to do 允许某人去做某事 allow doing sth 允许做某事 21. how to do ```怎样去做 what to do``` 去做什么 where to do ``` 去哪里 22.can’t wait to do 迫不及待去做 23.prefer to do rather than do 比起···更喜欢· =prefer doing to doing··比起···更喜欢 =would rather do than do 宁愿···也不··· 24 be done to do sth 被动语态句型 25 be + 形容词to do …… 【 1.后面必须+doing 的动词： 1.finish doing 完成做··· 2.enjoy doing 喜欢做··· 3.mind doing 介意做··· 4.keep doing 坚持，保持做··· 5.practice doing 练习做··· 6.suggest doing 建议做··· 7avoid|+doing 避免做某事 2.介词后动词必须+doing： What about +doing look forward to doing sth 期望去做某事 be used to doing 习惯做某事 thank for doing sth 感谢某人某事 think about doing ath 考虑做某事 can’t stop to do 迫不及待的去做。。。） ）+doing 5.No+doing!禁止···！ 1 现在分词doing 2 过去分词done 1 现在分词和过去分词做定语 Eg:the girl standing behind the door is my friend. The bike repaired is mine. My broken heart the girl called mary 2 现在分词和过去分词做补语： Eg: i see jack playing basketball on the playground I have my bike repaired. 3 省略to的动词不定式也可以做补语 do 侧重经常或全过程 doing侧重正在发生 1. see sb do sth 看见某人经常做··· see sb doing sth 看见某人正在做 2. hear sb do sth 听见某人经常做 hear sb doing sth 听见某人正在做 3. find sb do sth 发现某人经常做 find sb doing sth 发现某人正在做 类似的还有feel,watch,notice等 1. 2.动词不定时to +动原 3.Don’t+动原不要··· 4.Why not``` + 动原 =Why don’t you为什么不做··· 5.had better +动原 eg：You’d better do 最好做··· 6.do ,does,did ``` 动原 7.使役动词let sb do 让某人做某事 please sb do 请某人做某事 make sb do 使某人做某事 1.没有区别： start to do 开始做··· doing begin to do 开始做··· doing 停下来一件事去做别的事 停下来···不做别的 喜欢去做（偶尔） 喜欢做（一贯） 继续另一件事 继续原来的事 忘记去做某事 忘记做过某事 记得去做某事 doing 记得做过某事 后悔去做某事 后悔做过某事 try doing 试着做 某处there be ```to do 有···将去做 there be ``` doing 有···正在做 某人have ```to do 有···将去做 have ``` doing 有···正在做 一、用所给词的适当形式填空 1. Thank you for __________ ( give ) me so much help. 2. We have fun __________ ( watch ) TV on Sunday. 3. They enjoyed __________ ( swim ) in the pool last Sunday.
第七章非谓语动词 一．分类：不定式（to do），动名词(doing)， 现在分词(doing)，过去分词(done) 二．特征 1.非谓语动词并非不可以做谓语动词，只是不可以单独做谓语动词，当做谓语动词时须在前面加上相应的助动词或情态动词。 I have told him the truth. I am listening to the radio. 2.非谓语动词在不做谓语动词时词性均发生了变化(名词，形容词，副词)，但是却保留了动词的特征，可以带有自己的宾语，表语，补语或状语，还有时态和语态的变化。 不定式（名词，形容词，副词） 一．句法功能：主语，宾语，表语，定语状语，宾语，补足语 1.主语：To think of you makes me old. 2. 表语：Her dream is to become a pop star. 3.宾语：I wish to see you again. 只能接不定式做宾语的动词：agree(同意),fail(失败), promise（许诺）, plan（计划）, pretend（假装）, prepare（准备）, offer（提供）, offord （付得起）, wish（希望）, hope（希望）, expect（期望）, decide（决定）, manage（设法） 4.定语：I have a lot of work to do. 注意：不定式做定语须放在被修饰词之后，，和它修饰的名词有动宾关系，如果不定式是不及物动词须在后面加上相应的介词。There is nothing for us to think about. 5.宾语补足语 结构：VT+ somebody to do-- Nobody foces you to do anything. 注意：在动词make, have, let, see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at之后要接不带to 的不定式做宾语补足语，但变成被动语态的时候要还原to。 I noticed a tall man enter her house last night. A tall man was noticed to enter her house last night. 6.状语 1）目的状语 We all rushed over to help the man whose car broke down. 此时如果想强调目的状语可以在不定式的前面加上so as或in order I got up very early this morning so as to catch the first bus.
(五) 非谓语动词的常见变形 1. 不定式 to do 一般式 to be done 一般式的被动语态 to have done 完成式(主动) to have been done 完成式的被动语态 for/of sb. to do sth 不定式复合结构 2. 动名词 doing 一般式 being done 被动 one’s doing 动名词复合结构 3. 分词 doing 主动/正在进行done 被动/已完成 being done 正在进行的动作的被动 having done 该动作早于谓语动词动作(主) having been done (having done)的被动语态 sb./sth. doing 独立主格结构 sb./sth. done 独立主格结构 4. 所有非谓语动词的否定是，都是将not前置not to do not having done (一). 不定式和动名词作主语 I. 不定式作主语时,一般用it作形式主语. 1. It is important __for__ Tom to get that job. 2. It is kind of you to help me with my English. 总结: It is +adj.+for/of sb to do sth的结构中,若此形容词说明不定式的性质时, 则用__for___; 若说明的人(sb.)的特性, 则用__of___. It is nice_of__ you to help me with my English. 2.It is necessary ____for____you to improve your spoken English. II. 动名词作主语还有以下两个习惯表达法 1. It is no use/good + doing 做某事没用(不好) 2. There is no point doing(动名词) 做某事没意义 E.g: *It’s no use crying over spilt（被洒出的）milk. 覆水难收spill 总结: 不定式和动名词作主语的区别 ①to do作主语时常表示某一次具体的动作,具有偶然性; ②doing(动名词)表示习惯性的动作, 往往表抽象概念。 注意: 该规则同样适用于作宾语, 表语.
初二非谓语动词及不定代词 ➢要点精析：动词的非谓语形式: (1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分 词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。 ※(2)动词不定式： ①形式：动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号：to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式 只要在“to”前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是：“特殊疑问词+to+动词原形”。 ②动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式 短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用 for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。 ★练习：用动词的正确形式填空 1. （help）animals is helping people. is very difficult (for us) （learn）Chinese well. took me half an hour （work）out this problem. ★→练习：用动词的正确形式填空 would like （rest ）at the moment. began （search）the room for the thief. liked （have）a swim in the pool near his house. did you learn （speak）English? ’t forget （close）the door when you leave.
[B] 及物动词+疑问词+不定式： 练习：用动词的正确形式填空 does not know （take）. me （get）to the station. asked me （do）for today’s homework. . 4. Can you teach me （search）the internet? [C] 不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后 置。 如：I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike. I think it important for me to learn English well. I think that it is important for me to learn English well. ⑤动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。 [B] 在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。 如：⒈They could not find a place to live in. ⒉Please give me a chair to sit on. ⒊He has got a writing brush to write with.
非谓语用法总结 老师叮咛：李辉老师说，“所谓的聪明都是小聪明，而真正的智慧，就是能够学会去发展各种规律，君子性非异也，善假于各种规律也。”因此，学会找到规律，至关重要！本文也将通过对非谓语用法高频考点的总结来帮助找到规律。下文经过了全网首席高考英语名师李辉老师团队高度认真的整理校对，无错、可信！可供全国各省高中生打印、学习、背诵！ 一、非谓语动词的含义 非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式，其次是这种动词形式不能做谓语，综合这两点，我们将其叫做非谓语动词。 二、非谓语动词的形式 非谓语动词包含四种形式，即不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。其中，每种形式按照发生时间和主被动又包括不同的子形式。具体如下： 1.不定式 （1）基本形式：to do表示主动，并且一般表示将来 （2）被动式：to be done表示被动，并且一般表示将来 （3）进行式：to be doing表示主动和进行 （4）完成时：to have done表示主动和完成 （5）完成被动式：to have been done表示被动和完成 （6）完成进行式：to have been doing表示主动和完成进行 2.动名词 （1）基本形式：doing表示主动 （2）被动式：being done表示被动 （3）完成式：having done表示主动和完成 （4）完成被动式：having been done表示被动和完成 3.现在分词 （1）基本形式：doing表示主动和进行 （2）被动式：being done表示被动和进行 （3）完成式：having done表示主动和完成 （4）完成被动式：having been done表示被动和完成 4.过去分词 （1）done，及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成； （2）不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成 三、专题要点 非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下： 1.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语； 2.只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语； 3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词； 4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语，且意义不同的动词或短语； 5.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别； 6.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别； 7.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别； 8.动名词的复合结构在句中作状语； 9.there be 结构的两种非谓语形式；
初中非谓语动词总结 1.动词+-doing: 动名词 1. like/love/enjoy/hate doing 2. practice doing 3. have (great/ a lot of)fun doing 4. begin/start doing 5. mind (one’s) doing 6. find/hear /see sb. doing 7. spend … doing 8. remember/ forget doing 9. finish doing 10. stop doing 11. keep (sb.) doing 【介词+ doing】: 1.how/what about doing 2. thanks for doing 3. think about/of doing 4. complain about doing 5. be good at doing 6. do well in doing 7. make a living (by) doing 8. be interested in doing 9. have a hard time (in) doing 10. have (no) problem (in) doing 11. feel like doing 12. instead of doing 2. 动词+–to do: 1. want/would like to do 2. decide to do 3. like/love/hate to do 4. ask/tell sb. to do 5. stop to do 6. hope to do 7. fail to do 8. happen to do 9. be supposed to do 10. allow sb. to do 11. try (one’s best) to do 12.seem to do 13. remember/ forget to do 14. need to do 15. be able to do
一、形容词和副词 概述：形容词是指那些用来描述或修饰名词(或代词)的一类词。一般放在其所修饰的名词之前。在句中用作定语、表语、补语、状语等。多数形容词具有比较等级。副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、句子以及其他副词的词。在形式上，许多副词带有后缀ly。形容词、副词是中学英语重要语法项目，也是中考重要考查内容。 中考考点 1．形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的构成规则、基本句型及其用法。 2．形容词作表语和定语的用法。 3．副词作状语的用法。 考点一形容词 1．形容词的一般用法 1）形容词作表语，表明主语的性质和特征，放在连系动词之后。如： Computers are very useful in our everyday life． Leaves turn yellow in autumn． 2）形容词作定语，修饰名词或不定代词，通常放在名词之前，不定代词之后。如： This is an unhealthy diet． There is nothing important in today’s newspaper． [注意] 由连字符连接起来的复合形容词中的名词只能用单数形式。如：an eight-year-old boy 一个8岁的男孩 3)形容词作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后，与其构成复合宾语。如： You should keep your classroom clean and tidy． I found it difficult to get on well with the manager。 (4)数词＋形容词，表示长、宽、高、深以及年龄。如：five thousand kilometers long五千多千米长 (5)the＋形容词，表示一类人或物。如：the old 老人 (6)表语形容词。这些形容词只能位于系动词后面作表语。如：alone, awake, alive, well(健康的), ill, frightened等。如：The boy is alone.(正) The alone boy is here.(误) (7)只能作定语的形容词。如：little, only(唯一的), wooden, woolen, elder。 My elder brother is in Beijing.(正) My brother is elder.(误) (8)形式像副词的形容词。如：lonely，friendly, lively, lovely。 (9)多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)→描绘词(大小、长短、形状、新旧、长幼、颜色，材料)→名词。如：a famous American medical school一所非常著名的美国医学院 但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。 如：What a pretty little white horse! Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. 2．形容词的常用句式 (1)“It's＋adj.＋of＋sb＋不定式”表示“某人做某事……” [注意] 这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词，如：good, kind, nice, polite, clever, foolish, lazy, careful, careless, right, wrong等。 (2)“It's＋adj.＋for＋sb＋不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说……” [注意] 这一句型中常用描述做某事性质的形容词：如important, necessary, difficult, easy, hard, dangerous, safe, useful, pleasant, interesting, impossible等。
一非限定动词 动词不定式； 分词：过去分词和现代分词 动名词 1.1动词不定式 1.1.1动词不定式（短语）作主语 一般表示具体的，个别的，一次性的动作。 To read / reading good books makes him happy. It makes me sick to think about it. It is important for you to 1.1.2 作表语 1直接作表语。相当于名词作表语，所指的或是和主语一样的东西或是主语产生的结果。 Our task now is to catch up with our competitors. 注意：动词不定式作表语一般带to，但如果主语部分有实义动词do，可以不带The only thing you can do is wait and see. 2 how/what/when/ to do 作表语 The problem is where to find him. 3 for there to be 结构 What I was waiting for was for there to be complete silence. 1.1.3作宾语 参考高中常考的英语动词 They were the last people you'd expect to be involved in anything strange or mysterious. （哈利波特） 1.1.4作定语 We have nothing to fear but fear itself. 1 中心词由动词派生出来，原动词可用不定式作定语。这时，不定式与被它修
初中英语语法非谓语动词总结 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。 (具体) (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) (3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 (1)不定式作表语 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。 3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterruptedfloor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant． (2)动名词作表语： 动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。 His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。 (注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he couldhave made such a stupid mistake. His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected． (3)分词作表语 分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如
非谓语动词 I 不定式 一、概述 动词不定式是由“to + 动词原形”构成，其中to称为不定式符号。 二、动词不定式的基本形式 1 动词不定式的否定形式：not + 不定式 2 动词不定式的被动形式：to be + 过去分词 3 动词不定式的进行时形式：to be + 现在分词 4 动词不定式的完成形式：to have + 过去分词 三、动词不定式的功用 1 作主语 不定式作主语时，一般位于句首，谓语用单数 To learn foreign languages is difficult. 为平衡句子，多用形式主语 It’s +n./adj. + for/ of sb + to do sth 2 作表语 不定式常用在系动词be, seem, appear, get, remain等后作表语。 This suit doesn’t seem to fit her. 3 作宾语 a. 直接+不定式作宾语 I want to leave here. b. 动词+疑问词+不定式 这类动词有：decide, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, think, understand, wonder 等 I don’t know what to do. I can’t decide which pair to buy. c. 不定式作介词宾语 The man can do everything but speak French. She has no choice but to wait for the news. 介词except(but)+不定式时，介词前有实义动词do（特指），to省略；没do，to不省略。 d. 有些动词后既可接不定式，又可接动名词，但含义不同。 go on doing go on to do forget doing forget to do mean doing mean to do try doing try to do can’t help doing can’t help to do 4 作宾语补足语（主语补足语） a. 有些动词+带to的不定式作宾语补足语。 I ask her to work hard. She is asked to work hard. b.有些动词+不带to的不定式作宾语补足语——使役动词(let, have, make)和感官动词， 如用被动态，则须带to。 He is made to work hard.
初中英语非谓语动词小议 【摘要】非谓语是英语中常见的也是较复杂的语法现象，本文总结了初中英语中常见的非谓语动词。从非谓语动词的定义着手，先从总体上就非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点进行归纳，包括语法功能，时态语态的相同点。然后就非谓语的句法功能，展开详细讨论，举例说明其主语，宾语，表语，定语，壮语，补语等句法功能。 【关键词】初中英语；非谓语动词 一、非谓语动词的定义 关于非谓语动词的准确定义，一直以来备受争论，本文不打算就此而展开讨论。简言之，非谓语动词就是不能单独用作谓语的动词结构。这类动词的形式有不定式（to do结构），动名词（-ing）和分词（-ed结构的过去分词和-ing结构的现在分词）三种。在句子中可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语等。非谓语动词不受主语的人称和数的限定。 二、非谓语动词与谓语动词的主要相同点 1.都有逻辑主语 例如：They started the work at once. 谓语动词start的逻辑主语是句子的主语they。再比如：The boss ordered them to start the work. 动词不定式to start的逻辑主语是them。后面会看到，在这里，不定式做宾语补足语，而该句的主语和谓语分别是the boss
和order。 一般而言，不定式的主语可以通过介词of和for来判断。例如：It is good for your health to eat vegetables.和It is kind of you to help me. 这两句中，不定式的逻辑主语分别是 for和of 后面的you。动名词的逻辑主语通过所有格来体现，而分词要么是逻辑主语与句子主语一致，要么有自己明显的逻辑主语。 2.都有语态和时态的变化 He was punished by his parents. 谓语动词punish用被动语态，表示与主语是被动关系，过去时态说明事情发生在过去。 He avoided being punished by his parents. 动名词的被动式being punished做avoid的宾语，表示与逻辑主语he的被动关系，过去时态说明发生在过去。 3.都可以被状语修饰 例如You did this job very well.和You are going to do this job very well.两句话中，very well 分别修饰谓语did和非谓语to do。 4.及物动词在句中可以做谓语后接宾语，其非谓语形式也可以接宾语 例如They built a garden.和They suggested building a garden.这两句中，build这个词是及物动词。第一句中built是build的过去式，在句中做谓语，后接宾语成分 a garden；第二句中谓语是suggest的过去式suggested，building是build的现在分词形式，
非谓语动词 一．概念 非谓语动词就是指在句中不能单独作谓语的动词，并且不受主语的人称或数的制约。非谓语动词可分为不定式，动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。二．基本特点： 三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征，虽然它们没有人称和数的变化，但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。 它们都有各自的特征： 不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中能够做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。 分词具有形容词和副词的特征，在句子中能够做定语、表语、状语或补足语等；动名词具有名词的特，在句子中能够做主语、宾语、表语等； 动词不定式 1.动词不定式的基本结构 to + 动词原形。 2.动词不定式的形式 时态主动态被动态 一般式to do to be done 实行式to be doing 完成式to have done to have been done 完成实行式to have been doing Eg.1.John said that he had run in order to catch the bus. （一般式的主动态） 2：He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被动态) 3：He pretended to be listening attentively. (实行式) 4：He intended to have told you that. (完成式主动态) 5：This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago. (完成式的被动态) 6：We’re happy to have been working with yo u. (完成实行式) 3. 动词不定式的用法, 在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等 (1)作主语。例如： To see you is always a pleasure. To make money is not the only purpose of our life. 在很多情况下，常用it 来充当动词不定式的形式主语。例如： It’s difficult for us to learn English well. It’s kind of you to help me.
非谓语动词 “非谓语动词”即不作谓语用的动词，有“不定式，分词，动名词”三种。（一）不定式 1. 不定式的形式 ①不定式的一般式（to do）表示的动作有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时 发生，也有时发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. ②不定式进行式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He pretended to be listening attentively. ③不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 He is said to have gone abroad. I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. ④不定式的完成进行式表示在句子谓语所表示的动作之前一直进行的动作。 They are said to have been quarreling many years. ⑤不定式的否定（to前加not） He pretended not to have seen me. 2. 不定式的句法功能 ①作主语 To learn a foreign language well is not easy. It is not easy to learn a foreign language well. (it 作形式主语) ②作表语 As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct. ③作宾语 What would you like to do at the weekend? Do you think it necessary to go there? I feel it a pleasure to serve others. ④作宾语补足语 带to: He asked me to go there. I warned the boy not to be late again. 不带to: 感官动词(see, watch, notice, observe, listen to , hear, feel, look at, smell, taste等) I saw him go out of the room. 使役动词(make, have, let) (注：get 的复合宾语加to) Who did the teacher have write an article for the wall paper? I’ll get someone to come. 注：变为被动语态要加to
代词的分类 代词通常可分为以下八类： 1）人称代词（I, you, he , we等） 人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语 人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语Who is there? It’s me. 如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语，它们的顺序是： 单数形式 you, he and I 复数形式 we, you and they 2）物主代词（our, your, their, his等） 形容词性物主代词不能独立使用，只作定语，用来修饰后面的名词。 名词性物主代词应独立使用，后面不跟名词，相当于形容词性物主代词+名词 Is this her pen? No, hers is red. （主语） Let’s clean their room first, and then clean ours. （宾语） These letters are his.（表语） 3）反身代词（myself, ourselves, yourself, itself等） by oneself 亲自 for oneself 为自己 call oneself 称自己 teach oneself 自学 help oneself to 随意吃 lose oneself 迷路 speak to oneself 自言自语 seat oneself 就座 make oneself understood 让别人懂得自己的意思 4）相互代词（each other, one another） 5）指示代词（this, that, these, those等） 6）疑问代词（who, what, which, whose等） 7）关系代词（who, that, which, whose，whom等） 8）不定代词 some, somebody, someone, something, any, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, all, both, neither, none, either, each, everybody, everyone, everything, other, another, much ,one 初中英语非谓语动词的用法 非谓语动词：在句子不作谓语使用的动词，其形式有不定式、现在分词、动名词和过去分词四种（通常我们把现在分词和动名词统称为-ing分词）。 非谓语动词短语：非谓语动词仍保留动词的性质，能够有自己的宾语、表语或状语，我们将非谓语动词和其宾语、表语或状语一起称作非谓语动词短语。 一、下列情况必须用-ing分词 1、在下列动词（短语）之后作宾语或宾补时； Consider , dislike , enjoy , feel like , finish , imagine , give up , mind ,, can’t help , can’t stand , suggest , understand , be busy , have fun , have difficulty （trouble）, keep , spend , waste , have a hard time , look forward to , be use to(习惯) ，prefer ( doing ) to ( doing ) 等。 e.g When she heard the news, she couldn’t help crying. I found a boy playing in the corner. 2、在介词之后作宾语时；e.g Lucy is good at swimming. 3、作句子主语位于句首时；e.g Exercising every day is good for your health.